Structural Synergy. Structural Engineering

Transcription

1 Structural Synergy Structural Engineering The work contained in this volume constitutes a representative, but not complete, overview of ongoing PhD-projects in the broad area of Structural Engineering at the three Technical Universities in the Netherlands as of mid-2013

2 Colophon PhD Conference on Structural Engineering Structural Synergy Aula Conference Centre, Mekelweg CC Delft. 12 September 2013 Edited by Damian Palin, TUD Arthur Slobbe, TUD Sayeda Nahar, TUD Sjors van Es, TUD Alexander Schmets, TUD Chi Zhang, TU/e Andrija Blagojević, TUD Yuan Zhang, TUD Hatice Cigdem Demirel, TUD Frank Bijleveld, UT Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences Department of Structural Engineering Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft Graphic design Font Logo and cover Publisher Printing Damian Palin, influenced by the work of Joseph Müller Brockmann Helvetica Three bridges in Rotterdam: Erasmusbrug, Willemsbrug and De Hef, representing three eras of structural engineering in the Netherlands. Delft University of Technology Sieca Repro, Turbineweg 20, 2627 BP Delft ISBN

3 Contents Word of welcome Introducing Structural Synergy Sponsors ii iv viii Keynote speakers and moderator 2 PhD contributions Delft University of Technology Integral Design 10 Materials and Environment 14 Road and Railway Engineering 48 Structural and Building Engineering 84 Structural Mechanics 108 Eindhoven University of Technology Design System 116 Structural Design 124 University of Twente Construction Management and Engineering 136 Organising committee 144 i

4 Word of welcome Usually, PhD s tend to meet colleagues from their own peer community, often highly specialized. A PhD on asphalt materials will join pavement engineering conferences, a life cycle BIM expert may present and publish in the IALCCE network and a PhD in concrete mechanics will feel at home at fib or IABSE symposia. Less usual is that PhD s from different disciplines open up, meet and mix. Structural Synergy is an initiative to do so. The objective is to bring together PhD s from different disciplines, but for the same domain in this case structural and building engineering. Structural Synergy will share a variety of research methods in experiments, computations, innovation and utilization for different materials and different structures, ranging from buildings, roads, railways, bridges, tunnels, to hydraulic, off-shore and other infrastructures. Even less usual is that PhD s take the initiative for such event themselves, bottom-up. In previous years Prof. Walraven and others organized PhD symposia in the Research School Bouw, but this time the PhD s Arthur Slobbe, Damian Palin, Sjors van Es, Sayeda Nahar, Yuan Zhang, Cigdem Demirel, Andrija Blagojevic from TU Delft along with Chi Zhang from TU/e and Frank Bijleveld from UTwente originated the idea for themselves and organized it fluently, inspired and coached by Alexander Schmets from TU Delft. We sincerely thank all of them for that. A second objective of Structural Synergy is to link the PhD researchers with practicing engineers. Industrial partners and stakeholders are eager to absorb new knowledge, new materials concepts, improved analysis techniques and structural innovations as they face new responsibilities in the dynamic sector nowadays. For this reason, practitioners have been invited. Structural Synergy is supported by and organized in conjunction with other parties, including: Support Campaign Civil Engineering, where the Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment (Ri jkswaterstaat), the G4 major cities, over 15 major contractors and engineering consultants and the material supply industry stimulate structural and civil engineering both financially and in-kind; DIMI, the TU Delft Initiative on Infrastructures and Mobility, which is a multi-disciplinary platform where researchers from six different faculties focus on integral issues, InfraQuest, a joint action of Rijkswaterstaat, TNO and TU Delft to consolidate and strengthen knowl edge and competences in Roads and Structures; 3TU.Bouw for the Built Environment, one of the 9 competence centers of the 3TU federation, where the faculties of Civil Engineering and Geosciences and the faculty of Architecture from TU Delft, the faculty of Civil Engineering and Construction Management from UTwente and the faculty of Architec ture and the Built Environment from TU/e collaborate; STW, The Netherland s Technology Foundation, linking science and utilization and financing PhD projects and programmes like IS2C, ExploRail; ii

5 DCMat, the TU Delft multi-disciplinary platform for materials. There is a large number of PhD s attached to the above communities. At Structural Synergy selection of them will present their research to colleagues and practitioners, in highly interactive sessions with networking opportunities and inspiring key-note lectures. We sincerely thank all sponsors, speakers, participants and organizers and hope that Structural Synergy will serve as a major reference in identifying novel techniques for design and maintenance of structures and in transferring results from academic research to relevance in practice. Jan Rots Chairman Department of Structural Engineering Department, faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, TU Delft iii

6 Introducing Structural Synergy Welcome to Structural Synergy 2013, a conference dedicated to structural engineering science in all its aspects as taught and researched at the three technical universities in the Netherlands. Today structural is the common denominator, structural in the sense of reliably bearing, often variable and unknown, loads for (very) long periods of time. The topic is necessarily very broad as it includes most of the more persistent man-made structural assets that surround us in everyday life, and whose reliable structural services are normally taken as a law of nature by the general public. Compared to consumer products the service levels of structural assets are extremely high. Bridges with a structural failure rate comparable to that of normal office printers would be considered completely unacceptable, while a tunnel would never be built if they had a service life expectance comparable to the most long lasting functional products such as (certain) washing machines or Hi-Fi-systems. Meanwhile, structural assets together exceed in financial terms the balance of any global financial institution, or even the yearly budget of the Dutch government, many times. Thus, the importance and impact of the subject of Structural Synergy is self-evident. One could be tempted to think that the establishment of a Holland Structures and Building Centre (cf. the Holland Financial Centre) is of vital importance for the future of the Netherlands and the well-being of its citizens. Today is one of those opportunities were we can stand together, academics and industry, contractors and asset owners, students and experienced professionals: let s synergise, structurally, and combine and cross-fertilize our expertise to solve future challenges, while being grateful and proud with everything achieved already by our colleagues of the past generations. Topical pitches by PhD-Students As mentioned before, today s topic is very broad, entailing objects like buildings, bridges, hydraulic structures, roads and railways. But also the materials these structures are made of and economic, environmental, societal (e.g. hindrance) and safety aspects are considered. All this is underpinned by a framework of theoretical models, advanced modelling and experiments throughout the length scales, i.e. from nano to mega. A selection of these topics will come along through 15 short (5-7 minutes) plenary pitches by PhD-students at various stages of their research. The topics of the pitch-sessions have been chosen from the perspective of specialisation: fundamentals and advanced modelling (6 pitches) architecture, i.e. shape, form and perception come in (3 pitches) full scale experimental studies (3 pitches) materials: ageing and healing (3 pitches) Poster carousels During a one day event it is impossible to highlight all subjects plenary. Therefore two dedicated, highly interactive poster carousel sessions have been designed to allow all participants to take notice of the full scope of the event. Posters are grouped in five themes that are considered to be relevant from a societal perspective: iv

7 economic efficiency and societal acceptance (orange) reliability of structural assets (black) durability of structural assets (purple) sustainability of structural assets (green) up-scaling and production of materials & structures (light blue) At a poster carousel session, first a short introduction will be delivered by a more senior academic staff member. Then the posters belonging to the themes will be visited and can be discussed with the performing PhD-student. The session will rotate and themes are colour coded. At the end all participants will have visited all themes, and will have had the opportunity to interact (and make initial contact) with the scientists that are engaged in the research work at a daily basis. The simple mechanics of the carousels will be explained in a plenary setting at the conference. Keynote speakers Structural Synergy will be moderated by Mrs Ionica Smeets, TU Delft alumnus and mathematician. She herself would have been an excellent keynote speaker, given her talent to explain the depth, importance and fun of mathematics to broader audiences without compromising the content of the mathematical idea. Prof Geert Dewulf will deliver the scientific keynote, addressing issues relevant to the field from the scientific point of view. Mr Ivo van Vulpen takes care of the inspirational keynote. Mr Van Vulpen, being involved in the team that discovered the Higgs boson, is completely off-topic here. Or isn t he? It is multidisciplinary and cross-cultural collaboration that led to the grand scientific achievement of Isn t that also our setting? And meanwhile we might learn something new, something fun and maybe something useful. Finally, Mr Dronkers, the ultimate asset builder, maintainer and manager of the Netherlands, will hold the professional key note, which may be inspirational as well. As CEO of Rijkswaterstaat he is responsible for a higher asset account than any worldwide bank. But these assets still function: how does this work? Interaction Interaction, across sub-disciplines, across culture or nationalities (over 20) is key today. The plenary sessions, the carousels, the lunch and breaks will provide ample opportunity for this. At the end of the day there is a BBQ (with halal, kosher and vegetarian choices) at the premises of the Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences (delivered by the students of Betondispuut). Everyone attending is invited there to close the day in an informal setting. Thanks for being part of this, and see you at the next Structural Synergy! The Structural Synergy Organising Team (10 people, 6 nationalities: Bangladesh, 2 China, Ireland, 4 Netherlands, Serbia and Turkey). v

8 viii Delft Infrastructures & Mobility Initiative (DIMI) Sustainable solutions from a multidisciplinary approach

9 Steuncampagne CiTG C O M P E T A N C E C E N T R E F O R R O A D S & S T R U C T U R E S The conference organisers gratefully acknowledge the support given to the conference by our sponsors. ix

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11 Keynote speakers and moderator

12 Dr.ir Ionica Smeets Prof.dr.ir. Bauke de Vries Biography Dr. Smeets studied applied mathematics at the Delft University of Technology and got a PhD at the University of Leiden. Currently she combines being a mathematician and a journalist. As such, she has made several TV-appearances at for example the popular Dutch TV-show De Wereld Draait Door. As a part of the duo Wiskundemeisjes she promotes mathematics on a blog: nl/ and has a weekly column in De Volkskrant. Affiliation Independent Mathematician and Journalist. Biography Professor de Vries research mainly focuses on computer aided architectural design, product and process modelling, VR technology and interfaces and knowledge based systems. He is the director of 3TU.BOUW, the collaboration between the faculties related to the building industry of the three technical universities in The Netherlands. Affiliation Professor of Urban Science and Systems and Chair of the Design Systems group at Eindhoven University of Technology and Director 3TU.BOUW. B P o E M U c h T U k A P o E 3

13 Prof.dr. Geert Dewulf Mr.ing. Jan Hendrik Dronkers Biography Professor of Planning and Development, Head of Department of Construction Management and Engineering and vice dean at University of Twente Mr. Dewulf holds a PhD in social science from the University of Utrecht. After working as a senior consultant at TNO, he joined Twente University. He holds an assistant professorship at Delft University of Technology and was a visiting professor at Stanford University from 2012 to He has also played a key role in the formation of 3TU.BOUW. Affiliation Professor of Planning and Development, Head of Department of Construction Management and Engineering and vice dean at University of Twente. Biography Mr Dronkers studied civil engineering, engineering management at the university of applied sciences. Later he studied law at the Erasmus University of Rotterdam. He has occupied various functions within the organisation of Rijkswaterstaat. In 2000 he became Chief Engineer-Director of the North Holland office in Haarlem. Since February 2010 he is the Director General of Rijkswaterstaat. Affiliation Director-General of Rijkswaterstaat. 4

