Estudios Económicos Regionales y Sectoriales. AEEADE. Vol. 2, núm. 2(2002)

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1 Estudios Económicos Regionales y Sectoriales. AEEADE. Vol. 2, núm. 2(2002) EMPLOYMENT AND REGIONAL TOURISM IN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES, GUISAN, M. Carmen ([email protected]) AGUAYO, Eva ([email protected]) University of Santiago de Compostela Abstract: This article analyses some indicators of tourist activity on a regional level in 12 European Union countries during the period We also present the ranking of different regions according to hotel tourism indicators within 12 European Union Countries previously belonging to the EEC. Finally we analyse some econometric models that take into account the positive impact of tourism on non-agrarian employment of regions. Resumen: Este artículo analiza varios indicadores de actividad turística en 98 regiones de 12 países de la Unión Europea durante el período Presentamos un ranking de las distintas regiones de acuerdo con los indicadores de turismo hotelero. Finalmente analizamos algunos modelos econométricos que tienen en cuenta el impacto positivo del turismo sobre el empleo no agrario regional. JEL classification: C51, L8, R15, R23, R58, O52 Key Words: Tourism, European Regions, Econometric Models 1. Regional Tourism from national and foreign origin in European tourism is of a remarkable volume and it is growing in numerous regions whether we consider hotel, non-hotel, national or foreign tourism. As pointed out in REY(1998), with more than 2% of world foreign tourism, only 14 countries stand out, 6 of which belonging to the EU. Amongst the EU countries, the most prominent in 1995 were France (11%), Spain (7%), Italy (6%), United Kingdom (4%), Germany (3%) and Austria (3%). 53

2 Guisan, M.C. and Aguayo, E. Employment and Regional Tourism in Europe Below, we present a group of indicators of tourist activity in hotels for the 100 European regions analysed in this paper and we gather this information in tables 1-7. The data were elaborated from Eurostat statistics of 1995 and the names of the variables are: Ons: overnight stays in hotels in the region in thousands of people. Onsh: number of overnight stays in hotels per thousand inhabitants of the region. Onshn: number of overnight stays of national origin per thousand inhabitants of the region. Onshx: number of overnight stays of foreign origin per thousand inhabitants of the region. Onskm: number of overnight stays per km 2 Plh: number of hotel places per thousand inhabitants. Rons, Ronsh and Rplh: Each region s ranking out of the 100 European regions with variables Ons, Onsh y Plh, in descending order where first position corresponds to the region which has the highest value of the variable. For all 100 regions, the number of overnight stays of national origin per thousand inhabitants, sits between 163 and 17840, the regional average being The number of overnight stays of foreign origin per thousand inhabitants fluctuates between 49 and 56,554, the regional average being 2,221. The total number of overnight stays per thousand inhabitants fluctuates between 599 and 64,491, the regional average being 4,175. The intensity of hotel tourism by Km 2 is reflected in the following figures for all 100 European regions: The number of overnight stays of national origin by Km 2 oscillates between 17 and 5,610 with a regional average of 407. Overnight stays of foreign 54

3 Estudios Económicos Regionales y Sectoriales. AEEADE. Vol. 2, núm. 2(2002) origin oscillate between 2 and 19,544, the regional average therefore being 562. The total number of overnight stays by Km 2 fluctuates between 20 and 20,509, the regional average being 969. There is a strong correlation between the number of hotel places and the number of overnight stays. The number of hotel places by Km 2 oscillates between 0.22 and 162, the regional average being 7. Graph 1 shows the top 25 positions corresponding to total overnight stays at hotels and campsites, according to our data Graph 1. Overnight stays in top 25 regions, Top 25 positions of European Regions for total overnight stays in 1995: 1.South East (London), 2.Baleares, 3.Bayern, 4.Île de France (Paris), 5.Nisia Aigaiou, Kriti, 6.Trentino Alt-Adige, 7.Emilia-Romagna, 8.Veneto, 9.Canarias, 10.Cataluña, 11.Andalucia, 12.Baden-Würtemberg, 13.Nordrhein-Westfalen, 14.South West (Uk), 15.Scotland, 16.Toscana, 17.Lombardia, 18.Algarve and islands (Pt), 19.Ireland, 20.Lazio (Rome), 21.Provence-Alpes-Côte d Azur, 22.Niedersachen, 23.Rhône-Alpes, 24.Hessen, 25.Com. Valenciana. Tables 1 to 7 present the indicators of hotel tourism for 98 European regions classified by country. 55

