THE ROLE OF PROBATION IN
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1 THE ROLE OF PROBATION IN TREATMENT OF CHILD OFFENDERS
2 Kenya s Youth: The facts 75% of the total Kenyan population is below 30 years Those between 15 and 30 years old account for 32% of the population Over 50% of all convicted criminals are young people p aged between 16 and 25 years.
3 PROBATION SERVICE IN KENYA Coverage Stations Personnel probation officers Qualification -University Graduates Social work, Criminology psychology, Sociology, Law, Counselling.
4 PROBATION DEPARTMENT In the office of the VP and ministry of Home Affairs and has been in existence since OBJECTIVES a)generation of social reports offences for the criminal justice system. b)supervision and rehabilitation of offenders within the community. c)reconciliation, resettlement and reintegration of offenders.
5 Operational Mandates 1P 1.Probation of foffenders Act tcap 64 Laws of Kenya. 2. Community Service Orders Act No.10 of 1998 of the Laws of Kenya.
6 Operational Mandates 3.Aftercare Programme. It deals with the supervision of offenders who are released from various penal institutions either on license or upon completion of their sentence for reintegration ti and resettlement. t
7 Operational Mandates Probation implements aftercare Programmes as per the: a) Borstal Institution Act Cap 92 Laws of Kenya (for youthful offenders). b) Prisons Act Cap 90 Laws of Kenya. c) Mental Health Act Cap 248 Laws of Kenya.
8 The Child in conflict with the law This is a child who commits an offence that is against the laws of Kenya. This child is above 8 years and below 18 years as prescribed in the Penal Code of the Laws of Kenya.
9 The Child in conflict with the law Under the Penal Code, section 14 Cap 64 Laws of Kenya, a person under 8 years is not responsible for any act or omission.
10 The Child in conflict with the law And a person under the age of 12 years is not criminally responsible for any act or omission unless it is proven that at the time of doing the act, he had the capacity to know that he ought not to have committed the act.
11 Children on probation orders Year Court No of Girls No of Boys Referrals on Probation on Probation
12 Children on Community Service Orders Year No of Court No of Boys No of Girls Referrals on CSO on CSO
13 OFFENCES COMMITTED BY CHILDREN Stealing farm produce. Pick pocketing. Assault. Arson. Defilement. Substance abuse. Possession of illicit brew.
14 OFFENCES COMMITTED BY CHILDREN - Smoking bhang. -Concealing birth. -Infanticide. - Touting. - Manslaughter etc.
15 PROBATION AS A SERVICE FOR CHILDREN As part of the juvenile justice system, the department is charged with the responsibility of generation of social reports to courts for effective and appropriate sentencing of offenders. It is also mandated to rehabilitate and reintegrate Child offenders who exit correction facilities back into the community
16 What makes children offend? 1.Family factors Poor parenting- permissive style, uninvolved, resistant parenting Dysfunctional families ( Alcoholism, marital tension, domestic violence, communication problems, family influence to crime etc) Parent-child conflicts
17 What makes children offend? 2. Stress & Trauma Factors Chronic Abuse- Exploitation, physical, sexual abuse, parental neglect. Some children move to the streets to escape the pain of the abuse and instead are initiated to a life of crime. Loss of parents which means the child becomes a child in need of special care and protection Child headed families
18 What makes children offend? 3.Environmental Factors Stress-Societal pressure to excel academically, developmental stress, the child hits back at society, by displacing their anger, stress, through antisocial behaviour like setting fire to schools, joining gangs. Lack of support systems in the society
19 What makes children offend? 3.Environmental Factors Poverty- the child steals to get money for food, engages in commercial sex for self support. Social learning- exposure to Community violence, drug abuse, commercial sex. Peer pressure- to join gangs, engage in commercial sex work, to abuse drugs, wear certain clothes etc
20 What makes children offend? Exploitation by adults- According to ILO adults influencing children to commit offences is the one of the worst forms of child labour. Children are used as accomplices, or look out for the adult, conduits for drug trafficking, and showing children the rewards of crime so as to attract them to this life.
21 What makes children offend? 4.Developmental Factors Developmental milestones- The child is pushed out of the school system because of failure to fit in. Children with ADHD etc Mental health- disorders
22 Child s Experience of the Justice System Has little or no idea of the juvenile justice process No one explains to the child about the role of different players/ court proceedings The child has to repeat their story to different strangers No privacy
23 Child s Experience of the Justice System Labelled and stigmatised, Anxious What will happen to me Confused Suspicious The JJ system makes the child feel helpless
24 Child s Experience of the Justice System Nervous Embarrassed Sad Shamed No Confidence Low Self worth Helpless Totally dependant on others to see him through the justice process
25 Child s Experience of the Justice Angry Sense of Guilt System Intimidated id t d by the system His privacy has been taken away by professionals out to help him/her Helpless- No control over his/her fate
26 The JJ Care pathway PRISON Diversion BORSTAL INSTITUTIONS (2 UNITS) K.Y.C.C. (1 UNIT) HEALTH CBOS NGOS COMMUNITY POLICE COURT PROBATION SERVICES STAKEHOLDERS ORPHANAGES REMAND HOMES CHILDREN DEPT. REHAB. SCHOOLS PROBATION HOSTELS 4 UNITS PROBATION DAY CARE CENTRE OTHER COMMUNITY BASED SUPERVISION
27 The Role of the Probation Officer The Probation officer is a social worker/ counsellor/friend. Entrusted with the responsibility of providing the court with detailed information about the child and their circumstances. Helps the court reach a most appropriate decision, which is in the best interests of the child
28 The Probation Officer s Report This information is contained in a court document known as the Probation Officers Report ( POR) and includes: The age of the child- To identify developmental crises involved and age appropriate treatment. The family background- To establish degree of dysfunction in the family as well as prepare the family to assist in the rehabilitation i of the child.
29 The Probation Officer s Report Parents character and their level of concern and the level of control they have over the offender. Assess effectiveness of the training and discipline the parents have given the offender. The offender s growth and development history, noting any social, economic and psychological impact they could have. The offender s relationship with his family.
30 The Probation Officer s Report The School related details- To establish the possibility of returning the child to the school or identify another school so as to protect the child from stigma. Child s known behavior- From significant others so as to draw up a behavior modification treatment plan.
31 The Probation Officer s Report The wishes of the child The wishes of the parent-guardian The best interest of the child The health of the minor including special needs. What made the child commit the offence The attitude of the child towards the offence Their moral/ cognitive stage. The child s ability to understand effect of their behaviour on self and others Degree of motivation to change
32 The Probation Officer s Report What is the most appropriate p way of dealing with the offender Is the offender a suitable person to be supervised and rehabilitated in the community. What measures/resources that can be employed to divert him from crime. Is the offenders family/community willing to assist assst the offender resettle. esette What sentencing options befits the offenders needs..
33 Treatment/Rehabilitation of child offenders Diversion Counselling School re-enrolment Supervision of Probation orders Community Service Commitment to correction facilities Vocational training/empowerment Referral to psychiatric care Job placements
34 Committal to institutions
35
36 Challenges Fragmented system with ineffective multi- agency approach Lack of appropriate training on child offenders among players Long delays in the court Community s punitive attitude Parents pushing children to the system
37 OFFENDERS CAN CHANGE. END THANK YOU.
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