14 Prof.dr.ir. Jan Rots Dr. Ivo van Vulpen Biography Professor Rots studied civil engineering at TUDelft where he also got his masters. After a career TNO he joined the faculty of Architecture at Delft University of Technology as a professor in Structural Mechanics. Later he joined the Structural Mechanics section housed in the Civil Engineering faculty becoming head of the department of Structural Engineering in Biography Dr. van Vulpen is a particle physicist working at the National Institute for Subatomic Physics and University of Amsterdam. His research focuses, as a member of the Atlas experiment, on analysing proton-proton collissions at the LHC collider at CERN (Geneva). As a lecturer he teaches particle physiscs to bachelor and master students. Affiliation Head of department of Structural Engineering at Delft University of Technology. Affiliation Researcher at Nikhef and Associate Professor at University of Amsterdam. 5

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19 Delft University of Technology Integral Design

20 Dynamic contracting mechanism Hatice Cigdem Demirel Delft University of Technology Integral Design Biography Cigdem studied civil engineering and obtained Msc degree in Structural Engineering in 2009 at the Suleyman Demirel University in Turkey. She worked at CB&I in the Netherlands during her Msc. In 2010, she started to work at TU Delft as a PhD researcher. Her main research interest is in the development of contracting mechanism in the field of road networks. Research Road network systems can quickly become obsolete. Due to uncertainty and unexpected changes, transportation agencies tend to suffer from increased complexity and unsatisfactory functionality. The current financial changes and the new requirements in road network sector are causing asset managers and service providers to rethink their approaches. A number of initiatives have been taken in the Dutch road network system to deal with changing circumstances. In such situations, contracting of road infrastructures needs special attention. In the domain of decision-making this study aims to manage maintenance contracts of road network in a dynamic way. The relations between changing circumstances, road maintenance network, and the contracting practices. Promotor Prof.dr.ir. M.J.C.M Hertogh [email protected] Contracting parties. 11

21 An example of output specifications of Performance Based Contracting (Rijkswaterstaat). 12

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23 Delft University of Technology Materials and Environment

24 Towards the development of a CO 2 -neutral cement, BioCement Natalie Carr Delft University of Technology Materials and Environment [email protected] Biography Natalie Carr began her studies at the University of California Berkeley where she obtained a bachelor s degree in Architecture. Her education continued with a master s degree from the Technical University of Munich in the field of civil engineering with a focus on building materials and chemistry. Research The theory behind this research project is that biomass can act as a source for functional clinker minerals as well as an energy source during the necessary biomass conversion. The two main objectives are to obtain a material comprised of hydraulic minerals from the ashes produced in the combustion of a blend of sustainable biomasses and waste-products and to adapt the raw materials and the sintering process so that the combustion is conducted in a way that also generates energy. After thermal conversion there will be two products; the primary product being energy and the secondary product being ashes. The ultimate goal is that these ashes will be capable of replacing a substantial part of traditional Portland cement in typical cement-based products such as concrete. The new BioCement will be designed to be superior to traditional Portland cement from an environmental viewpoint, with negligible CO2 emissions during its production. Promotor Dr. H. Jonkers [email protected] Schematic representation of the sources of CO 2 in traditional clinker production. Mineral phases detected in a biomass blend fired at 1400C in a laboratory oven. 15

25 The thermal conversion of biomass to produce the primary product, energy, and the secondary product, BioCement clinker. 16

26 Micro-scale shrinkage coefficient as key parameter in mesoscale lattice models for drying and microcracksimulations Dragana Jankovic Delft University of Technology Materials and Environment 2004-Present Biography Dragana received degree in Structural Civil Engineering: M.Sc. (University of Central Florida) and B.Sc. (University of Sarajevo). After working in Civil Engineering companies in Sarajevo, Dragana moved to Iceland to work at Research Institute and private CE Company. Dragana came to TU Delft to work on her PhD research on multi-scaling and microcracking simulation in concrete. Currently lives in Sarajevo. Research Microcracking in cement paste initiates from early moisture flow drying shrinkage phenomena and depends on the value of shrinkage coefficient. In order to generate a 2-D model for microcracking simulation, traditional black box macro-level modeling is replaced by coupling of meso-level models from Statistical Physics (Lattice Gas Automata, LGA and Lattice Fracture Model, LFM), with the shrinkage coefficient determined experimentally by Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope (ESEM) at micro-level. In that way scaling of material is introduced and drying results from different scales are coupled. Lattice Gas Automata is a type of Cellular Automata that can mimic moisture flow (drying) and change of moisture gradient due to drying of porous cementitious material. Lattice Fracture Model is used to induce microcracks due to moisture load obtained from Lattice Gas. Shrinkage coefficient is obtained from uncracked, thin cement paste specimens, which are dried in ESEM. Drying results in Lattice Gas Automata for the ratio (r = 1) at (above top) 10 and (above below) LGA time-steps. Promotor Prof.dr.ir. K. van Breugel [email protected] Copromotor Prof. D. Wolf-Gladrow [email protected] Moisture flow diagram. Drying till LGA timesteps. 17

27 Example of displacement due to drying from 98% to 20% RH, in the cement paste microstructure. 18

28 Bacterial concrete: Precipitation and influence on chloride transport and carbonation Balqis Binti Md Yunus Delft University of Technology Materials and Environment tudelft.nl Biography Balqis Binti Md Yunus graduated from the Faculty of Civil Engineering at Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Malaysia and has involved in internship program at KAIST, Daejeon, South Korea during her final semester of Master program. Following this, she served UiTM for more than 4 years and actively involved in research work related to construction materials. Currently, she is a PhD candidate at TU Delft and started working on self-healing concrete since March Research Durability, in many situations is of as paramount importance as strength which has to be considered explicitly at the design stage. Self-healing is the most practical method to ensure maintenance and repair method would prolong the service life of the building hence reducing the frequency of maintenance and eventually the repair cost. The image shows the set-up for chloride penetration of specimens under compression (left) and tension (right). At present, bacteria-based healing agent indicated a bright prospect for repair of cracks in concrete as regained the mechanical properties. However, in most studies conducted for the self-healing concrete using bacteria, the two parameters of carbonation and ingress of chloride ions were not taken into consideration. In this research, the sensitivity of self-healing bacteria-based concrete with respect to carbonation and chloride under the influence of an applied load are the scope of interests. The new technique proposed expected to give quantitative information on the effect of given load combinations on service life of concrete. Promotor Prof.dr.ir. E. Schlangen [email protected] 19

29 A C B The image shows the specimens subjected to (a) carbonation, (b) chloride penetration and (c) compression and chloride penetration. 20

30 Interface Properties and Self-healing of (ECC-like) Repair Materials Mladena Lukovic Delft University of Technology Materials and Environment Biography Mladena graduated from structural department at Faculty of Civil Engineering in Belgrade, Serbia. She began her PhD: Interface properties and selfhealing of (SHCC-like) repair material at TU Delft in November Research Durability of concrete repair, including all types of repairs and application of different materials, often shows problems. In order to improve its performance, complex behavior of the system with inevitable existence of the interface between two materials has to be understood. Starting point for the research is a recently developed cement-based material, known as SHCC (Strain Hardening Cementitious Composite). Fine PVA fibers introduced in this material ensure high ductility and self-healing potential which makes it suitable for application in concrete repairs. Modeled crack pattern of two repair systems: with SHCC (up) and non- fiber reinforced repair material (down). The micromechanical properties of the contact zone between two materials determine the performance and govern the failure mode of the repair system. On a higher scale, surface preparation of the concrete substrate, moisture transport between the two materials, extensibility and deformational capacity of the repair material are some of the most important parameters which have to be taken into account while designing appropriate repair system. In-depth knowledge of these parameters, both on microstructural and mesostructural level obtained through combined experimental and numerical approach is the aim of this study. Promotor Prof.dr.ir. K. van Breugel [email protected] 21

31 Bove shows the micromechanical properties measured by nanoindentation as an input for modeling inteface performance in direct tension test. 22

32 Bacteria-based self-healing concrete: From lab table to outdoor application Renée Mors Delft University of Technology Materials and Environment Biography After following courses in numerous tracks within the field of Building and Civil Engineering, curiosity led to a topic in the field of material development. Trying to bring bacteria-based self-healing concrete to the market asks for joining hands with multiple disciplines, enabling the combination of several personal interests into one project. Research Crack formation is common in concrete and typically related to durability. Crack percolation may lead to leakage problems or ingress of deleterious materials. Durability may be enhanced by preventing further ingress of water and other substances. Since the year 2007 an experimental mortar mixture with self-healing capabilities has been developed in the Microlab. This mixture includes a two component additive, consisting of bacteria and organic mineral precursor compound, included in expanded clay particles serving as protective reservoir. Upon cracking and following ingress of water, bacteria are activated and convert incorporated organic compounds to calcium carbonate. Precipitation of calcium carbonate on the crack wall allows to seal and block cracks, reducing water permeability. The current research project aims to further develop products containing the two component additive in order to successfully apply the material outdoors. Challenging is the technical voluminous and economical production of the healing agent for full scale application. Promotor Prof.dr.ir. K. van Breugel [email protected] Retrieval of healing agent particles after hardening of cement paste, without and with coating. 23

33 Large scale healing agent production. 24

34 Corrosion of steel in cracked concrete José Pacheco Delft University of Technology Materials and Environment tudelft.nl Biography José obtained his MSc degree in Structural Engineering at Delft University of Technology in During that period, he made an internship and graduation project at TNO Built Environment and Geosciences under supervision of Prof. dr. Rob B. Polder. Afterward, he was appointed as a PhD candidate on a IS2C project on corrosion of steel in cracked concrete. Research The service life span of concrete structures can be compromised when cracks allow fast ingress of chlorides in marine environment conditions. This project studies the influence of bending cracks on the corrosion behaviour of embedded reinforcing steel. Cracks are assessed by different means. It also involves the development of a experimental test procedure on chloride penetration and quantification in collaboration with other European laboratories. Finally, x-ray microanalysis is suggested as a tool for quantification of chlorides in concrete specimens. Corrosion behaviour of steel embedded in cracked concrete. Promotor Prof.dr. R.B. Polder [email protected] Copromotor Dr. O. Çopuroğlu [email protected] Atomic ratio plots (from ESEM-EDS) on mortar with chlorides. 25

35 Cracking set-up for reinforced concrete specimens. 26

36 Bacteria-based self-healing concrete for application in the marine environment Damian Palin Delft University of Technology Materials and Environment Biography Damian graduated form the mechanical engineering department at Imperial College London. Following this he worked at both the Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology and Nanyang Technical University, Singapore, where he was the lead researcher developing a biomining process to extract magnesium from desalination brine. He is began his PhD: Bacteria-based self-healing concrete for application in the marine environment at TUDelft in September A Research Many physical and chemical phenomena are usually interdependent and mutually reinforcing in the deterioration of marine exposed concrete: expansion and microcracking due to physical effects increases concrete permeability paving the way for deleterious chemical interactions between seawater, concrete and embedded steel reinforcement. B 84 A novel approach to self-heal concrete is a bioinspired technique, where bacteria immobilized in the concrete are activated through crack induced water ingress, forming a mineral healing precipitate. This work represents a reference on the way to developing bacteria-based self-healing concrete for application in the marine environment. The next phase will see the design and impregnation of a bacteria-based agent into mortar specimens, with the aim of exerting bacterial control over mineral precipitates for improved healing of concrete in the marine environment. Promotor Prof.dr.ir. K. van Breugel [email protected] ESEM images showing the respective rhomboidal (A) and spicule (B) surface precipitates of CEM III/B specimens submerged for 84 days in fresh and sea water respectively. Copromotor Dr. H. Jonkers [email protected] 27