4 Guisan, M.C. and Aguayo, E. Employment and Regional Tourism in Europe Table 1. Regional Tourism Indicators in 1995: Spain SPAIN ons onsh onshn onshx onskm plh Galicia Asturias Cantabria Pais Vasco Com. Navarra La Rioja Aragón C. Madrid Castilla y León Castilla-Mancha Extremadura Cataluña C. Valenciana Baleares Andalucia Murcia Canarias The Spanish region more outstanding in tourist activity is Baleares which is also the European region of greatest tourist intensity, both in terms relative to its population and in terms of density of tourists received per Km 2. It is also the second European region most prominent in terms of total number of annual overnight stays, reaching almost 47 million in The Canarias stands out with 25 million. Also notable is Cataluña with over 23 million, Andalucia with almost 23 million and Valencia with almost 14 million. In most Spanish regions intensity is greater in terms of national origin tourism (Onshn) than in that of foreign origin (Onshx), the only exceptions being Baleares, Canarias, Cataluña and Andalucia. Guisan and Neira(2001) present an overview of extra Hotel Tourism in Spanish Regions and Provinces, which is interesting 56

5 Estudios Económicos Regionales y Sectoriales. AEEADE. Vol. 2, núm. 2(2002) because this type of tourism also has an important positive effect on the development of Value-Added and Services in several sectors, particularly in Building activities, Restaurants and other Commercial Services. Table 2 shows the indicators for Italy, the country which occupies first position in the European Union with 208 million overnight stays during the year Table 2. Regional Tourism Indicators in 1995: Italy ITALY ons onsh onshn onshx onskm plh Piemonte Valle d'aosta Liguria Lombardia Trentino-Alt Adige Veneto Friuli-Venn. Giulia Emilia-Romagna Toscana Umbría Marche Lazio Campania Abruzzo Molise Puglia Basilicata Calabria Sicilia Sardegna The number of overnight stays stand out in the region of Trentino-Alto Adige with 30 million. Also prominent are Emilia Romagna with almost 29 million, Veneto with over 25, Tuscany with more than 18, Lombardia with over 18 and Lazio with 17 million. 57

6 Guisan, M.C. and Aguayo, E. Employment and Regional Tourism in Europe Table 3 presents the most relevant indicators for German regions. The overnight stays totals which stand out are Bayern with 46 million, Baden-Württemberg with 22 million, Nordrhein- Wesfalen, with over 20 million, Niedersachsen with over 15 and Hessen over 14 million. In all German regions, intensity is much greater in national origin terms than in foreign. In the next section and in Guisan and Aguayo(2002) we include some indicators for the new länder, which were included after German unification. Table 3. Regional Tourism indicators, 1995: Germany GERMANY, W. ons onsh onshn onshx onskm plh Schleswig-Holstein Hamburg Niedersachsen Bremen Nordrhein-West Hessen Rheinland-Pfalz Baden-Wüttemberg Bayern Saarland Berlin Table 4 presents the tourist indicators for Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and Denmark. None of these regions are to be found amongst the top 25 positions in the ranking of total overnight stays in Europe, the highest rank achieved in this group being West Nederlands which ranks 30 th with 8 million. 58

7 Estudios Económicos Regionales y Sectoriales. AEEADE. Vol. 2, núm. 2(2002) Table 4. Regional Tourism indicators, 1995: Benelux and Denmark Region ons onsh onshn onshx onskm plh BELGIUM Vlaams Gewest Région Wallonne Région Bruxelles NETHERLANDS Noord-Nederland Oost-Nederland West-Nederland Zuid-Nederland LUXEMBOURG DENMARK Bruxelles and Luxembourg stand out due to their intensity of foreign origin tourism. In table 5 we gather the tourist indicators for Ireland and the UK, with South East as the most prominent in Ons, Onsh and Onshx. Table 5. Regional Tourism Indicators in 1995: Ireland and UK Region ons onsh onshn onshx onskm plh IRELAND UNITED KINGDOM North Yorks. and Humber East Midlands East Anglia South East South West West Midlands North West Wales Scotland Northern Ireland

