Biochemistry of Cancer Cell
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1 Biochemistry of Cancer Cell Prof. Taha Kumosani Prof. Taha Kumosani
2 Cancer: an Overview Paleopathologists Dinosaur bones Egyptians Papyrus Autopsis Hippocrates Carcinoma Carcinos: Benign tumors Hemorrhoids Chronic ulcerations
3 History of Cancer Galen, Bichat, Muller, Pasteur, Laonnec, Cohnheim and Virchow Theories: Irritation Embryonal Infections
4 Cancer theories of the 20thCentury Otto Warburg: abnormal cell respiration Jesse Greenstein: tumor metabolism Principal theories of cancer formation: Genetic [addition (v), alteration or subtraction (c or r) Non genetic
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9 What is Cancer? J. Ewing definition: "Neoplasm: is a relatively autonomous growth of tissue" Neoplasm Cancer: malignant neoplasm Tumor: a general term indicating any abnormal mass or growth of tissue
10 Classification A. Benign tumors B. Malignant (metastasize, abnormal chromosome number) Benign tumors: do not spread from their site of origin, e.g. brain tumor, warts Metastasis : a secondary growth originating from the primary and growing elsewhere in the body
11 Characteristics of Benign tumours 1. Localized growths respond to body s homeostatic controls 2. Encapsulated 3. Stop growing when they meet a boundary of another tissue 4. Can be destructive
12 Characteristics of Malignant 1. Have aggressive growth, rapid cell division outside the normal cell cycle 2. Not under body s homeostatic controls 3. Cut through surrounding tissues causing bleeding, inflammation, necrosis (death) of tissue
13 Malignant can metastasize
14 Embryologic Basis of Nomenclature The suffix "oma" mean tumor (Exception are the terms, granuloma: a growth of inflammatory tissue, and hematoma: a mass of blood outside vessels in a tissue) Benign tumors: tissue(prefix) and (suffix)-oma
15 Cancers are divided in 2 general categories depending on their embryologic origin: Ectodermal cells form skin, its appendages and nerve tissues (carcinoma) Mesodermal cells form bone, muscle, cartilage and related tissues (sarcoma) Endodermal cells form the intestinal system and its associated organs (carcinoma)
![Example: Adonocarcinoma [adeno-, glandular (tissue); carcinoma, arising from endodermal tissue of the stomach, pancreas, or breast]](/docs-images/27/10362992/images/16-0.png "Caricnosarcoma (indicate that tumor was derived from two embryonic layers) Teratoma (indicate that tumor was derived from the three")
16 Example: Adonocarcinoma [adeno-, glandular (tissue); carcinoma, arising from endodermal tissue of the stomach, pancreas, or breast] Caricnosarcoma (indicate that tumor was derived from two embryonic layers) Teratoma (indicate that tumor was derived from the three embryonic layers)
17 Normal cell cycle divides Cancer cell cycle grows functions apoptosis death Apoptosis : programmed cell death that happens in all normal cells, but not in cancer cells divides grows immortal tumor
18 Growth and Spread Cancer Growth and Spread Development of metastasis Mechanisms of cell invasion Mechanisms of cancer spread Immunity to metastasis
19 Cancer is a label for collection of distinct but related disease Characteristics of malignant 1. Grow rapidly 2. Invade other tissue 3. Rarely encapsulated 4. Contain many abnormal cells of different sizes and shapes
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22 Characteristics of malignant cells Characteristics of malignant cells 1. Loss of stickiness 2. Increased mobility 3. Proteolytic enzyme 4. Altered cell surface
23 Mechanisms of Cancer Spread Three major routes: 1. Direct extension or transplantation 2. Lymphatic system 3. Blood system
24 Common cancer sites
25 Brain Tumor Lung Cancer (Bronchogenic Carcinoma) Thyroid Gland Cancer Pancreatic Cancer Colon and Rectum Cancer (Colorectal Cancer) Breast Cancer Uterine Cancer (Endometrial Cancer) Ovarian Carcinoma Cervical Carcinoma
26 Prostate Cancer Testicular Cancer (Carcinoma Of The Testes) Skin Cancer - Several Types (Malignant Melanoma) Renal Cell Carcinoma Squamous Cell Carcinoma Leukemia Lymphoma
27 Cancer & Radiation Cancer Causing Radiation Ionizing radiation Dose Response : how much Radiation? Animals studies Human studies Problems in assessing radiation for humans How low dose rates affect man How ionizing radiation induces tumor still unknown Public policy toward radiation
28 Dose and Tissue Minimum dose in human Type of Radiation: Ionizing Nonionizing
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30 Carcinogens agents which cause cancer in industrial products Pesticides Water supplies Foods Cosmetics % of human cancer caused by environmental carcinogens
31 Relation between cancer incidence and types and different environment around the world How much cancer is caused by any particular agents?
