Banda Aceh, Indonesia Dec Brent Doberstein University of Waterloo
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1 Banda Aceh, Indonesia Dec Brent Doberstein University of Waterloo 1
2 What is failure knowledge? Disciplines using failure knowledge Use in disaster recovery Theory Practice: 2 Cases 2
3 knowledge or understanding emerging from a systematic analysis of failure Ex-ante failure knowledge Testing an experimental design or system until it fails, then improving design/system to avoid future failure Ex-post failure knowledge Investigating accidental failure, then improving design or system 3
4 Aviation industry (ex-post) steady and consistent advances based on the meticulous and painstaking analysis that goes into understanding the crash of an airliner (Cannon and Edmondson 2005, 306). 4
5 Aviation industry steady and consistent advances based on the meticulous and painstaking analysis that goes into understanding the crash of an airliner (Cannon and Edmondson 2005, 306). Civil, Mechanical & Aeronautical Engineering (ex-ante & ex-post) 5
6 Tacoma Narrows bridge, USA 6
7 Aviation industry steady and consistent advances based on the meticulous and painstaking analysis that goes into understanding the crash of an airliner (Cannon and Edmondson 2005, 306). Civil & Mechanical Engineering Resource & Environmental Management (largely ex-post) 7
8 8
9 Failure knowledge Failure Knowledge (ex-post) 9
10 knowledge or understanding emerging from a systematic analysis of failure Ex-ante failure knowledge Testing an experimental design or system until it fails, then improving design/system to avoid future failure Ex-post failure knowledge Investigating accidental failure, then improving design or system PROBLEM: Generally unadvisable to stage an intentional social failure Failure knowledge in social sciences usually learning after unintentional failure (ex-post) 10
11 Disasters: confluence of hazardous potential (e.g. flooding) & human vulnerability (e.g. living in a floodplain) Failure knowledge: reduce hazard potential reduce human vulnerability increase resilience in the face of disaster 11
12 Pre- Disaster: Mitigation & planning Hazard mapping Regional planning Land use planning & zoning Risk assessment Vulnerability assessment Insurance Incentives & penalties Protection structures Public education Does failure Challenges knowledge & opportunities? inform recovery? Emergency preparedness plan Recovery: Decrease vuln. Re-plan & DRR Rebuild Rehabilitation Debris removal Public services (water, elect) Housing Reconnect families Relocate Relief: Search/Rescue Medical Psychological Food aid Shelter Post- Disaster: Recovery Disaster 12
13 Challenges: Chaotic environment Time pressure Simultaneous relief/rehabilitation/reconstruction Multiple institutions & multiple agendas Disaster profiteering Resistance: slow down & plan properly Opportunities Aid $ Coordinating body(ies) New disaster recovery paradigm (2005 ) 13
14 North Vargas State, Venezuela debris flows (30-50,000 people est. killed); Banda Aceh, Indonesia tsunami (80,000 est. killed) 14
15 o 900mm of rain in 24 hrs o Simultaneous debris flows in 26 watersheds o 30-50,000 killed olargest debris flow disaster in recent global history 15
16 Case #1: Failure Knowledge, Disaster Causes Rainfall Settlement(s) location: Alluvial fans No watershed monitoring Lack of hazard-oriented zoning No warning/evacuation system Lack of public awareness of risk No history of recent debris flows Ineffective physical protection structures 16
17 Case #1: Disaster Recovery Little to no evidence failure knowledge influenced recovery Recovery Philosophy: Rebuild largely as before (1999) Physical protection structures Far too small Monitoring/warning/evacuation system Largely absent 9 years after disaster (one siren, one community) Public awareness Initially high, but fading no evidence of community awareness or preparedness exercises Zoning: unchanged post-disaster 17
18 High water mark Evidence: massive flow volumes 18
19 Small-scale Engineered Solutions 19
20 Old flood deposits 2005 mini-flood
21 New Destroyed in
22 Clock stopped when tsunami struck: 9:00am Earthquake >9.0 strongest in >40 years Banda Aceh shook for over 8 minutes Tsunami: 20 minutes after earthquake stopped >20% of city s Pop n killed 22
23 aftershocks Seismic energy radiated over the 1500 kms rupture zone Banda Aceh Epicentre 23
24 Roof repair showing evidence of tsunami s height Former hospital 24
25 Case #2: Failure Knowledge, Disaster Causes City location (coastal, near known fault line) Lack of tsunami awareness Lack of monitoring/warning/evacuation system Housing design (single story) 25
26 March 2009
27 Case #1: Disaster Recovery Significant evidence failure knowledge recovery Recovery Philosophy: Build Back Better Tsunami-resistant housing + relocation villages Comprehensive monitoring, warning & evacuation system Commitment to learning/failure knowledge Public awareness & Evacuation preparedness 27
28 Banda Aceh Different styles: Many tsunami resistant Relocation Village 28
29 Escape building 29
30 30
31 31
32 Tsunami research & training
33 Networking: South-south-north cooperation
34 Tsunami warning drill: November
35 Community-Based Disaster Recovery (CBDR) Failure knowledge Assess & mitigate all disaster causes Failure knowledge Platforms (collective learning/decisionmaking bodies) Social learning 35
36 The only good thing about the bad things are the lessons learned (Disaster survivor, 2005) 36
37 37
38 Brent Doberstein University of Waterloo 38
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