8 Guisan, M.C. and Aguayo, E. Employment and Regional Tourism in Europe Most prominent in number of overnight stays is the South East, which incorporates London occupying position 1 in the ranking of European regions with almost 82 million overnight stays in total. Other prominent regions are the South West with 20 million, Scotland, with almost 19 million and Ireland, with 18 million. Only 3 regions of the group have greater intensity of foreign origin tourism than that of national origin: South East, Scotland and Ireland. Table 6 presents the indicators for Portugal and Greece. In the total number of overnight stays, the Greek region of Nisia Aigaiou and Kriti stands out with 25 million and also the Portuguese region of Algarve and Islands, which includes Madeira and Açores, with 13 million. Table 6. Regional Tourism Indicators in 1995: Greece and Portugal Region ons onsh onshn onshx onskm plh GREECE Voreia Ellada Kentriki Ellada Attiki Nisia Aigaiou+Kriti PORTUGAL Norte Centro Lisboa e Tejo Alentejo Algarve + Islands The more prominent regions for tourist intensity of foreign origin being greater than that of national origin are Nisia Aigaiou, Kentriki Ellada and Attiki in Greece, and the regions Algarve and Islands, and Lisboa and Tejo valley, in Portugal. Table 7 presents the tourist indicators for French regions. Although there are several regions with high levels of tourism activity, there is only one French region, Île de France, where foreign tourist intensity exceeds national tourist intensity. 60

9 Estudios Económicos Regionales y Sectoriales. AEEADE. Vol. 2, núm. 2(2002) Table 7. Regional Tourism Indicators in 1995: France. FRANCE ons onsh onshn onshx onskm plh Île de France Champagne-Ardenne Picardie Haute-Normandie Centre Basse-Normandie Bourgogne Nord - Pas-Calais Lorraine Alsace Franche-Comté Pays de la Loire Bretagne Poitou-Charentes Aquitaine Midi-Pyrénées Limousin Rhône-Alpes Auvergne Languedoc-Roussillon Provence-Alpes-Côte d'azur Corse Most prominent in terms of total number of overnight stays are Île de France, which includes Paris, with 41 million overnight stays, Provence Alpes Côte d Azur with almost 26 million and Rhône-Alpes with almost 15 million overnight stays in total. 3. Evolution of Regional Tourism in Graph 2 shows the values of Ons in the years 1995 and 2000 for the top 10 European regions of year

10 Guisan, M.C. and Aguayo, E. Employment and Regional Tourism in Europe There has been a change in UK regional statistics and total Ons for this country in 1995 from the new Eurostat statistics is much lower than the older data of section 2. Although there are some differences between the old and new Eurostat statistics for other regions the differences are not so remarkable as for the case of London and South East. Graph 2. Ons of the top10 European Regions in 1995 and 2000 (thousands) The top 10 European Union regions of hotel tourism in the year 2000: 1.South East (London, UK), 2. Île de France (Paris, France), 3. Baleares (Spain) 4) Bayern (Germany), 5) Canarias (Spain), 6) Cataluña (Spain), 7) Andalucía (Spain), 8) Nisia Aigaiou and Kriti (Greece) 9)Emilia Romagana (Italy) and 10) Trentino-Alt Adige (Italy). Tables 8 to 14 show the evolution of Hotel Overnight Stays from 1995 to 2000, in thousands, according to the new statistics. The total value of Ons in the 12 former EEC countries, including the new German länder, changed from million 62