37 Seawater Concrete Expanded clay particle Healing agent Bacterial spores Organic carbon NO 3-2H + H 2 O CO 2 MgCa(CO 3 ) 2 Mg 2+ Mg 2+ Ca 2+ Bacteria-based self-healing Control of precipitates NO 3 - respiration Formation of Mg-carbonate (improved healing material) Lower permebility Larger crack width reduction Increased durability Above is an illustrative reprisentation of our hypothesis, where control is placed on the healing material produced for improved bacteria-based healing. 28

38 An integral in-situ chloride sensing and monitoring system for concrete structures Farhad Pargar Delft University of Technology Materials and Environment Biography Having been received Master s Degree of Hydraulic Structural engineering in 2006 at the University of Tehran, I participated in many research programs at the Construction Materials Institute (CMI), University of Tehran. Due to my deep interest to research works associated with concrete technology and new construction materials in structural engineering, I made my decision to apply for the PhD program in Department of Material & Environment at Technical University of Delft. Research Up to now there is no robust and reliable chloride sensor available in the market that can be can be used as the basis for a full continuous monitoring system and enables the possibility to measure the so-called chloride migration profiles continuously by means of a computer controlled system. It indicates the clear need for a robust, stable and long term performing Cl sensor system. With the Cl sensor that will be developed within the scope of this research project, a fully automatic measuring of the chloride content in the surface zone of a concrete asset becomes feasible and will partly replace currently used destructive measuring techniques. The sensor contributes to the automation of the condition-based maintenance of concrete structures and to enable the development of asset management systems. Schematic diagram ion transport in cement paste. Integral in-situ chloride sensing and monitoring system for concrete structures. Promotor Prof.dr.ir. K. van Breugel [email protected] 29

39 Chloride-induced corrosion is one of the most important deterioration mechanisms in reinforced concrete structures. 30

40 Crack blocking by swelling or melting coated aggregates Adhi Priyambodho Delft University of Technology Materials and Environment tudelft.nl Biography Adhi graduated from the Department of Civil Engineering at Gadjah Mada University (UGM) and continued his studies to take master of civil engineering at Diponegoro University (UNDIP). After receiving his master degree, he was a Junior Lecturer at Engineering Faculty, Civil Engineering Department, UNTIRTA, Indonesia and then started his PhD at Delft University of Technology (TU Delft) which is about CRACK BLOCKING BY SWELLING OR MELTING COATED AGGREGATES. In January 2013, he started to work at TU Delft as a PhD researcher. Research The goal of this project is to produce a concrete in which cracks that develop in the material are blocked when water (or an other liquid) enters the crack or where the coating is activated and melts and by that blocks the crack. Cracks always follow the weakest link in the materials. In concrete this weakest link is mostly the bond between aggregates and cement matrix. If the aggregates are coated with a material that swells if in contact with water, then this swelling material can fill the crack and block the path through the concrete. Also the aggregates can be coated by a bitumen (with metallic particles) which can be heated by induction energy. Then the bitumen becomes a fluid and can block the cracks. For this recycled aggregates from asphalt can be used, which makes the product also sustainable. The result of this project will be a new self healing concrete for special applications in which durability is very important (the reinforcement should be protected well) or in which the structure should retain a liquid, such as tunnels, storage tanks, industrial floors or slabs at gas-stations. Uncracked concrete. Cracked concrete. Promotor Prof.dr.ir. E. Schlangen [email protected] 31

41 Cracked concrete: Concrete cracks through the interface between the large aggregates and the cement mortar. Concrete with bitumen+steel wool swells can be heated by induction energy. Rubber coating. The principle regarding the mechanism of the project blocking by swelling or melting coated aggregetes. 32

42 Experimental and numerical investigation of chloride ingress in cracked concrete Branko Savija Delft University of Technology Materials and Environment Biography Branko graduated from Faculty of Civil Engineering at University of Belgrade, Serbia, with a diploma thesis in dynamics of structures. Following a stint as a student assistant at his alma mater, he joined Delft University in September 2010 to pursue a PhD in concrete durability, with a tentative thesis title: Experimental and numerical investigation of chloride ingress in cracked concrete. Research Chloride induced corrosion is the most important deterioration mechanism affecting reinforced concrete structures. It has been studied for decades already. Models to deal with the problem are readily available to engineers. Chloride ingress in cracked concrete modeled using a lattice model. However, available models consider crack free concrete. In reality, this is never the case concrete structures are designed to crack. This could change the speed with which aggressive chloride ions enter the concrete. Within this research, experiments and numerical modeling are employed in order to understand the coupling between mechanical cracking and chloride ion ingress. When corrosion of reinforcement does occur, rust is created. It expands, causing stresses in the surrounding concrete. This leads to cracking, which is the first visible sign of ongoing deterioration. To study corrosion induced cracking of cover concrete, again the synergy between experiments and numerical modeling is employed. This study aims to broaden the knowledge relating the interdependence between cracking, chloride ingress, corrosion, and further deterioration. Promotor Prof.dr.ir. E. Schlangen [email protected] 33

43 Cracks in concrete induced by reinforcement corrosion captured using X-ray computed Tomography (a non-destructive method). 34

44 Porous Network Concrete: a building component to make concrete structures selfhealing Senot Sangadji Delft University of Technology Materials and Environment [email protected] senot.sangadji@gmail. Biography He received structural engineering master degree from Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia. From 2010 he began his research on the development of porous network concrete, a novel method of to make concrete structures self-healing. Before he joined the research group in TU Delft, he was a junior lecturer at UNS, Indonesia, where he taught and conducted research in structural analysis, structural dynamics, and earthquake engineering. Research Self-healing concrete is a promising technique for designing infrastructure that shows higher durability and have longer maintenance free performance with low repair cost. Inspired by nature, this research aims to mimic bone morphology by embedding porous concrete in the concrete matrix. The system creates interconnected pores by which when cracks formed healing agent e.g. chemical-based, bacteria contained liquid, cement or mortar slurry can be injected to produce dense layer and seal the crack. A simple automatic on-off system, crack detected by sensors which then trigger actuating signal, is designed to implement autonomous engineered selfhealing or self-repairing mechanism. A bone-like porous network concrete in which channels liquid healing agent top heal cracks in the concrete structure. The experimental study found that concrete prisms specimens shows complete strength and stiffness regain for epoxy based healed but only 80% mechanical properties regain for bacteria based specimens. However, cracks were filled completely by epoxy resin as well as by bacteria based solution shown by 100% reduction of water permeability. Promotor Prof.dr.ir. E. Schlangen [email protected] Epoxy based healed specimen shows complete crack healing which make second crack shift to weaker zone. 35

45 Imprint strongly indicate bacteria actively convert nutrients into Ca-based mineral products. 36

46 Mechanical, electrical and microstructural properties cement-based materials in conditions of stray current flow. Agus Susanto Delft University of Technology Materials and Environment Biography Personal biography: Agus received Bachelor of sciences from Department of Physics at Institute of Technology Bandung (ITB), Indonesia. He continued his studied at Instrumentation and Control Engineering, Department of Engineering Physics, ITB. During master study, he visited Kasai Laboratory, Division of Precision Science & Technology and Applied Physics, Osaka University, Japan for a year ( ), as an exchange student and finished his master thesis. In February 2011, he started his Ph.D research in Microlab, Material and Environment, TU Delft. Research It is well known that stray current has a significant influence on the degradation processes in cementbased systems. It can be the result of direct current (DC) and/or alternating current (AC) such as foreign cathodic protection (CP) installations, DC transit systems (e.g. electrified railways, subway systems, streetcars, welding operations) and electrical power transmission systems. Stray current might have negative effects on buried materials (e.g., reinforcement and pipelines infrastructures) and cement-based materials. Several methods have been applied to mitigate and control of stray current such as by improvement transportation systems, increasing the resistance between rails to reduce stray currents, rail insulation, usage proper grounding systems in traction substations, and cathodic protection. Several standard and safety regulations also have been implemented to avoid or minimize these effects and risks of physical damages. With respect to corrosion in reinforced concrete structures, it is not only induced by the penetration of aggressive substances (e.g. chlorides and/or CO2) but also influenced by stray currents. The degradation of cement-based systems due to stray current and chloride penetration followed by corrosion has been serious problem in civil engineering for many years. In a few extreme cases, severe structure damage induced by stray current. If it is exposed to the above factors for long-term periods, service life will be reduced. Although some investigators have attempted to explain mechanisms and the effect of the stray current, the microstructural properties of cement-based systems are still not completely understood. This research deals with the influences of stray current on microstructure and its correlation with electrical and mechanical properties of cementbased systems. Modeling works will be carried out to simulate transport process (i.e., chloride/water diffusivity and permeability) of cement-based systems induced by stray current. A (a) Experimental set-up for group S; (b) electrical circuit, where R1=120 kω and R2=20 kω are current adjusting resistances. Promotor Prof.dr.ir. K. van Breugel [email protected] Copromotor Dr.ir. D.A. Koleva [email protected] B 37

47 A B C An example of potential distribution in the container (a) and current density distribution (b, c) within the experimental set-up for group S, presenting the magnitude of current density, distributed in the total bulk material (b) and current density distribution lines per sections of the cubes (c). 38

48 Bacteria-based selfhealing concrete to create durable infrastructures Eirini Tziviloglou Delft University of Technology Materials and Environment Biography Eirini graduated in 2009 as a Master in Structural Engineering (Concrete Structures) at the Technical University of Delft. During her Master thesis, she worked with Self-healing in Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC). Eirini investigated the possibility of autonomous healing in ECC enriched by steelwool, rockwool and Super Absorbent Polymers, with respect to strength, stiffness and deflection capacity recovery. Since January 2013, she has been working as a PhD candidate at the Technical University of Delft. Research Crack formation is a common phenomenon in concrete structures, which can lead to large permeability, and consequently, durability problems. In order to decrease the risk of exposing the structure in harmful substances; the material s ability to heal itself is increased by adding bacteria-based healing agents in the concrete matrix. Expanded clay particles as healing agent reservoirs embedded in concrete. The healing agent consists of bacteria spores and their feed embedded in expanded clay particles, so as to prevent spores from crushing during mixing and increase their viability. After setting and crackappearance, the released agent bridges the cracks by producing calcium carbonate (CaCO3). In this study, we focus on the design of a test methodology to judge self-healing efficiency, regarding the regaining of mechanical properties and of liquid tightness. Initially, small lab tests will be performed onto mortar specimens. Crack formation on the samples is achieved by three-point-bending, followed by a water-curing period. After curing, the efficiency of the self-healing mechanisms is examined, in terms of strength and stiffness recovery, as well as of crack-sealing potential. Promotor Prof.dr.ir. E. Schlangen [email protected] 39

