Varieties of Open Access: Explaining the impact of Internet adoption on scholarly publication

Transcription

1 Varieties of Open Access: Explaining the impact of Internet adoption on scholarly publication Heidemarie Hanekop, Volker Wittke Sociological Research Institute Goettingen (SOFI) Bringing Technology Back In, EASST, Rotterdam

2 Structure System of scholarly publication: institutional configuration Focus: Impact of the internet on access to publications Q: Internet adoption: Institutional stabilty? 1. Impact on access in a narrow sense (as addressed by open access ) 2. Impact on access in a broader sense Bringing Technology Back In, EASST, Rotterdam

3 System of scholarly publication: institutional configuration Publishers publishing as a business governed by economic institutions Packaging Selection Distribution Commodification of Knowledge Knowledge as public good Knowledge as commodity Archiving Access providing Libraries (public institutions) Knowledge production Research Knowledge reception De-Commodification of Knowledge Scientific Community governed by rules and norms Bringing Technology Back In, EASST, Rotterdam

4 Data Online-Survey (July November 2007) Survey construction: Scientists of selected disciplines at scientific institutions in 4 German cities - Bielefeld - Göttingen - Karlsruhe - Stuttgart Scientific institutions include universities as well as non-university research institutes Scientists with institutional affiliation only Sample: Scientists addressed (total): Respondents: Response rate: 28% Bringing Technology Back In, EASST, Rotterdam

5 Kinds of publications: Assessment of relevance by scientists Relevance of publications - Total (n=1742, in %) Papers dark colour: very important light colour: important Proceedings Journals Books in % Bringing Technology Back In, EASST, Rotterdam

6 Kinds of publications: variation of relevance by discipline Relevance of publications - Life Science (n=319, in %) Papers 5 21 Proceedings 6 30 dark colour: very important light colour: important Relevance of publications - Physics (n=192, in %) Papers Proceedings dark colour: very important light colour: important Journals 93 5 Journals 96 2 in % Books in % Books Relevance of publications - Informatics (n=146, in %) Papers Relevance of publications - Engineering (n=235, in %) Papers Proceedings Proceedings Journals Journals Books 8 38 dark colour: very important light colour: important Books dark colour: very important light colour: important in % in % Relevance of publications - Social Science Relevance of publications - History (n=62, in %) (n=154, in %) Papers dark colour: very dark colour: very important Papers 25 important light colour: important Proceedings light colour: important Proceedings Journals Journals Books Books 92 8 in % in % Bringing Technology Back In, EASST, Rotterdam

7 Access to publications: internet vs. print Access to journals Access to journals (n=1662, in%) Internet Print in % very often often Access to books Access to books (n=972, in %) Internet 5 12 Print very often Bringing Technology Back In, EASST, Rotterdam

8 Access to journal articles: relevance of licences Internet access to journal articles: based on publisher licence vs. open access Access: publisher licence or open access (n=1662, in %) very often often Publisher licence Open Access in % Lacking licence as access barrier ( how often can t you get [journal articles] full texts due to lacking licences?) Lacking licences 9 37 very often, often, n=1662, in Bringing Technology Back In, EASST, Rotterdam

9 Open access: attitutes and practices 1. Attitute to open access How do you think about the call for open access? agree very much 58 agree partly agree do not agree 3 Bringing Technology Back In, EASST, Rotterdam

10 Open access: attitutes and practices 2. Author s Publishing Strategies Yes No (in%) Did you publish something free to open access? many publications free few publications free not yet, but planed to do no publications free Type of open access publication: Open Access Journal ( golden road ) vs. (self) archiving ( green road ) Type of open acces publications (in%) Open Access Journal 21 Author's (RI's) homepage 47 Discipline specific archive 30 other websites Bringing Technology Back In, EASST, Rotterdam

11 Institutional configuration of scholarly publication: Impact of internet adoption Q: Internet adoption: Institutional stability? Results I: If access = access to full texts institutional configuration remains stable - green road as a by-pass for scholarly communication - golden road (as an alternative way to publish) plays a minor role Bringing Technology Back In, EASST, Rotterdam

12 System of scholarly publication: institutional configuration Publishers Commodification of Knowledge Knowledge as public good Knowledge as commodity Libraries Open access (green road) as by-pass De-Commodification of Knowledge Scientific Community Bringing Technology Back In, EASST, Rotterdam

13 Access in the digital age: Extending the meaning Narrow sense: Access to the full text of publications Broader sense: Identifying relevant publications search mode ( if you are searching for publications, how do you proceed? ) browse mode ( in order to keep you up-to-date in your field, how do you proceed? ) Bringing Technology Back In, EASST, Rotterdam

14 Access in the digital age: Extending the meaning Searching for relevant publications Two-step process - Searching in databases containing the full text - Deciding (relevance: yes/no) Three-step process - Searching in databases in order to get bibliographic information and/or abstracts - Deciding (relevance: yes/no) - Accessing the full text Bringing Technology Back In, EASST, Rotterdam

15 Data: Searching for publications Tools and/or databases used to search for publications Searching (Total, n= 1760, in %) Google or other search engine Library catalog Discipline specific database (e.g. pubmed, arxiv, psydoc) Journal website/archive Commercial database (e.g. scopus, ISI) Conversation with colleagues very often=dark, often=light, in % Bringing Technology Back In, EASST, Rotterdam

