Medical Center of Central Georgia Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

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1 Medical Center of Central Georgia Neonatal Intensive Care Unit The Effect of Music Therapy as a Nursing Intervention for the Inconsolable Week Critically Ill Infant Dr. Douglas Keith, PhD, MT-BC Dr. Kendra Russell, RN, PhD Barbara Weaver, RN

for the Inconsolable 32-40 Week Critically Ill Infant Dr.

2 Medical Center of Central Georgia 600+ beds (2 nd in Georgia) Level 1 Trauma Center Serves 28 counties (> 750 k residents) employees; 1500 nurses Regional economic impact > $1 Billion Magnet designated 5/17/2007

750 k residents) 5000+ employees; 1500 nurses Regional

3 Georgia College & State University Georgia s Public Liberal Arts University Milledgeville, Georgia 6,000 students

4 Collaboration Music Therapy GCSU School of Health Sciences Nursing NICU Unit Council

5 Nursing Research Council Membership Educates Mentors Reviews and approves Consults

6 Introduction Prematurity: 10-12% of all US births MCCG average daily census: 50 babies (March of Dimes, 2007)

7 Stress for Infants Routine care in the NICU causes stress for infants Painful Non-painful Effects of stress Physiologic Behavioral (Evans, Vogelpohl, Bourguignon, & Morcott, 1997)

8 Stress for Caregivers Difficult to console babies: challenging for caregivers Parents Helplessness Emotional pain Despair Nurses Environmental stress Frustration Helplessness (Hughes, 2002)

9 Interventions for stress: Nursing Neurodevelopmental care Kangaroo care Nonnutritive sucking (NNS) Swaddling Containment (Aucott, Donahue, Atkins & Allen, 2002)

10 Music Therapy in the NICU Provided by Board-Certified Music Therapist (MT-BC) NICU Music Therapy interventions Recorded music (age-appropriate) Live singing & multimodal stimulation Pacifier-activated lullaby (PAL)

interventions Recorded music (age-appropriate) Live

11 Music Therapy in NICU: Evidence-based effects Improve O 2 saturation Increase weight gain Shorten hospital stay Reinforce NNS Increase tolerance for stimulation (Standley, 2000)

12 Purpose To explore the effectiveness of music therapy to reduce crying among our patients To promote parental bonding To reduce workload and environmental stress for our nurses.

13 Research Questions 1. What is the effect of music therapy on the inconsolable behaviors of critically ill infants? 2. What is the effect of music therapy on the physiological measures (heart rate, respiratory rate, mean arterial pressure and oxygen saturation) of critically ill infants during periods of inconsolability? 3. What is the effect of music therapy on nursing care in the NNICU?

What is the effect of music therapy on the physiological measures (heart rate, respiratory rate,

14 Method Sample 24 Infants in Level III NICU 90 Nurses Recruitment Neonatal Nurses approached parents of infants who met inclusion criteria Nurses who cared for infants enrolled in the study were asked to participate

infants who met inclusion criteria Nurses who cared

15 Method Instrumentation Nursing researchers designed form to gather data on infants and from nurses

16 Inclusion/Exclusion criteria (A) Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria: weeks gestation Admitted to the Level III NNICU Not mechanically ventilated NPO No pain medications used No history of drug withdrawal

17 Inclusion/Exclusion criteria (B) Customary nursing interventions unsuccessful Nonnutritive sucking Swaddling Changing diaper Repositioning Quiet and dark environment Inconsolable crying 5 minutes postintervention Intense, loud rhythmic and sustained cry vocalizations, High motor activity

Repositioning Quiet and dark environment Inconsolable crying 5 minutes

18 Research Design: Repeated measures Each infant assigned to one of two four-day protocols ABAB BABA Each infant experienced both conditions Protocols differed in order of presentation

19 Condition A: Music day Provide nursing interventions If unsuccessful, record nursing interventions and vital signs Provide music intervention Record behavioral state, vital signs, and duration of crying

20 Condition B: No music day Provide nursing interventions Record behavioral state, vital signs, and duration of crying

21 Data Collection Process

22 Research tools Informed consent form Research packets for random assignment to treatment protocol Red or green selection cards Data collection tools Quick reference guides Contact information for investigators