49 Crack on the mortar sample before and after healing. 40

50 A novel Cathodic Protection System for Reinforced Concrete, using Self Healing Cement based Layers Maria Varini Delft University of Technology Materials and Environment Biography Maria Varini performed her studies in Italy, her homeland, where she took Master Degree in Chemical Science at Universita degli Studi, Milano, with a specialization in Electrochemistry. Three months after taking her degree, she left Italy in order to start her PhD at TU Delft, in the Netherlands, on January Research The present project aim is to achieve self healing in concrete while corrosion is occurring, by means of nano aggregates addition inside the material. Pluronic micelles spontaneous assembly/disassembly process in water Nano formations are composed by a polymeric shell and a core with self - healing potential that will be released only in case of corrosion initiation (mainly ph triggered release mechanism) and will repair consequent damages occurred at the steel surface. Since nano formations chosen are added during the very first stages of concrete preparation, they are also able to influence cement hydration process and for this reason, together with an improvement of steel corrosion performances, an improvement in bulk matrix characteristics will be achieved. This approach will be further developed and combined in particular with impressed current cathodic protection (CP): nano particles will be added at the anode/concrete interface in order to significantly increase durability and performances of the system. Promotor Prof.dr.ir. K. van Breugel [email protected] Copromotor Prof.dr.ir. H. Terryn [email protected] 41

51 Structure of anode in cathodic protection (CP); nanoparticles employed are supposed to be added inside anode cement based over layer. 42

52 InfraWatch: Data management for monitoring infrastructural performance René Veerman Delft University of Technology Materials and Environment Biography René Veerman received his MSc degree in civil engineering at Delft University of Technology, Netherlands. Since 2009 he works for ARCADIS Netherlands as structural engineer of concrete bridges and tunnels. In 2011 he started a PhD study within the STW perspective program Integral Solutions for Sustainable Construction (IS2C). Research In the last decades, traffic intensity has increased significantly and initiated a large number of structural induced local damages to many infrastructures. In addition, material induced damages caused by degradation mechanisms such as chloride ingress, ASR, and carbonation have increased as well. These processes have turned out to reduce the expected service-life of concrete infrastructures to a large extend. The National STW perspective program called Integral Solution for Sustainable Construction (IS2C) is developed to generate advanced knowledge that will be used to develop a cutting edge predictive simulation model for service-file assessment of infrastructures. One of the key projects within the IS2C program is the project called InfraWatch, which is a joint research initiative between Leiden University and Delft University of Technology with the main objective to scrutinize real time data received from bridges and other infrastructures. The data analysis and data mining results are generated by researchers from Leiden University while the physical interpretation and agreement with structural simulations is conducted at TU Delft. Monitored and analysed bridge. Second order bending frequency, based on two calculation methods with different data. Promotor Prof.dr.ir. K. van Breugel [email protected] Copromotor Dr.ir. E.A.B. Koenders [email protected] 43

53 Setup for a dynamically loaded four-point-bending test. 44

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55 not s notes n tes notes notes otes notes notes note notes notes notes notes no s notes notes notes notes notes tes notes notes notes notes notes note otes notes notes notes notes notes notes no notes notes notes notes notes notes notes notes n s notes notes notes notes notes notes notes notes notes es notes notes notes notes notes notes notes notes notes not otes notes notes notes notes notes notes notes notes notes notes no es notes notes notes notes notes notes notes notes notes notes notes note tes notes notes notes notes notes notes notes notes notes notes notes no otes notes notes notes notes notes notes notes notes notes notes notes n s notes notes notes notes notes notes notes notes notes notes notes note tes notes notes notes notes notes notes notes notes notes notes notes not otes notes notes notes notes notes notes notes notes notes notes notes n s notes notes notes notes notes notes notes notes notes notes notes note tes notes notes notes notes notes notes notes notes notes notes notes not otes notes notes notes notes notes notes notes notes notes notes notes no n s es notes notes notes notes notes notes notes notes notes notes notes note otes notes notes notes notes notes notes notes notes notes notes notes no n es notes notes notes notes notes notes notes notes notes notes note otes notes notes notes notes notes notes notes notes notes no notes notes notes notes notes notes notes notes notes n s notes notes notes notes notes notes notes notes tes notes notes notes notes notes notes note notes notes notes notes notes notes not s notes notes notes notes notes n tes notes notes notes notes otes notes notes note notes notes not es notes no tes n

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57 Delft University of Technology Road and Railway Engineering

58 Constitutive Modeling of Asphalt Concrete Compaction Alieh Alipour Delft University of Technology Road and Railway Engineering Biography Alieh is currently a PhD candidate in road engineering section in TU Delft. Her area of interest is constitutive modeling of asphalt concrete. She earned her B.Sc. degree in civil engineering in 2007 from Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. She continued her studies in highway engineering and graduated with M.Sc. degree in 2009 from Sharif University of Technology in Iran. Alieh has the experience of teaching and working in asphalt Lab and she enjoys working with a group that are expert in asphalt pavement modeling. This model simulates the compaction of asphalt mixture under the dynamic forces applied in the Superpave gyratory compactor and field compaction by different types of rollers with varying range of weight, amplitude, and frequency. Research The compaction of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) pavements has an important effect on long-term pavement performance; inappropriate mixture compaction leads to moisture and oxygen diffusion, ravelling, rutting, and low fatigue life. A constitutive model within the finite element system CAPA-3D is developed and implemented to predict the compaction process of asphalt concrete. For each of the main mix components i.e. aggregates, mastic and air voids, constitutive equations depends on the kinematic and mechanical characteristics of that component. The response of the aggregate matrix is modeled by an uncoupled strain energy function consisting of additive deviatoric and volumetric components and taking into account the no-tension behavior of aggregates in the volumetric component. A thermomechanical viscoelastic model is used to describe the response of mastic. The theory of mixes is used for the interaction between the components. An implicit, iterative numerical scheme has been developed for solution of the non-symmetric, coupled system of equations and the computation of the reduction of air voids during the compaction process. Left: SGC FEM mesh. Right: Stress distribution in HMA mix. Promotor Prof.dr.ir. A. Scarpas [email protected] 49

59 Top: Un-deformed top layer. Bottom: Formed top layer of HMA slab. 50

60 Dynamic interaction between train and turnout Nico Burgelman Delft University of Technology Road and Railway Engineering tudelft.nl Biography I am born and grown up in Ghent, the Northern part of Belgium. There I did my Bachelor and master in Electromechanical Engineering, a broad study introducing my to many different fields in Engineering. After a short intermezzo as high school teacher, I moved to Gothenburg, Sweden, for a second Master in structural dynamics. And the next step in life was to start a PhD in Delft. Research One of the major problems in simulating railway vehicle-turnout interaction is the modeling of the wheel/rail contact. The contact conditions are complex due to the changing rail profiles at the switch blade (tongue) and the frog (crossing). Many of the assumptions made in simple wheel/rail contact models do not hold for the contact in turnouts. Therefore my thesis compares a number of contact models with regard to their application in vehicle dynamics. The normal pressure in the wheel/rail contact patch. Promotor Prof.dr.ir. R.P.B.J. Dollevoet [email protected] 51

61 Vehicle model in the multibody software. 52

62 The damage mechanisms of rail under rolling contact Xiangyun Deng Delft University of Technology Road and Railway Engineering Biography In July 2010, Xiangyun got his master degree in University of Science and Technology of China on the topic: dynamic mechanical behavior of brittle material under impact loading. From October 2010, he started to be a PhD student in Section of Road and Railway Engineering of TU Delft. His project is about the modeling of the mechanical behavior of rail under rolling contact. Research The rail is susceptible to various rolling contact fatigue, such as squats, head checks, and the damage in the switches & crossings, etc. One of the main reasons for the damages is the plastic deformation, which is gave rise by the repeated applications of high friction loads. With the accumulation of plastic strains, the cracks eventually form. The initiated cracks can lead to various type macro damages. Eventually this can result in the fracture of the rail. The initiation of plastic deformation is affected by the presence of the grain boundaries, the inclusions, and the dislocations in the grains. My work is to investigate the relationship between the microstructure and the damage in the rail for stopping the fracture of rail and predicting the life of rail. The image shows the existing problem and causes in railway system. in my work, a multi-scale analysis will be used to model the behavior of material under the rolling contact. In macro scale, an explicit finite element is used to analyse the stresses and strains states. And in micro scale, Voronoi method used to describe the microstructure is combined with Finite element to simulate the mechanical behavior of microstructure under rolling contact. Promotor Dr.ir. Z. Li [email protected] Copromoror Prof.dr.ir. R.P.B.J. Dollevoet [email protected] 53

63 The image shows the methods used to solve the above problem. 54

64 An approach to determine the healing potential of asphalt mortar through laboratory experiments Greet Leegwater Delft University of Technology Road and Railway Engineering tudelft.nl Biography Greet graduated from Civil Engineering in Since then she has worked at TNO as a researcher on performance of materials in infrastructure. In May 2013 she has started a PhD research which she combines with her work at TNO. The aim of her PhD is to develop a test method that assesses the healing potential of asphalt mortar. Research In the design of an asphalt road the resistance of asphalt against fatigue loading is measured in the laboratory trough an accelerated fatigue test. This test does not capture healing behavior which is always present in asphalt. This healing causes a better fatigue performance in practice compared to laboratory. For traditional asphalt mixtures this difference between laboratory and practice is known and represented by a healing factor in the design. For innovative mixtures (e.g. with high recycling content) this relation is absent, which impairs large scale application of these mixtures. The aim of the research is to develop a laboratory test that can assess the healing potential of an asphalt mortar. Driving parameters of healing are time, temperature and pressure. Based on material research on these driving parameters a material model for healing will be formulated. Following this model a test method is formulated that can asses healing potential. Crack in asphalt mortar healing over time, crack interfaces are either bitumen or aggregate. Required layer thickness of asphalt for a road in the main highway network depending on the healing factor. Promotor Prof.dr.ir. A. Scarpas [email protected] 55

65 To investigate healing, fatigue damage has to be created in the laboratory, subsequent healing will be investigated under varying load levels. 56

66 Optimum design of multilayer surfacing systems on orthotropic steel deck bridges Jinlong Li Delft University of Technology Road and Railway Engineering Biography Jinlong Li, born in 1986, China. He is currently a PhD candidate in the group of Mechanics of Structural Systems. He received his bachelor degree in Civil Engineering from Nanjing University of Science & Technology in 2006 and got his master degree of Structural Engineering from the same University in During those years, most of his works were about seismic modeling and structure design. In 2008,he began his PhD study in Tongji University in Shanghai, China. He also gave Steel Construction and Building Construction courses in a college in the same year. In 2009, quitting his PhD position in Tongji University, he had a new start in Delft University of Technology. Research Orthotropic steel bridge with open stiffners and multilayer surfacing structure. Light weight orthotropic steel deck bridges(osdb) have been widely utilized since the 1950s. In the last three decades, several problems were frequently reported in relation to asphaltic surfacing materials on OSDB. The project aims at evaluating the performance of modern surfacing systems on orthotropic steel deck and prolonging its service life. At material level, an innovative Membrane Adhesion Test was proposed and s series of tests onto various membrane products as well as FE simulations were carried out to study the bonding properties; At section level, the standard Five-point Bending Test combined with FEA methods were utilized to study the behavior of surfacing systems; Comprehensive FE modeling of full scale bridges under differing loading conditions was done to support the research in structure level. Our ultimate goal is to propose an optimum design method for multilayer surfacing systems on orthotropic steel deck bridges. Promotor Prof.dr.ir. A. Scarpas [email protected] FE description of a multilayer surfacing system. 57

