LOBAL OURNAUSM. JOHN C. MERRILL EDITOR University of Missouri SURVEY OF INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATION. JzJLongman Publishers USA.

Transcription

1 i G ' : -. 'r^y.^-'i..: ,.;..,. ' ' ^, LOBAL OURNAUSM SURVEY OF INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATION lliiiiliiiiiisii JOHN C. MERRILL EDITOR University of Missouri JzJLongman Publishers USA

2 Contents Preface ix Introduction xiii PART I THE GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE 1 CHAPTER 1 GLOBAL MEDIA PHILOSOPHIES Edmund B. Lambeth 3 The Uses of Philosophy 4 A Possible Future for Media Philosophy, Ethics and Criticism 16 Bibliography 17 t CHAPTER 2 MEDIA SYSTEMS: OVERVIEW Lowndes F. Stephens 19 Political Rights, Civil Liberties, and Press Freedom Around the World 20 Freedom and Economic Prosperity 21 Freedom, Economic Prosperity, and Media Use and Availability 23 Trends in Economic Concentration and Profitability in the Global Media Industries 25 Global Media Organizations 28 Bibliography 29 iii

3 iv CONTENTS CHAPTER 3 THE COLLECTION AND FLOW OF WORLD NEWS Kuldip R. Rampal 35 Need for News Agencies 36 Development of News Agencies 3 7 Rise and Demise of News Cartel 40 International News Agencies Today 41 Supplemental News Agencies 44 Video and Audio News Services 45 International Newspapers, Magazines, and Broadcasters 46 Problems and Patterns in the Flow of News 47 The Outlook 49 Bibliography 51 Ф CHAPTER 4 BARRIERS TO MEDIA DEVELOPMENT Tim Gallimore 53 Introduction 53 Physical Barriers 54 Social/Psychological Barriers 55 Political/Legal Barriers 57 Economic Barriers 60 Bibliography 62 Щ CHAPTER 5 FREEDOM OF THE PRESS AROUND THE WORLD Robert L. Stevenson 63 Introduction 63 History 63 Definitions 64 Freedom Today 69 Recent Changes 70 Challenges Today 71 Outlook 75 Bibliography 75 CHAPTER 6 INTERNATIONAL JOURNALISM ETHICS Dean Kruckeberg 77 What Is Journalism? 78 Scholars Typecast Systems, Not Journalists 79 The Role of the Journalist Is Not in Jeopardy 80 Journalists Will Lose Their Monopoly of Knowledge 82 Press Systems Will Lose Agenda-Setting Abilities 83 Loss of Monopoly Will Have an Impact on Ethics 83 Demands Will Be Made for "Ethics" in Journalism 84 Bibliography 85

4 CONTENTS V CHAPTER 7 GLOBAL ADVERTISING AND PUBLIC RELATIONS Douglas Ann Newsom and Bob J. Carrell 89 Asia and the Pacific 91 X,Latin and the Caribbean 92 Sub-Saharan Africa 93 Middle East and North Africa 94 Eastern Europe and CIS 95 Western Europe 96 North America: The United States and Canada 98 Results of the Survey 99 Conclusions 101 CHAPTER 8 CONTINUING MEDIA CONTROVERSIES Paul Grosswiler 103 Three Recurrent Themes in Context 103 Before and Since the New International Information Order Debate 104 Negotiating International Telegraph Communication in the 1800s 105 The European Cartel's "New Imperialism" 106 The League of Nations 107 The United Nations and UNESCO up to The Hutchins and Kerner Commissions 110 NWIO in UNESCO in the 1970s and 1980s 112 Western Opposition to NWIO 115 The NWIO Debate Since Bibliography 120 PART П THE WORLD'S REGIONS 121 CHAPTER 9 WESTERN EUROPE M. Kent Sidel and Aralynn Abare McMane 123 Historical Highlights 123 Print Media 125 Electronic Media 135 Wire Services 144 Government-Media Relations 145 Concepts of Media Freedom 146 Media Economics 147 Journalism Education and Training 148 Future Prospects 149 Bibliography 150

5 Vi CONTENTS CHAPTER 10 EAST CENTRAL AND SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE, RUSSIA, AND THE NEWLY INDEPENDENT STATES Owen V. Johnson 153 East Central Europe 155 Historical Highlights 155 Print Media 157 Electronic Media 158 News Services 160 Government-Media Relations 160 Concepts of Media Freedom 161 Media Economics and Special Problems 162 Journalism Education and Training 163 Prospects for the Future 163 Southeastern Europe 164 Historical Highlights 164 Print Media 165 Electronic Media 166 New Services 168 Government-Media Relations 168 Concepts of Media Freedom 169 Media Economics and Special Problems 170 Journalism Education and Training 170 Prospects for the Future / 71 Russia and the Newly Independent States 171 Historical Highlights 172 Print Media 174 Electronic Media 176 News Services / 78 Government-Media Relations 179 Concepts of Media Freedom 180 Media Economics and Special Problems 181 Journalism Education and Training 182 Prospects for the Future 183 Conclusion 184 Bibliography 185 CHAPTER 11 THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA Christine Ogan 189 Historical Highlights 191 Print Media 192

6 CONTENTS VÜ Electronic Media 196 News Services 201 Government-Media Relations and Concepts of Press Freedom 202 Journalism Education and Training 204 Prospects for the Future 205 Bibliography 206 CHAPTER 12 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Arnold S. de Beer, Francis P. Kasoma, Eronini R. Megwa, and Elanie Steyn 209 Introduction 209 The Colonial Heritage 213 Development of the Press 215 Development of Broadcasting 224 Radio 225 Television 229 The Relationship between the Media and the Government 233 Western Media Coverage of Africa 246 Journalist Organizations 251 African Media in the Future 252 Functions of the Media 257 Conclusion 263 Bibliography 264 CHAPTER 13 ASIA AND THE PACIFIC Anju Grover Chaudhary and Anne Cooper Chen 269 Historical Highlights 272 Media Overview 275 Print Media 277 Electronic Media 292 News Service 304 Government-Media Relations 307 Concepts of Media Freedom 313 Media Economics and Special Problems 317 Journalism Education and Training 318 Prospects for the Future 323 Bibliography 325 CHAPTER 14 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN Gonzalo Soruco and Leonardo Ferreira 329 Introduction 329 History of the Region's Press 330

7 viii CONTENTS Contemporary Issues and the Press in Latin America 336 Narcotraffic and the Press 343 "The G-3": The Mass Media in Mexico, Colombia, and Venezuela 345 Bibliography 351 CHAPTER 15 NORTH AMERICA Herbert Strentz and Vernon Keel 355 Canada 357 The Contexts 357 The Print Media 364 The Electronic Media 366 Movies and Film 369 News Services 369 Advertising 3 70 Education and Training for Journalists 3 72 United States 373 The Contexts 373 Contemporary Issues 379 The Print Media 380 The Electronic Media 384 Advertising 387 Diversity 388 Education and Training for Journalists 390 The North American Future? 391 Bibliography 392 About the Contributors 395 Index 403