16 Search: Tools/databases used by different disciplines Searching: Life Science (n=313) Google or other search engine Searching: Physics (n=188) Google or other search engine Library catalog Library catalog Discipline specific database (e.g. pubmed, arxiv, psydoc) 85 9 Discipline specific database (e.g. pubmed, arxiv, psydoc) Journal w ebsite/archive Journal w ebsite/archive Commercial database (e.g. scopus, ISI) Commercial database (e.g. scopus, ISI) Conversation w ith colleagues Conversation w ith colleagues Bringing Technology Back In, EASST, Rotterdam

17 Search: Tools/databases used by different disciplines Searching: Informatics (n=144) Searching: Engineering (n=227) Google or other search engine Google or other search engine Library catalog Library catalog Discipline specific database (e.g. pubmed, arxiv, psydoc) Search portal for discipline (e.g. pubmed, arxiv, psydoc) 11 9 Journal w ebsite/archive 8 26 Journal w ebsite/archiv 7 24 Commercial database (e.g. scopus, ISI) 6 11 Commercial scientific database (e.g. scopus, ISI) 7 13 Conversation w ith colleagues Conversation w ith colleagues Bringing Technology Back In, EASST, Rotterdam

18 Search: Tools/databases used by different disciplines Searching: Social sciences (n=110) Google or other search engine Searching: History (n=62) Google or other search engine Library catalog Library catalog 92 7 Search portal for discipline (e.g. pubmed, arxiv, psydoc) Search portal for discipline (e.g. pubmed, arxiv, psydoc) Journal w ebsite/archiv Journal w ebsite/archiv 7 22 Commercial scientific database (e.g. scopus, ISI) 8 7 Commercial scientific database (e.g. scopus, ISI) 0 Conversation w ith colleagues Conversation w ith colleagues Bringing Technology Back In, EASST, Rotterdam

19 Search: Tools/databases used by different disciplines Searching: Life Science (n=313) Google or other search engine Library catalog Discipline specific database (e.g. pubmed, arxiv, psydoc) Journal w ebsite/archive Commercial database (e.g. scopus, ISI) Conversation w ith colleagues e.g Pubmed: NIH US National Institute of Health (public institution) Catalog for medicine, biology, chemistry bibliographie, abstract, references since 1965 (medline), online 1995 number of journals (2007) number of citations (2007) mandatory open access for publicly financed research (2008) Pubmed (Medline) growthrate articles journals Bringing Technology Back In, EASST, Rotterdam

20 Search: Tools/databases used by different disciplines Searching: Physics (n=188) Google or other search engine Library catalog Discipline specific database (e.g. pubmed, arxiv, psydoc) e.g. arxiv: US-Universities (changing) open access archive for physics and other sciences (discipline specific) articles (fulltext) Journal w ebsite/archive Commercial database (e.g. scopus, ISI) Conversation w ith colleagues e.g. Web of Knowledge (ISI Thomsen) Thomsen (since 1994), publicly initiated all disciplines (but sciences) calalog of artices references, citation indices, impact subscription e.g. springerlink or science direct: publisher database search functions bibliographie, reference, (abstract) articles (fulltext) subscription similar: sciencedirect (elsevier) e.g. scopus (elsevier) search database publisher and other sources different disciplines abstracs, references articles (fulltext) subscription Bringing Technology Back In, EASST, Rotterdam

21 Search: Tools/databases used by different disciplines Searching: Social sciences (n=110) Google or other search engine Searching: History (n=62) Google or other search engine Library catalog Library catalog 92 7 Search portal for discipline (e.g. pubmed, arxiv, psydoc) Search portal for discipline (e.g. pubmed, arxiv, psydoc) Journal w ebsite/archiv Journal w ebsite/archiv 7 22 Commercial scientific database (e.g. scopus, ISI) 8 7 Commercial scientific database (e.g. scopus, ISI) 0 Conversation w ith colleagues Conversation w ith colleagues Library catalogs: Digital databases Increasingly combined databases of different libraries such as the gbv (a joint catalog of libraries in the northern part of Germany) - gbv contains bibliographical informations on 56 Mio. publications - 22,2 Mio. search requests certain online services and resources Bringing Technology Back In, EASST, Rotterdam

22 Impact on the institutional configuration? Publishers (publishing as a business governed by economic institutions) Packaging Distribution Selection Commodification of Knowledge Knowledge as public good Knowledge as commodity Archiving Access providing Libraries Knowledge production Research Knowledge reception De-Commodification of Knowledge Scientific Community (governed by rules and norms) Bringing Technology Back In, EASST, Rotterdam

23 Search tools and databases: impact on the institutional configuration Tools/databases: extendend databases provided by - public bodies (such as NIH, universities) - libraries new search engines and databases provided by new actors (eg. Google, Fast) commercial databases provided by - publishers (such as Springer, Elsevier ISI) - other firms (such as Thomsen) Institution base: public institutions new commercial actors publishers and others firms Bringing Technology Back In, EASST, Rotterdam

24 Impact on the institutional configuration Publishers Packaging Knowledge as public good Selection Distribution Knowledge as commodity Search Knowledge production Scholarly communication Research Knowledge reception Libraries, public institutions New commercial actors Publishers Access Scientific Community Bringing Technology Back In, EASST, Rotterdam

25 Modified institutional configuration side effects: browse vs. search ( in order to keep you up-to-date in your field, how do you proceed? ) Browsing (Total, n= 1760, in %) Archives, databases (free or subscription) Discipline specific website Discipline specific search portal (e.g. pubmed) Online journals Print journals Conversation with colleagues very often=dark, often=light, in % Bringing Technology Back In, EASST, Rotterdam