67 Graphical outline of the study. 58

68 Tyre - road noise: Surface characteristics and material properties Mingliang Li Delft University of Technology Road and Railway Engineering [email protected] Biography You have to live with what you own. On the other hand, the thing you own end up owning you. Research Noise produced from the interaction between rolling tyre and road surface is one of the most important contributions in the overall traffic noise. Noise reducing pavement is considered as an effective way to reduce the tyre - road noise from the source. The relationships between the road material properties, surface characteristics and the noise levels are investigated in this research. Laboratory and field measurements are carried out for observing the influence of mixture compositions on surface characteristics. The investigation of the effect of surface characteristics on tyre road noise is then performed by means of statistical analyses. Data used in the analysis were from measurements on thin layer surfacing in the Netherlands. In the end, a model which predicts the tyre road noise levels for thin layer surfacings is developed. The model is proposed to be used by road engineers and helps to improve the design of noise reducing surfaces. Promotor Prof.dr.ir. A.A.A. Molenaar [email protected] Copromotor Ir. M.F.C. van de Ven [email protected] Laser profilometer for testing the road surface texture. S Three types of models proposed for predicting tyre - road noise levels. 59

69 Sound absorption measurement by using P-U probe. 60

70 Healing in bituminous materials by phase segregation at (crack) surfaces Biography Sayeda Nahar Delft University of Technology Road and Railway Engineering sayedannahar.wix. com/sayeda-nowrozonnahar#! Sayeda holds a BSc. in Chemical Engineering from Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology and a MSc. in Nanomolecular Science from Jacobs University Bremen. Her MSc. research was focused on the improved understanding of biomass-adsorbent interaction in expanded bed hydrophobic interaction chromatography. She started her PhD at TU Delft in June, 2011 on the project Healing in bituminous materials by phase segregation at (crack) surfaces. Research Bitumen is naturally occurring as well as can be obtained as the residue of the distillation of crude oil. It is the glue that amalgamates stones, sand and filler particles into the composite material known as asphalt concrete. It displays spatial heterogeneity at the micrometer scale, which has been observed by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The mechanical properties of the domain phase of bitumen microstructure are distinct from the continuous phase. This introduces stiffness discontinuities in the material, which under mechanical loading will concentrate stresses at the interfaces. Small thermodynamic change leads to rearrange the phases into a new configuration. Thus the material loses its memory of damage and results in restoring its initial mechanical properties, i.e. healing. By researching the origin of the mechanisms of the metastable microstructure, we aim to engineer this property by controlling process conditions, composition (additives) in a predictable and repeatable way into the material. AFM topography and phase images of 70/100 PEN bitumen a) µm b) µm AFM image. Promotor Prof.dr.ir. A. Scarpas [email protected] 61

71 Schematic of (a) bitumen specimen on tensile load (b) thermal conditioning and imaging protocol (c) crack closing observed by AFM in 70/100 bitumen. 62

72 Active crack control for continuously reinforced concrete pavement Dongya Ren Delft University of Technology Road and Railway Engineering Biography Ren obtained both his Bsc degree in Civil Engineering and Msc degree in Road and Railway Engineering from Southwest Jiaotong University, P.R. China. He has started his PhD study at TUDelft since October Research Continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP) is a concrete pavement constructed with continuous longitudinal steel reinforcement and no intermediate transverse contraction joints. Field observations have shown that the cracking pattern of CRCP in Belgium is characterized as low crack spacing along with a high percentage of clusters of closely spaced cracks, which may leads to one detrimental distress developed, namely punchout which occurred primarily at locations with cluster of closely spaced cracks. Layout of active crack control for CRCP in E313,Herentals, Belgium. Previous experiences have indicated that it is difficult to reduce these non-uniformity of crack pattern by adjusting the longitudinal reinforcement in the conventional passive CRCP. A new active crack control method was proposed and firstly applied in the reconstruction project of motorway E313, Herentals, Belgium. The objective of this study is to predict the crack tendency in the active crack control CRCP sections based on fracture mechanics theory and optimize the active saw cut method. Promotor Prof.dr.ir. A.A.A. Molenaar [email protected] 63

73 Test sections with different percentage of longitudinal renforcement in E17, Gent, Belgium 64

74 Experimental investigation of multilayer surfacing systems on orthotropic steel deck bridges George Tzimiris Delft University of Technology Road and Railway Engineering Biography George graduated from the civil engineering department at Edinburgh Napier University in Scotland. Following this he graduated from Birmingham University in UK with a Master degree in Road management and engineering. He is began his PhD: Experimental investigation of multilayer surfacing systems on orthotropic steel deck bridges at TUDelft in March Research Orthotropic steel decks are widely applied in long span bridges, movable bridges, shorter span road and rail bridges. Nowadays, more than 1000 orthotropic steel deck bridges have been built in Europe, out of which 86 are in The Netherlands. In the last three decades, several problems were reported in relation to asphalt surfacing materials on orthotropic steel deck bridges such as rutting, cracking, loss of bond between the surfacing system and steel deck. The goal of this research project, is to develop efficient numerical techniques via experimental and FE analysis for the quantification of the response of membrane products and their interaction with surrounding materials on orthotropic steel deck. MAT set up. Promotor Prof.dr.ir. A. Scarpas [email protected] 5pt set up. 65

75 LINTRACK set up. 66

76 Coupled physicalmechanical moisture induced damage in asphaltic materials Aikaterini Varveri Delft University of Technology Road and Railway Engineering Biography Katerina received her MEng in environmental engineering from Democritus University of Thrace, Greece. Later, she obtained two master s degrees on hydraulic mechanics and on sustainable development from Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. Simultaneously, she participated in various research programs and worked as a self-employed hydraulics/ environmental engineer. In 2010, she started her PhD: Physical-mechanical moisture induced damage in asphaltic materials at TU Delft. Research Asphalt concrete is a porous composite, which comprises asphalt binder, aggregates and air voids. During their service life, apart from traffic loading, asphalt pavements are continuously exposed to environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity, precipitation, etc. that deteriorate their mechanical performance and result in various forms of damage such as ravelling and cracking. Moreover, climate change events such as temperature extremes and rainfall intensity may increase the probability and the rate of pavement deterioration. Moisture has been identified as a major contributor to accelerated deterioration of asphalt pavements. Mechanical damage distribution in an asphalt specimen at dry conditions due to tensile loading. In this study, a computational tool that simulates pavement deterioration, due to moisture-induced damage processes i.e. moisture diffusion and pumping action, is developed. An extensive experimental and analytical investigation on the durability of asphalt mixtures, under different environmental and mechanical loading conditions, will allow the production of guidelines and testing requirements for the optimum material choice with reduced susceptibility to moisture damage. Promotor Prof.dr.ir. A. Scarpas [email protected] 67

77 Coupled mechanical-moisture damage distribution in an asphalt specimen after 42 days of moisture conditioning due to tensile loading. 68

78 Friction: experimental and computational issues Mirella Villani Delft University of Technology Road and Railway Engineering Biography Her first traineeship was performed at University of New Hampshire, USA. During her Master at Sapienza University of Rome, she won the Leonardo European Scholarship and chose to perform the traineeship at TU Delft, where she started her PhD in June She has been a lecturer in several courses, speaker in several sessions and organizer of several conferences, courses and workshops. Mirella is the Secretary of the ISAP Technical Committee on Modelling of Aspaltic Materials and a full member of Transportation Research Board AFD90 Committee. Research One of the ground breaking contributions of this research, almost concluded, is the rationalization, modeling and the quantification of the influence of the AC texture on the production of heat in the tire rubber and the dramatic influence this may have in the generation of friction. In order to obtain this information, in the course of the PhD, the Skid Resistance Interface Testing Device (SR- ITD), an innovative testing device for the objective determination of the skid resistance of AC surfaces as a function of pressure and skid velocity was designed, validated and utilized. In one test, 3 different pressures and skid velocities can be investigated concurrently. Availability of the SR- ITD enabled to focus on the determination of the influence of AC surface texture characteristics on the development of friction at the AC-rubber tire interface. Results of the thesis, financed from the FP7 Framework from European Union have been published in TRB papers and in journal papers. Promotor Prof.dr.ir. A. Scarpas [email protected] Skid Resistance-Interface Testing Device machine calibrated, validated and utilized during the PhD. 69 The interrelation between friction, speed and temperature obtained using SR-ITD: SKIDSAFE friction model.

79 70

80 Optimization of wheelrail interface in railway switches and crossings Chang Wan Delft University of Technology Road and Railway Engineering Biography Chang Wan received her BSc. and MSc. degree in Civil Engineering from Wuhan University of Technology, P.R.China. During her study she participated in several structure design and construction projects of subway and energy-saving buildings. Her PhD research at Road and Railway Engineering section of Delft University of Technology started at the end of September Research Due to discontinuity in the rail geometry, turnouts experience high impact loads from passing vehicles. Damage of crossing nose becomes a serious problem of Dutch Railways: currently every week 2 crossings must be replaced urgently. Dynamic interaction between a train and a railway turnout depends on a large number of parameters related to the nominal design and the current conditions of both systems. For a given turnout design, there exists wide variations with respect to the geometry and material properties of the turnout and loads from the passing trains. Railway turnout. The research is to develop numerical tools to get better understanding of train-turnout interaction and to find out the possible parameters that could be modified with the ultimate goal to improve turnout design and maintenance. For an end-user (railway infrastructure provider) this will lead to increased availability and lower costs of the railway network. Promotor Prof.dr.ir. R.P.B.J. Dollevoet [email protected] 71

81 Dynamic response with respect to the position along the crossing nose. 72

82 Permanent deformation of asphalt concrete under repeated triaxial loading Jingang Wang Delft University of Technology Road and Railway Engineering tudelft.nl Biography Jingang Wang finished his master study in Material Science in Wuhan University of Technology, China. After that he started his PhD research in TUDelft since The main objective of his research is related to the permanent deformation of asphalt concrete material under repeated triaxial loading. Research The mechanical behavior of asphalt concrete is highly dependent on traffic loading and environment conditions during its service life. The shear failure strength of asphalt concrete mixtures is sensitive to strain rate, temperature as well as confining pressure. In the preliminary research the cohesion and angle of internal friction were modeled by the variables of temperature, strain rate and confining pressure. A shear failure strength was fitted by means of S-shaped transition model. The test results show that the cohesion of asphalt concrete increases with the increase of strain rate and confining pressure and decrease of temperature. The angle of internal friction on the other hand, is insensitive to strain rate at 40, but at 50 the angle of internal friction decreases at increasing strain rate. The regression results show that the modified transition model is in good agreement with the experimental data. Promotor Prof.dr.ir. A.A.A. Molenaar [email protected] Strain rate dependency of stress for DAC at 200 kpa and 50. Confinement and temperature dependency of stress for DAC at a strain rate of 3.34%/s. I 73

83 Illustration of shear zone of tested specimen. 74

84 Loading and resulting damages in turnout & improvement Zilong Wei Delft University of Technology Road and Railway Engineering Biography Zilong obtained his MSc degree in Highway and Railway Engineering at Tongji University, his research topic is The Influence of Substructure Detachment on the Dynamic Response of Slab Track at Transition Section. Since September 2012, he started his PhD research in Section of Road and Railway Engineering of TU Delft. Research The research is expected to open up possibilities for production of a new generation of turnout with much improved defect resistance. The implementation of the new turnouts should decrease the maintenance operation greatly in comparison to the current situation. Considering the energy saving coming from increased turnout life and decrease in maintenance a significant reduction in CO2-emission should also be foreseen in the positive effects of the research. In this project damaged turnout samples will be collected from fields, particularly from monitored sites. State-of-the-art mathematical models will be used and further developed to systematically establish relationships between mechanical-loading conditions and damage evolution. By comparing with laboratory tests and field tests, the relationships between loading conditions, materials properties and damage development are identified, thus significantly enlarging the applicability of numerical simulation for newly designed rails and materials. High-speed turnout. Promotor Prof.dr.ir. R.P.B.J. Dollevoet [email protected] Copromotor Dr.ir. Z. Li [email protected] G 75