11 Estudios Económicos Regionales y Sectoriales. AEEADE. Vol. 2, núm. 2(2002) overnight stays at hotels in 1995 to , with an increase of 26% in a period of only 5 years. Table 8. Evolution of Overnight Stays in : Spain SPAIN Ons95 Onsn95 Onsx95 Ons00 Onsn00 Onsx00 Galicia Asturias Cantabria Pais Vasco Com. Navarra La Rioja Aragón C. Madrid Castilla y León Castilla-Mancha Extremadura Cataluña C. Valenciana Baleares Andalucia Murcia Canarias TOTAL The percentage of change in Ons for the period in Spain was 43%, with very high percentage changes in the following regions: Galicia, 46%, Asturias, 124%, Cantabria, 97%, País Vasco, 53%, Navarra, 92%, La Rioja, 69%, Aragón 60%, Madrid 45%, Castilla y León, 82%, Castilla-La Mancha, 58%, Extremadura, 77%, Cataluña 56%, Valencia 48%, Andalucía, 54%, Murcia 52% y Canarias 50%. The highest levels of Ons and Onsh among Spanish regions correspond to Baleares but this region has showed a more moderate percentage of increase than the other ones, with only 14%. 63

12 Guisan, M.C. and Aguayo, E. Employment and Regional Tourism in Europe Table 9. Evolution of Overnight Stays in : Italy ITALY Ons95 Onsn95 Onsx95 Ons00 Onsn00 Onsx00 Piemonte Valle d Aosta Liguria Lombardía TrentinoAltoAdige Veneto Friuli-Venezia G Emilia Romagna Toscana Umbría Marche Lazio Abruzzi Molise Campania Puglia Basilicata Calabria Sicilia Sardegna TOTAL The percentage of change for Ons in Italy was 12%. Some regions such as Lazio with 56% have experienced a percentage change clearly higher than average. In table 10, besides the regions of section 2 we include the new regions of Germany after unification: Brandeburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Sachen, Sachen-Anhalt and Türingen. In table 13 the Portuguese regions of Madeira and Açores are dealt with separately from Algarve and Algarve. 64

13 Estudios Económicos Regionales y Sectoriales. AEEADE. Vol. 2, núm. 2(2002) Table 10. Evolution of Overnight Stays in : Germany GERMANY Ons95 Onsn95 Onsx95 Ons00 Onsn00 Onsx00 Baden-W Bayern Berlin Brandeburg Bremen Hamburg Hessen Mecklenburg-Vor Niedersachsen Nordrhein-West Rheinland-Pfalz Saarland Sachsen Sachsen Anhalt Schleswig-Holst Thüringen TOTAL Table 11. Evolution of Ons in : Benelux and Denmark Region Ons95 Onsn95 Onsx95 Ons00 Onsn00 Onsx00 Bruxelles Vlaams Gewest Región Wallonne BELGIUM Noord-Nederland Oost-Nederland West-Nederland Zuid-Nederland NETHERLANDS LUXEMBOURG DENMARK TOTAL

14 Guisan, M.C. and Aguayo, E. Employment and Regional Tourism in Europe Table 12. Evolution of Ons in : Ireland and UK Region Ons95 Onsn95 Onsx95 Ons00 Onsn00 Onsx00 IRELAND North East North West Yorkshire East Midlands West Midlands East Anglia South-East South West Wales Scotland Northern Ireland UK TOTAL The new names of regions in the UK imply a different territorial definition by Eurostat statistics in the year 2000 from that of section 2, and we have elaborated some provisional estimations for non available data of the year 1995 according to the new criteria. Table 13. Evolution of Ons in : Greece and Portugal Region Ons95 Onsn95 Onsx95 Ons00 Onsn00 Onsx00 Voreia Ellada Kentriki+Attiki Nisia A. +Kriti GREECE Norte Centro Lisboa e Tejo Alentejo+Algarve Açores+Madeira PORTUGAL TOTAL

15 Estudios Económicos Regionales y Sectoriales. AEEADE. Vol. 2, núm. 2(2002) The total increase of Ons in Germany during the period is a 15%, while the percentage of increase in Belgium was 30%, in the Netherlands 79%, in Luxembourg a 9% and in Denmark a 14%. Ireland has experienced an increase of 34% in Ons during the same period, the UK a 30%, Greece a 24% and Portugal a 21%. Finally table 21 shows the evolution of Ons in France, with a total increase of 32% during the period Table 14. Evolution of Overnight Stays in : France FRANCE Ons95 Onsn95 Onsx95 Ons00 Onsn00 Onsx00 Îlle de France Champagne-A Picardie H. Normandie Centre B. Normandie Bourgogne Nord-Pas-Calais Lorraine Alsace Franche-Comté Pays de la Loire Bretagne PoitouCharentes Aquitaine Midi-Pyrénees Limousin Rhône-Alpes Auvergne Languedoc-R Prov.-Alps-C.A Corse TOTAL