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34 Carcinogens Include
35 - Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
36 - Aromatic Amines
37 - Aminoazodyes, dialkylnitrosamine, and alkylating agents (used in industry as intermediate)
38 -Natural Products Aflatoxin, formed by the fungus Aspergillus flavus Carcinogenicity of Aflatoxin * Species * Dose Naturally produced chemicals
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40 Miscellaneous
41 - Inorganic Carcinogenic Beryllium, Cadmium, Chromium, Nickel and lead compounds Radioactive elements such as Uranium, Radium and Thorium Asbestos (shape and size)
42 Cancer and viruses Virus: is a small infectious agent that can replicate only inside the living cells of organisms An oncovirus: is a virus that can cause cancer
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45 Retrovirus enters host cell
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48 What is a hormone? Hormones are naturally occurring substances that are produced in specific parts of our bodies and act as chemical messengers. They travel through the blood to control the functions of other tissues and organs Some of the best known hormones are estrogen and testosterone. These are known as sex hormones and perform a variety of functions all around our bodies
49 Hormones affect growth and differentiation Hormonal imbalance influence the incidence, location and rate of cancer growth Hormonal imbalance may be produced by injecting hormones, explanting or destroying the endocrine gland or administering hormonal antagonists
50 What affects our hormone levels? Reproductive factors Lifestyle changes External sources Drugs that lower hormone levels
51 Cancer and heredity Heredity: is the passing of traits to offspring (from its parent or ancestors).
52 A hereditary disease is a disease caused by an abnormality in an individual's DNA which is inherited genetically But in some cases the cancer is caused by an abnormal gene that is being passed along from generation to generation. Although this is often referred to as inherited cancer
53 Why alteration in gene is a problem?
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56 How to identify hereditary cancer? It is mostly genetic testing that helps one to assess the hereditary cancer risk Additionally, identification of gene mutations also helps other family members to determine whether they share hereditary cancer risks Genetic testing is mostly done using blood
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58 Xeroderm pigmentosum
59 familial polyposis
60 A molecular basis of cancer A molecular basis of cancer: Introduction Normal Chromosome Pleiotropy A genetic basis Abnormal chromosome Cancer Cell
61 Cancer phenotype (total set of structural and functional characteristics that define a cancer cell) raise important questions Marguerite Vogt and Renato Dulbecco California Institute of Technology A genetic basis: * Carcinogens act by damaging DNA and thus causing gene mutations * History exp. More than 50 years ago, demonstrated the central role of DNA as a carrier of genetic information, Oswald and Colin M. * Macleod and Maclyn McCarty Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research
62 Affecting cell signalling All normal cells receive specific signals that trigger programmed cell death Some chemicals destroy these signals As a result the cells do not receive the signals that start cell death Hence they keep growing causing cancer
63 Destruction of error repair mechanisms: Every normal cell has DNA repair genes These genes correct any defects that occur sometimes during DNA replication and cell growth in normal cells These genes are called uvr and rep genes Some carcinogens affect the repair genes As a result, these genes do not function and do not correct errors in the cell, leading to abnormal growth, division and cancer
64 Tests and diagnosis Some important tests for diagnosis cancer
65 1. A process of elimination 2. The basic tests 3. Seeing inside by sound and heat 4. X-rays: new refinements of an old tool 5. Tracing tumor with hot atoms 6. The answer in a tissue sample
66 When initially diagnosed with cancer, a cancer specialist, an oncologist, will provide you with the cancer treatment options He or she will recommend the best treatment plan based on your type of cancer, how far it has spread, and other important factors like their age and general health
67 Treatments I. Chemotherapy II. Hormaone Therapy III. Immunotherapy IV. Growth factor V. Radiotherapy VI. Surgery VII. Natural therapy
68 Coping with Cancer A new way to speak After breast surgery, a normal life and appearance Countering the side effects of drugs and rays How patients help patients
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