85 Grinding machine. 76

86 Cement bound materials Pengpeng Wu Delft University of Technology Road and Railway Engineering Biography I want to remember that no one is going to make my dreams come true for me it is my job to get up every day and work toward the things that are deepest in my heart and to enjoy every step of the journey rather than wishing I was already where I want to end up. Research As for the extension of the road network and increasing vehicle numbers and loads, high quality road materials with less construction time and high resistance to natural disasters are increasingly required. Cement-bound materials, obtained by combining cement, soil (clay, sand, gravel, or crushed stone) and water, have been widely used for road bases. This research aims to investigate the effects of variables (type of soil, cement content, addition of additive RoadCem, curing time and density) on mechanical strength and stiffness of cement bound materials in terms of the extensive laboratory tests as well as the field validation. Regression models shall be developed to predict the mechanical behavior of cement bound materials based on the soil properties, the mix compositions, the test conditions and the curing time. Regression model for compressive strength (curing period of 3 days) based on cement and RoadCem content. Promotor Ir. L.J.M. Houben [email protected] Field result of indirect tensile strength of cement stabilized local sand (obtained from the drilled cores at various locations constructed with different mix compositions). 77

87 Dynamic modulus versus applied strain from four-point bending test based on different RoacCem contents. 78

88 Research on rejuvenators for porous asphalt concrete Yuan Zhang Delft University of Technology Road and Railway Engineering Biography Yuan comes from Hubei province in the central part of China. The name of the province means north of the lake referring to its position north of Lake Dongting. After graduated from Material Science and Engineering department in Wuhan University of Technology, he continued his master degree study in that university with a topic of Conductive Asphalt Concrete in Research Preventive maintenance through addition of rejuvenator is being considered as a cost-effective and environmentally sustainable strategy designed to extend the life of existing pavements. Porous asphalt concrete is extensively used as a surface layer on motorways in the Netherlands. Due to raveling, the service life of the porous asphalt pavement is limited when compared to the dense asphalt wearing courses. The Dutch Ministry of Transport has launched a project to research a maintenance method using rejuvenators to extend the service life of the porous asphalt pavement. In the research, the working principles of rejuvenators in the porous asphalt concrete and their influence for the performance of porous asphalt pavement have been investigated. The research method will be used as a reference to create a judgment system for the feasibility of using product in the market as a rejuvenator for porous asphalt pavement. Promotor Prof.dr.ir. A.A.A. Molenaar [email protected] Nano CT scanning image shows the distribution of rejuvenator in the porous asphalt concrete Finite element modelling with and without rejuvenator can show the stress change in the critical area under a compressive loading. 79

89 Application of rejuvenator by spraying it on porous asphalt pavement. 80

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93 Delft University of Technology Structural and Building Engineering

94 Bearing capacity of transversely prestressed concrete decks Sana Amir Delft University of Technology Structural and Building Engineering Biography I did my BSc Civil Engineering and MS Structural Engineering from University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore Pakistan. I worked for 2 ½ years in the Civil Engineering Faculty, UET Lahore as a lecturer before starting my PhD: Bearing Capacity of Transversely Prestressed Concrete Decks at TU Delft in Research In the Netherlands, it is a real challenge for the designers to find out if the old bridges are still safe for modern traffic considering that the traffic flow has increased drastically and the modern codes have a lot of additional safety requirements that need to be met. This research is an attempt to investigate the bearing capacity of transversely prestressed decks under concentrated loads. Using the actual design codes for the verification of the bearing capacity leads to values showing that the safety standards are not met. However, theoretical analysis considering compressive membrane action (CMA) and finite element analysis show that nevertheless sufficient residual capacity might be available. Therefore, laboratory tests on a 1:2 scale bridge model consisting of a thin, transversely prestressed concrete deck cast in-situ between the flanges of long prestressed concrete girders are being carried out. The important parameters to be investigated are geometry of the deck, transverse prestress level, skewness of the joints and interface properties and the loading position. It is expected that both compressive membrane action and transverse prestressing would lead to higher capacity and an improved serviceability behavior of such bridge decks. Bottom side of the deck slab panel after failure. Non-linear Finite Element Analysis: Compressive Membrane Action being developed in the plane of the deck slab panel. Promotor Prof.dr.ir. J. Walraven [email protected] 85

95 Test Setup of 1:2 scale bridge model. 86

96 The influence of crack width on the durability of reinforced concrete structures Andrija Blagojević Delft University of Technology Structural and Building Engineering Biography Andrija Blagojević got his Masters of Civil Engineering Diploma with distinction at the Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Department of Structural Engineering, University of Nis, Serbia. He worked for Autoridad Portuaria de Gijon as a supervisor on the construction site in the biggest port of Spain. In 2011, he joined TU Delft as a PhD candidate for the project The influence of crack width on the durability of reinforced concrete structures. Research The durability of concrete structures is one of the most important issues with respect to the design of new structures and to the extension of the service life of existing structures. Chloride-induced corrosion of steel reinforcement is one of the major threats to durability of reinforced concrete structures, especially for structures in a marine environment and structures exposed to deicing salts. When the steel reinforcement starts to corrode, structures might lose integrity and service life can be influenced negatively. An investigation is being carried out into the influence of cracks on the chloride-induced corrosion in reinforced concrete. The ambition is to develop a model which can serve as a basis for advanced recommendations regarding the interconnected influence of surface crack width, crack density (frequency), concrete cover and loading conditions on the corrosion of steel reinforcement and the durability of cracked reinforced concrete members. Promotor Prof.dr.ir. J. Walraven [email protected] Cracks in beams, generated by preloading, subjected to alternating chloride exposure. Measuring equipment applying half-cell potential and linear polarization resistance for assessing corrosion of steel reinforcement. O p 87

97 Overview of test series consisting of 32 concrete beams (1500 x 100 x 150 mm) reinforced with ribbed bars, provided with platinized titanium and titanium mesh. 88

98 Species independent strength modeling of structural timber Geert Ravenshorst Delft University of Technology Structural and Building Engineering tudelft.nl Biography After graduating as a structural engineer at TU Eindhoven Geert worked a number of years in engineering firms in practice. After that 7 years as researcher at TNO and from 2007 at the TU Delft. He combines teaching of Timber Structures with theoretical and experimental research and tries to enthusiasm students to collaborate. Research In potential there are more than 1000 (tropical) hardwood species that can be used in structures. Due to the requirement of using timber from sustainable managed forests, these species come on the market in small amounts. However, the current methods for the determination of the strength properties for a single wood species requires extensive testing. The reason for this is that according to current standardized procedures for each new species a separate testing program has to be performed. In this thesis is investigated if the strength properties of timber can be predicted by species independent models, which non-destructive parameters are usable for this purpose and how these parameters can be quantified. Based on the findings species independent strength models can be developed for machine grading. With these models economic use of tropical hardwoods is increased and therefore contributes to a sustainable use of the tropical forests. Promotor Prof.dr.ir. J.W.G. van de Kuilen [email protected] Spruce tree (picea abies) and typical failure mechanism for a spruce timber beam. Species independent predicting model. C 89

99 Cumaru tree (Dypterix spp.) and typical failure mechanism for a cumaru timber beam. 90

100 Structural design and the adaptive reuse of existing building structures Sander Pasterkamp Delft University of Technology Structural and Building Engineering 2008-Present tudelft.nl Biography After graduating from the TU Delft, Sander Pasterkamp has worked as a structural engineer for nine years before returning to this university as a lecturer and researcher. Having been involved in several adaptive reuse building design projects himself, he has experienced that the structural design of such a project is considerably different from designing a new building. This has inspired him to set up the current research project. Research The goal of this research project is to normalize the structural design process of building design projects that incorporate the adaptive reuse of existing building structures. The research question is: What is the influence of the adaptive reuse of existing building structures on the structural design process? This can be broken down in the following sub-questions: 1. What are the differences between a normal structural design process and a structural design process that incorporates adaptive reuse? 2. What are the consequences for adaptive reuse of the advancement of science in structural engineering? Over the years there have been various changes in the way buildings were de-signed. 3. What are the consequences for adaptive reuse of the advancement of material sciences? Common present-day new building materials have different properties from new materials in the past. 4. How can the structural design process of adaptive reuse projects be improved? Expected results are an inventory of the pitfalls of the adaptive reuse of various building structures originating from 1900 to 1970, conclusions about the suitability of those different buildings for adaptive reuse and a standardized structural design method for adaptive reuse projects that takes those pitfalls and opportunities into account. The intention is to cooperate with structural engineering firms in order to collect realistic project data, and to test the resulting design method in practice. 91 The black box of adaptive reuse design: in go the demands and the old structures, out comes the final design. What happens in between and how can it be optimized? Promotor Prof. dipl-ing. J.N.J.A. Vambersky [email protected] O

101 Office space vacancy rate is growing at an alarming rate in many countries. 92

102 Shear capacity of concrete beams under sustained loading Reza Sarkhosh Delft University of Technology Structural and Building Engineering Biography Holding BSc in Civil Engineering (2003) and MSc in Earthquake Engineering (2005), after some job experience in designing concrete and steel bridges, started his research at TUDelft in 2008 on the project of strengthening existing steel bridges with composite materials. A year later became a PhD Researcher in concrete structures. Research The goal of this research is to predict the timedependent mechanical behaviour of concrete beams without shear reinforcement subjected to sustained loading and to quantify the possible shear capacity loss due to long-term loading. For that reason, a series of tests are carried out on large-scale concrete beams subjected to sustained shear loads close to the short-term failure load (load ratio ranging from 87% to 95%), for periods ranging from 90 days to 1000 days, during which the deflection, crack lengths, crack widths and appearance of the new cracks in time, are monitored periodically. Long-term tests show that sustained loading has no significant effect on the shear capacity. Although many flexural and shear cracks develop, the beams carry the load for a long time. The tests show that crack formation takes place only within some days after the load application, but after a week the cracks stabilize and become dormant. Promotor Prof.dr.ir. J. Walraven [email protected] Top: Geometry of the beams. Bottom: Measuring devices installed on the beam. Marking the crack pattern on the surface of the beam after loading. 93

103 Development of crack length and crack width in time, in one the beams. 94

104 Manufacturing of double-curved concrete elements Roel Schipper Delft University of Technology Structural and Building Engineering 2008-Present Biography Msc, received his Master in Civil Engineering in 1993, after which he worked as researcher, building physics consultant and structural engineer until In that year he joined TU Delft as lecturer/researcher in the chair of Building Engineering. Currently he is finishing his PhD study on the manufacturing of double-curved precast concrete elements. Research Free-form architecture confronts the concrete manufacturing industry with scientifically interesting challenges: complex geometry in combination with aesthetic quality and high performance concrete are keywords in the development of new types of elements for load-bearing structures, façades and roofs. This PhD research has investigated and improved a novel manufacturing method that greatly simplifies the production of elements for freeformarchitecture: by casting the concrete elements in horizontal position, and then afterwards deforming them into their final curved shape, the production of expensive unique moulds for each single concrete elements is no longer necessary. To enable this typical manufacturing process, a number of issues was investigated: - architectural examples: what are the characteristics of free-form architecture? - CAD and complex geometry: what techniques are used for shape definition? - functionals aspects of the manufactured elements: how can concrete elements fulfill all required functions? - concrete technology: what concrete mixtures and reinforcement are suitable? - mechanical engineering of the machine: how can the flexible mould system work? Sequence of video-stills that illustrates the deformation process from flat (top-left) to doublecurved (lower right) [video made during tests in MSc thesis research 2011 by Bas Janssen under guidance of Roel Schipper] A curved element produced by means of the flexible mould method [Roel Schipper, 2012] Promotor Prof. dipl-ing. J.N.J.A. Vambersky [email protected] 95