16 Guisan, M.C. and Aguayo, E. Employment and Regional Tourism in Europe 4. Econometric models of Tourism and Employment In several comparative studies of European regions, such as those cited in the bibliography and others there cited, we can see the important impact tourism has on non-agrarian employment at regional level, particularly in Building and Market Services. In this study we have not analysed the evolution of non-hotel tourism because could have been unable to get data for all the countries but we hope to publish that interesting analysis in the near future and include not only the 12 former EEC countries but also other European countries. The following model shows the relation non agrarian employment in the year 2000, LNA00, has with the Value-Added of Industry, VI, and Government Services, G, in 1995, together with hotel tourism, Ons, in 1995 and its increase for Other variables such as the increases of VI and VG during the period , and indicators of non-hotel tourism have also shown significant impact on non-agrarian employment in the estimated models for some countries, but we have been unable to include them here because of unavailability of data for all the sample. Relation of LNA00 with Industry, Government Services and Tourism Least Squares. Dependent Variable: LNA00 Included observations: 98 Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-statistic Prob. VI VG ONS ONS00-ONS R-squared Mean dependent var Adjusted R-squared S.D. dependent var S.E. of regression Akaike info criterion Sum squared resid Schwarz criterion Log likelihood Durbin-Watson stat

17 Estudios Económicos Regionales y Sectoriales. AEEADE. Vol. 2, núm. 2(2002) In Guisan and Aguayo(2001) and (2002) we analyse the impact of tourism on regional employment in France, Germany and Italy, and include references to other interesting studies on this subject. 5. Conclusions In this paper we have presented a general overview of the regional distribution of hotel tourism in the regions within 12 EU countries corresponding to former EEC and Eastern Germany, which shows the increasing trend in many regions. We have included a cross-section model of 98 European regions that relates non agrarian employment with Industry, Government Services and Tourism, because these three variables have a positive effect on the development of Building and Market Services and thus an important impact on regional employment in those sectors. According to the new Eurostat statistics of years 1995 and 2000, the most outstanding regions in Overnight Stays at hotels, Ons, are the following: 1) South East 2) Île de France, 3) Baleares, 4) Bayern, 5) Canarias, 6) Cataluña, 7) Andalucía, 8) Nisia Aigaiou and Kriti 9)Emilia Romagana and 10) Trentino-Alt Adige. The 12 countries analysed here have undergone an increase in Ons from millions in 1995 to millions in 2000, implying a percentage change of 26%. From national origin the change was from millions to and from foreign origin the change was from to millions. 69

18 Guisan, M.C. and Aguayo, E. Employment and Regional Tourism in Europe Bibliography EUROSTAT. REGIO data base. GUISAN, M.C. and AGUAYO, E.(2001). Employment and Regional Development in France. Applied Econometrics and International Development, Vol. 1-1, pp GUISAN, M.C. and AGUAYO, E.(2001). Employment and Regional Development in Germany. Applied Econometrics and International Development, Vol. 1-2, pp GUISAN, M.C. and AGUAYO, E.(2002). Employment and Regional Development in Italy. Applied Econometrics and International Development, Vol. 2-1, pp GUISAN, M.C. and NEIRA, I.(2001). Un análisis econométrico del turismo hotelero y extrahotelero en las regiones y provincias españolas. Estudios Económicos Regionales y Sectoriales, Vol GUISAN, M.C., AGUAYO, E. and NEIRA, I.(1999). Economía del Turismo en Galicia. Impacto económico y distribución territorial. AHG, n. 3. Mundi-Prensa. Madrid. REY, C.(1998). Economía del Turismo. Estructura de mercados e impacto sobre el desarrollo. AHG, n. 1. Mundi-Prensa. Madrid. 1 Información sobre estos artículos en: 70