Vorlesung WKA. Thermal Power Plant History and general survey

Transcription

1 1 Thermal Power Plant History and general survey

2 1. Application: Aeolopile (Heronsball) Heron von Alexander 1.Century. A.D. AFRL Propulsion Directorate Evolution of steam engine 171: first steam engine by Thomas Newcomen so called atmospheric operated with condensation inside the cylinder power of the first engine: 50 hp! (1 hp = 735 W) thermal efficiency about 0,5% Draining of coal mines in england T. Bohn, Grundlagen EGT

3 3 Evolution of steam engine ca. 1770: Low pressure piston steam engine developed by James Watt 1769: first Patent: condensation separated from cylinder leads to lower condensation pressure and temperature 178: Patent on a double acting piston steam engine Alles aus: T. Bohn, Grundlagen der Energie und Kraftwerkstechnik

4 4 Evolution of piston steam engine Performance: 1840: 0 hp 1900: 3000 hp build by Borsig for Paris world exhibition ever larges piston steam engine: hp by DEMAG Climax of evolution for piston steam engine Triple-Expansion-Superheated Steam Engine separation in high, medium and low pressure expansion Today relevance: fast rotating steam engines for power-heat cogeneration Technisches Museum Wien

5 5 Evolution of steam turbines first turbine: lock Heronsball 1883: prinziple of turbines publicated by C.G.P. de Laval (impulse or constant pressure and reaction turbine) 1884: aquisition of patents by C.A. Parson, developement of multistage turbines 1894: launching Turbinia, speed record: 34,5 kn, 960 hp T. Bohn, Grundlagen der Energie und Kraftwerkstechnik Alfred John West: Turbinia

6 6 Evolution of steam boiler at the beginning: wagon type boiler pmax: 1,5 bar at 110 C by 1804: cylindrical fire tube boiler: all shell boiler from 1885: angular water tube boiler, saturated steam 10bar, 180 C 1895: Boiler with superheated steam by W. Schmidt 16bar, 450 C followed by: once-trough steam boiler by Mark Benson

7 patent application by James Watt copper kettle 1,5bar/110 C steam automobile by R. Trevithick 1803 water tube boiler by Stevens 1811 Flame tube boiler by R. Trevithick (cornwall-boiler) 8bar/170 C 186 High pressure piston steam engine, R. Trevithick 183 Superheated steam boiler, R. Trevithick 1847 E. Albans: dual chamber boiler, angular water tubes 1860 G.A. Hirn: Superheater with 53 C/6bar 1885 First power plant in Germany 1895 W. Schmidt: superheated steam 350 C Introducing of superheating and water preheating (Economiser) to power plants 1911 W. Schmidt: 450 C/60bar 1918 First pulverised coal furnace in USA, Benson 197 Benson steam boiler, 180bar, 30t/h 1938 electrostatic precipitator (soot) by 1950 once-trough steam boilers benson or sulzer type Today up to 500 t/h at 70bar, 600 C, efficiency: 44%, 1000MWel T. Bohn, Grundlagen der Energie und Kraftwerkstechnik

8 8 Evolution of steam power plant Milestones 191: First solar thermal power plant in Meadi/Egypt: 45 kw 1954: First civil nuclear power plant in Obninsk (USSR): 5 MWel 1984: First commercial driven parabolic trough solar thermal power plant with 354 MW (Nevada) 013: Shams solar power station with100 MW (Abu Dhabi)

9 9 Basics: Rankine Cycle to model the performance of steam engines in a closed loop Named after William Rankine 1 Saturated Steam Cycle Temperature-Entropy-diagram isentropic expansion -3 isobaric condensation 3-4 isentropic pumping 4-1 isobaric heat transfer 4 3 1

10 10 Basics: Rankine Cycle Superheated steam cycle Temperature-Entropy-diagram 1 condensation curve 4 boiling curve 3

11 11 Basics: Rankine cycle superheated steam cycle, enthalpy-pressure-diagram 4 1 boiling curve condensation curve 3

12 1 Calculations: specific heat and energy: q in w turbine = q out = h 3 h h 1 h 4 = h h 1 w pump = h 4 h3 steam moisture: x = s s p,min s p,min s p,min = h h p,min h p,min h p,min specific process energy: w process = w out w in power: P M & w steam process Q & = M& = in steam in q Q & = out M& steam q out efficiency: η th = q in q q in out = P Q& in

13 ISUT-Seminar Jörg Sauerhering Thanks for your attention! Sources: H. Effenberger, Dampferzeuger K. Kugeler, Energietechnik T. Bohn, Band 5 Handbuchreihe Energie P.A. Breeze, Power Generation Technologies