105 Example of the use of curvature in architecture: Heydar Aliyev Cultural Centre in Baku, Azerbijan, Zaha Hadid Architects (2012) [ 96

106 Time dependent behavior of concrete in tension Nguyen Toan Delft University of Technology Structural and Building Engineering Biography Toan graduated from National University of Civil and Engineering in Vietnam. In 2008 he obtained a scholarship to study in Delft University of Technology. He joined the Residual Bearing Capacity of Concrete Structures project at the structural engineering department in the same year. His PhD research focused on the time dependent behavior of concrete in tension. Research The bearing capacity of old concrete bridges is now a subject of discussion in the Netherlands. To resist heavier and more intensive traffic loading, strengthening might become requisite for those structures. However, theoretical service life might be as well be prolonged by using more advanced calculation techniques that use new insights into material and structural behaviour. The tensile strength of concrete is one of the parameters that will be studied in more detail. A comprehensive test program was carried out. Concrete in different strength classes which hardened under various curing conditions were used in direct tensile and three point bending test. The tensile strength of concrete was investigated in the different loading conditions. Step loading test and various loading rate test in which the loading rates applied vary to such an extent that failure of the concrete specimens occurs after time periods ranging from a few seconds to several days were performed. Promotor Prof.dr.ir. J. Walraven [email protected] Direct tensile test setup. B 97

107 Bending test setup. 98

108 Local buckling behavior of spiral welded tubes Sjors van Es Delft University of Technology Structural and Building Engineering sjorsvanes Biography Sjors was born in The Netherlands and received both his Bachelor and Master degree from Delft University of Technology. After graduating on the subject of fatigue, he continued research at Delft University of Technology in April 2012 as a PhD candidate, investigating local buckling of circular tubular members. Research The use of spiral welded tubes as a structural member in combined walls is very common, especially in The Netherlands. Unfortunately, current regulations are too conservative for these tubes with D/t ranges of due to the use of stress based design. As part of a European research project, the local buckling behavior of these spiral welded tubes with relatively large diameters and small wall thicknesses is investigated. The project involves large scale four point bending tests to gain insight in the local buckling behavior, which is used to validate numerical models. The test program includes plain tubes, but also structural details such as girth welds and coil connection welds. Test result of 1067x15.9 mm tube in steel grade X70. Comparison of global curvature and locally measured curvatures with calculated values. Preliminary results show that the spiral welds are not an initiation point for local buckling, but that girth welds with large high-low imperfections are. Test results show that these relatively thin tubes can show deformation capacities beyond the elastic limit, making strain based design more appropriate. Promotor Prof.ir. F.S.K. Bijlaard [email protected] Buckled tube section. Image is made with an laser trolley and represents the actual tube geometry, not a numerical approximation. 99

109 Overview of four point bending test after testing a 1067 x 9.0 mm tube in steel grade X

110 Smart proof loading of concrete structures Patrick van Hemert Delft University of Technology Structural and Building Engineering tudelft.nl Biography Patrick graduated in June 2012 at the faculty Civil Engineering of Delft University of Technology as structural engineer. During his MSc. thesis he investigated shear failure of reinforced concrete slabs under a combination load. In October 2012, he started as PhD candidate on Smart Proof Loading of Concrete Structures at the department Structural and Building engineering - Concrete Structures. Research To investigate the reliability of existing concrete structures the Delft University of Technology started a research project on smart proof loading of concrete structures. The idea is to develop an acoustic emission tool to measure the damage and deterioration of concrete structures during proof loading. Crack pattern of BB17 at the bottom of the slab at the failure load. Earlier research on acoustic emission has focused on recognizing and categorizing the waveform for different failure mechanisms, for example: micro cracking, slip of the reinforcement. Furthermore, acoustic emission is also a good method the find crack locations. In the future, the study will contribute to combining acoustic emission, proof loading and non-linear finite element analysis. Experiments will be used to find relations between critical failure mechanisms and acoustic emission signals. At the same time, nonlinear finite element models will be used to analyze the experiments on forehand. Combining both methods will make proof loading smart. Acoustic emission signal of BB17 during a punching shear experiment at 40% of the failure load. Promotor Prof.dr.ir. D.A. Hordijk [email protected] Copromotor Dr.ir. S.A.A.M. Fennis [email protected] 101

111 Overview of the experimental setup 102

112 Shear capacity of reinforced concrete structures (beams and one way slabs) without shear reinforcement Yuguang Yang Delft University of Technology Structural and Building Engineering tudelft.nl Biography Yuguang Yang, PhD candidate from Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands, his research interests include the shear capacity of concrete structures, and structural performance of high performance concrete. He got his bachelor s degree from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Following that, he went to Delft University of Technology for his Master study and continued as a PhD there. Research For reinforced concrete structures without shear reinforcement, such as concrete slab bridges and tunnel, shear failure is a brittle failure mode, thus is considered to be critical for those structures. With this type of failure mode, usually no warning can be observed before catastrophic collapse. Figure 1. Force distribution of a free body element of a beam failed in shear. Force distribution of a free body element of a beam failed in shear. Many of the Dutch concrete bridges was built in the sixties and seventies of the last century. The traffic load and intensity has increased significantly since then. While design rules with respect to shear has also changed rapidly. With the new Eurocode, many of the bridges cannot fulfill the requirement anymore. However, the design codes specified in Eurocode was derived for new structures. In the case of existing structures, more accurate model is needed. This research is aimed at deriving a more accurate evaluation method on the shear capacity of reinforced concrete structures based on experimental results. Promotor Prof.dr.ir. J. Walraven [email protected] 103

113 Test setup in Stevin Lab 2. The dimension of tested specimen is 8000 x 500 x 300 mm. 104

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117 Delft University of Technology Structural Mechanics

118 Performance Assessment Tool for Alkali Silica Reaction Structural Modeling Biography Rita Esposito Delft University of Technology Structural Mechanics pat-asr.blogspot.nl/ Rita graduated from the Civil Engineering faculty at University of Parma. Since her MSc thesis, she was focused on the computational modeling of concrete structures. In January 2011, she joined the department of Structural Engineering of TU Delft as a PhD student. Her project, which is part of IS2C (Integral Solution for Sustainable Construction), is focused on the assessment of concrete structures affected by Alkali Silica Reaction (ASR). Research The Alkali-Silica Reaction (ASR) in concrete is a harmful deterioration process, which starts at aggregate level and can compromise the durability and serviceability of the structure. Its product is a hydrophilic gel which swells and causes damage The expansion process is related to the type of aggregate and cement employed, to the aggregate size and to the environmental conditions. Moreover a strongly dependency between the swelling and the stress state of the structure has been observed. This process can lead to a relevant degradation of the mechanical properties. Tensile behavior of ASR-affected concrete in free expansion condition for different values of reaction ratio predicted by the multiscale material model. The micromechanical nature of ASR has a complex effect on the macromechanical behavior of the concrete, therefore a multiscale approach is adopted. The concrete, at micro level, is considered as an heterogeneous material; its macromechanical properties are evaluated by the poromechanics and homogenization theory. This approach allows to study the interaction of the chemical and mechanical loading, which is controlled by micromechanical damage parameters. Promotor Dr.ir. M.A.N. Hendriks [email protected] Micromehnaical model of concrete: the ASR reaction starts at the rim; then the gel occupied the space available in the aggregate and ITZ; eventually it fills and damages the microcracks. 109

119 ASR in concrete is a multiscale phenomenon. Adequate structural modeling should include micromechanical information. 110

120 Robust nonlinear finite element analysis of shear critical reinforced concrete structures Arthur Slobbe Delft University of Technology Structural Mechanics Biography Currently a PhD at Delft University of Technology; department: Structural Mechanics; group: Computational Modeling of Structures. Started in August The PhD project takes part of the IS2C project Smart Proof Loading of Concrete Structures. MSc. degree obtained at Civil Engineering, Delft University of Technology in May Research A number of uncertainties have risen regarding the shear capacity of reinforced concrete structures in different countries. This opens the way for using more advanced and accurate numerical methods, as assessment tool for structural safety. The Sequentially Linear Analysis (SLA) method is an attractive alternative to standard nonlinear finite element analysis in this context, since the latter faces numerical difficulties due to the brittle nature of shear failure. On the other hand, SLA is stable and robust and the method fits to engineer s thinking. The brittle failure process of a shear beam in three consecutive images from a video footage, with time steps of 0.03 s. In this study the potential of SLA for the modeling of brittle shear failure is further explored. Influences of relevant model parameters and mesh topology on the numerical solution are systematically assessed. The used (material) model is further improved, aiming for increasing accuracy and simultaneously preservation of simplicity. This is done via enhancement of the crack bandwidth formulation and the development of a crack propagation algorithm. Promotor Prof.dr.ir. J.G. Rots [email protected] Copromotor Dr.ir. M.A.N. Hendriks [email protected] Maximum principal strain development from the modeling of the shear beam with SLA (red color indicates the highest values). T s 111

121 The Hollandse Brug was closed for heavy traffic from April 2007 to July 2008 due to uncertainty regarding safety [Wikimedia Commons]. 112

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125 Eindhoven University of Technology Design Systems

126 Geodesign for sustainable industrial site construction Tong Wang Technical University Eindhoven Design Systems Biography After received her master degree in Construction Management and Urban Planning in 2012 from Eindhoven University of Technology, Tong Wang continues her PhD study in Design Decision Support Systems group of TU/e. Her research interests lie in land use change modeling, project and process management and planning support systems for industry sustainable development. Research To tackle the severe stagnating problem of industrial land redevelopment, a planning support system is proposed, combining Geodesign concept and sustainability assessment. In this system, designers or users of an industrial site could do sketches based on their plans for the sites. They could also choose to use real time 3D designs to have better understanding of the space. In the meanwhile, the system would calculate the sustainability indicators values immediately. For example, the cost benefit analysis for a manufacturing factory would be different if they choose a high density building instead of a low one. With the help of this system, planners and designers could cooperate and communicate their ideas more easily during the whole phases of one project. Thus, we could have more sustainable industrial sites which satisfy both planners and users of industrial land. Research framework. Promotor Prof.dr.ir. B. de Vries [email protected] 117

127 One typical example of 3D design and indicator assessment. 118

128 An integrated framework for model subset definition and information management in building industry Chi Zhang Technical University Eindhoven Design Systems Biography Chi Zhang acquired a master degree of Architecture from Southeast University in China, His research interests include building information modeling, building process and industrialized building systems. From October in 2012, he started his PhD project An integrated framework for model subset definition and information management in building industry in Eindhoven University of Technology. Research Among various BIM-applications from different domains, a vendor-neutral model as IFC is necessary for information exchanges in order to interoperate proprietary models. However, the richness and redundancy of the full IFC model have made a threshold for its deployment. On the one hand, application developers need reduced size of the full model to facilitate implementation. On the other hand, in real projects end-users demand that received models should fulfill their requirements for particular exchange scenarios. This project is going to develop an integrated information management system based on model subsets definition to solve these two problems. The overall methodology is based on a buildingsmart standard named IDM-MVD approach. Based on an original ontological concept library on the domain of facade design and fabrication as an example, the contribution of this project is to develop an integrated system which can be used by non-ifc experts to support generating and reusing model subsets for software developers, and checking and retrieving information for domain end-users. This system will be developed based on the existing IFC repository BIMserver.org. Standard IDM-MVD Process to Generate and Apply Model Subsets. Main Functions of Information Management System. Promotor Prof.dr.ir. B. de Vries [email protected] Copromotor Dr. J. Beetz [email protected] 119

129 Ideal Working Process by using the Integrated System. 120

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133 Eindhoven University of Technology Structural Design

134 Flexibility assessment for conversion Rijk Blok Eindhoven University of Technology Structural Design Biography R. Blok has studied structural design at the TU/e, worked as a structural designer in the Netherlands and London. Started his own structural design company back in the 90 s and has designed several structural projects of which Happy Street, the Dutch Pavilion on the 2010 World Expo in Shanghai, China, is probably the most wel-known. At the same time he teaches structural design at TU/e from the year 1999 on. His research focusses on Integral Life Time Engineering and the relation between structural design and sustainable building. He is member of ECCS TC14 Structural Steel Constructions and of bouwen met staal TC1. Research For buildings that aim for energy-neutrality the relevant contribution of the used materials and the associated service lives (the time over which the material impacts of the used building elements can be depreciated ),will become more and more important in accurate Life Cycle Impact Assessments. It is therefore essential that buildings and also proposed conversion and refurbishment measures are evaluated in terms of there (elongated) life cycle. For this reason research at the TU/e constantly aims at improving the assessment methods for new as well as existing Buildings. At the Chair for Innovative Structural Design, ISD, an assessment methodology has been developed. Survival Probability of 18 buildings in Eindhoven with OVER-average flexibility versus UNDER- average flexibility. Promotor Prof.dr.ir. P.M. Teuffel [email protected] 125

135 Schematic assessment model showing basic indicators for flexibility. 126

136 SAFEBRICTILE: Standardization of safety assessment procedures for ductile failure modes driven by plasticity Rianne Dekker Technical University Eindhoven Structural Design Biography Rianne graduated as structural engineer from the Department of the Built Environment at Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e). Even after graduation, major part of her spare time remains occupied by race rowing at (inter)national level. In July 2013 she began her PhD SAFEBRICTILE Standardization of safety assessment procedures for ductile failure modes driven by plasticity at the TU/e. Research All structures are designed and optimized to guarantee a safe and pleasant environment. The guarantee of structural safety is described by regulations, in Europe the Eurocode is mandatory. Assessment of steel structures is done according to Eurocode 3. However, accuracy demands reassessment of several rules in the Eurocode covering brittle to ductile failure modes. Eindhoven University of Technology focuses on the application of the safety assessment procedure to design rules for ductile failure modes driven by plasticity depending on the material strength. As an example, the crosssectional resistance is used focusing on combinations of internal forces like bending moment M, shear force V and axial force N. This study starts with a literature survey of crosssectional resistance experimental and numerical tests and design rules. This is followed by experimental reference tests combining bending with shear and FEM analyses to validate a model on the tests performed. Then a database of experimental and numerical results is formed to be used to verify the safety of the existing design rules and to modify them if necessary. Also the newly developed statistical procedure to evaluate the safety of design rules is tested. Design rule for assessing a typical steel cross-section under bending moment and shear using a reduced yield stress. Possible plastic stress distributions for combinations of axial force, bending and shear force. Promotor Prof.dr.ir. P.M. Teuffel [email protected] 127

137 Reduced yield strength as a function of the shear utilization ratio according to Eurocode 3 (red) and Von Mises (black). 128

138 Passive + active adaptability for lightweight structural optimization Arjan Habrakan Technical University Eindhoven Structural Design a.p.h.w.habraken@ tue.nl Biography A.P.H.W. (Arjan) Habraken has studied civil engineering at the TU-Delft and Lightweight Structures at the TU-Eindhoven where he teaches this subject since 2001 as a part-time Assistant Professor. He has extensive experience from his function at Arup bv. as a group leader of the structural department. His interest in research and lightweight structures was a prominent motivation to launch his own firm SIDstudio in 2011 and start doing research at the TU-Eindhoven. Research The building industry must change! It is responsible for a large amount of the total energy use and waste production worldwide. One strong opportunity is minimising the use of structural material. This will save energy along its whole life cycle. There is a lot to gain because currently structures do not use its material in a very efficient way and tends to result in an over-conservative design. Structures are loaded dynamically, in time, level and location. When structures are made adaptable to these variable environmental conditions the adaptability can significantly decrease the structural materials needed by increase of its efficiency. This research therefore extents the static structural optimization by a passive and active adaptable optimization module. The research will focus on large span structures within the field of lightweight structures. Reduction in material use in an arch by passive adaptive, active adaptive and passive + active adaptive behavior. Figure 2: deformation of an arch structure subject to due to a harmonic resonance wind loading - left: static, right: dynamic active adaptive Deformation an arch structure subject to a harmonic resonance wind loading, left: static, right: dynamic active adaptive. Promotor Prof.dr.ir. P.M. Teuffel [email protected] 129

139 Figure 3: passive adaptive behaviour of a banana leave in the wind. Passive adaptive behaviour of a banana leave in the wind. : passive adaptive behaviour of a banana leave in the wind. 130

140 Design of transformable doubly-curved structures Feray Maden Technical University Eindhoven Structural Design gmail.com Biography Feray graduated from the Department of Architecture at Izmir Institute of Technology (IZTECH). She started her master at IZTECH and continued her studies at KU Leuven. After receiving her M.Sc. degree, she started her PhD at IZTECH which is about Design of Transformable Doubly-curved Structures. In May 2012, she started to work at TU Delft as a guest PhD researcher. Since September 2012, she works at TU Eindhoven. Research As a result of today s constantly changing activities, a need of adaptable space has emerged in architecture. To meet the changing functional, spatial or environmental needs, today s architecture seeks for adaptable structures ever than before. Based on the concept of flexibility and adaptability, a series of kinetic structures which are capable of geometric transformations have been developed. Among the examples of these structures, the most impressive ones are deployable or transformable bar structures which are mostly used for temporary buildings. Although many examples have been developed for such structures, only few have been constructed at full-scale for architectural applications due to the mechanical complexity of their systems. In this research, we have developed a novel simple structural mechanism which provides real flexible alternatives for doubly-curved surfaces. The proposed structures not only transform themselves from a planar geometry to various doubly-curved geometries, but also may become self-standing structures and carry loads at different configurations. The image shows the transformation process of doubly-ruled hyperbolic paraboloid structure. Promotor Prof.dr.ir. K. Korkmaz [email protected] Copromotor Prof.dr.ir. P.M. Teuffel [email protected] 131

141 The image shows the transformation process of the proposed hexagonal joined-hypar structure which has the ability to change its shape from plane into various doubly-curved geometries. 132

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145 University of Twente Management and Engineering

146 Asphalt paving process from an operational perspective Frank Bijleveld University of Twente Construction Management and Engineering utwente.nl Biography Frank received his Bachelor of Built Environment from the University of Applied Sciences in Leeuwarden in After that, he completed the Master of Civil Engineering&Management in 2010 at the University of Twente. During his education, Frank already worked for a contractor (BAM) and a consultant (KOAC-NPC). After receiving his Master, Frank started at the research-department from the contractor Ooms. Research Technologies used at the construction site (D-GPS, laserlinescanner, infrared camera). Various changes in the construction industry urge contractors to seek for deeper insights into construction processes undertaken at the construction site and improve process and quality control. However, generally these construction processes are not explicit, no high-tech instruments are used, operational strategies are not systematically mapped, altogether resulting in poor technology introduction, individual implicit learning, lengthy learning cycles and slow process improvements. To develop a deeper insight into onsite construction processes and improve process and quality control, this research adopted an action research strategy, alternating steps of (1) technology introduction, (2) explicating and extracting onsite strategies, (3) demonstrating process variability, and (4) evaluating these strategies in the laboratory. The relation between the compaction temperature and the cracking resistance. The results of this research help contractors to improve onsite process and quality control and methods and procedures will be developed to change towards method-based learning and continuous improvement in the asphalt paving industry. Promotor Prof.dr.ir. A.G. Dorée [email protected] 137

147 Making asphalt slabs in the laboratory at various temperatures. 138

148 Opportunities how asphalt paving practices can benefit from forging monitoring and visualizations methods Alexandr Vasenev University of Twente Construction Management and Engineering Biography Alexandr Vasenev graduated with Specialist degrees in engineering and computer sciences and later obtained Candidate of Engineering Science degree. After graduation Alexandr acquired several personal research grants within Russian-German cooperation programs and worked in a large EU multidisciplinary research training network COMSON. His current research embraces topics of utilizing technologies to improve construction processes through knowledge acquisition and dissemination. Research Visualizations of the documented temperature distribution and machine movements. Paving industry evolves with introduction of new asphalt mixtures along with additional suggestions on how to carry out construction processes. This evolution necessitate advanced knowledge from machine operators both at the beginning and throughout their professional carrier. To advance paving processes and ultimately gain highquality roads a better understanding and further disseminating of existing working strategies is essential. This research aims to investigate opportunities how asphalt paving practices can benefit from forging monitoring and visualizations methods. In this project we document cooling of asphalted layers and machine movements during real paving projects as well as during paving projects simulated in a virtual environment. The documented heterogeneous data are fused to produce both real-time and post-processing visualizations of road paving processes. Then, the acquired quantitative data and visualizations are discussed with machine operators and experts to assess compliance of the documented paving processes with suggestions on how to pave particular asphalt mixtures. Reconstruction of machine paths in a virtual environment. Promotor Prof.dr.ir. A.G. Dorée [email protected] Co. Promotor Dr. T. Hartmann [email protected] 139

149 The adopted scheme to document machine movements on site together with changes in the asphalt mix temperature. 140

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153 Organising committee and acknowledgements

154 Andrija Blagojević Hatice Cigdem Demirel Sayeda Nahar Damian Palin Alexander Schmets Arthur Slobbe 145

155 Sjors van Es Chi Zhang Yuan Zhang Frank Bijleveld Structural Synergy would not have been possible, without the support and valuable help of many, especially: Karin de Haas (poster carousel and much more), Anneke Meijer, Jaap Meijer, Sandra Schuchmann- Hagman, Martien op t Hof (InfraQuest), Jan Rots, Astrid Taal (DIMI), Hans J.J. de Boer (DIMI), Philippe van der Pal, Paul Riem, Roy Meijer, Jules Verlaan, Henk Jonkers, Max Hendriks, Ina Dijstelbloem, Pieke Hoekstra, Sonja Fennis, Gijs Willems, Jacqueline Barnhoorn and the students of Betondispuut (BBQ): thank you! Finally thanks to all professors, section leaders and supervisors, who allowed their people time for this undertakting. 146

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