23 Research Tools CD player & small speakers CD of developmentally appropriate music 18 minutes (guideline: < 30 min) Female voice (GCSU music therapy student) In English (culturally appropriate) Unaccompanied lullabies Narrow pitch and dynamic range Nursing staff questionnaire

24 Nursing Research Tool Physiological Assessment data Nursing Interventions Infant Response Music Intervention

25 Nursing questionnaire Five survey questions with rating scale Strongly disagree Strongly agree Demographic questions

26 Nursing Questionnaire Survey questions Answer area Shift info / Parent comments

28 Sample Demographics: Infants n = 24 infants (complete data for 22) Mean adjusted gestational age: weeks (SD = 2.45) 68% Male, 32% Female Most common diagnosis: Respiratory distress syndrome 98% single births Mean APGAR scores at 3 and 5 minutes were 5.82 (SD = 1.74) and 8.50 (SD =.86)

29 Analysis of Infant Data Paired-sample t-tests ANOVA

30 Results: Frequency of inconsolability episodes Mean number of episodes SD Condition A: Music Condition B: No Music t (23) = 6.61; p <.001)

31 Results: Duration of inconsolability episodes Mean duration (minutes) SD Condition A: Music Condition B: No Music t (23) = 8.94; p <.001)

33 Results: Physiological measures Music Condition No Music Condition Pre Post Pre Post Heart Rate * Respiration Rate * O 2 Sat * * Significant difference between pre- and post-intervention

34 Results: Infants 1. What is the effect of music therapy on the inconsolable behaviors of critically ill infants? Music days: 4 inconsolable episodes/day, lasting 5.5 minutes Non-music days: 7 inconsolable episodes/day, lasting 23 minutes

35 Results: Infants 2. What is the effect of music therapy on the physiologic measures of critically ill infants during periods of inconsolability? Positive effects Heart rate Respiratory rate Oxygen saturation

36 Sample Demographics: Nurses 51% (n= 46) Dayshift Nurses 49% (n = 44) Nightshift Nurses

37 Analysis of Nurse Data Descriptive measures

38 Results: Nurses Music therapy decreased the stress I experienced with this inconsolable baby (M = 4.59) MT was an effective intervention for this inconsolable baby (M = 4.59)

39 Results: Nurses MT with this inconsolable baby helped me make more efficient use of my time (M = 4.58) MT made my workload lighter (M = 4.52) Music therapy impacted the parentinfant bonding process (M = 4.53)

40 Comments from Nursing Form Comments: Loved music therapy, thought it helped, wanted CD, worried about B days of research Mom felt like we were doing what she would have done if she could have with music therapy Wanted to keep using after four days Parents felt music therapy helped a lot Parents loved music therapy CD Parents thought it helped a lot

41 Conclusions Music intervention was well tolerated Reduction in duration and frequency of inconsolability in premature infants Improved physiological measures Nurses expressed agreement that MT was an effective intervention, impacted parental bonding and their work environment positively.

42 Implications for Practice NICU staff can consult with Board- Certified Music Therapists (MT-BC) to provide developmentally appropriate music interventions Music therapy is an effective, research-based intervention in the hospital setting

43 Limitations Nurse researchers were not blinded to participant status Use of a convenience sample No tests of infant hearing Variability in nursing and infant behaviors (e.g., order of interventions) Use of recorded music

44 Recommendations for Future Research Using recordings of the mother s voice in her native language Use of live vs. recorded music Music interventions in infants under 32 weeks, looking at other indicators of stress based on gestational age Impact of music therapy on the work environment of nurses in NICU

45 Acknowledgements Mitch Rodriguez, MD Nursing researchers Judith Danford, RN Nursing Research Grant, MCCG $4, Alicia Bembenek, PhD

46 References Aucott, S., Donahue, P., Atkins, E. & Allen, M. (2002). Neurodevelopmental care in the NICU. MRDD Research Reviews, 8, Evans, J., Vogelpohl, D., Bourguignon, C. M., Morcott, C. S. (1997). Pain behaviors in LBW infants accompany some "nonpainful" caregiving procedures. Neonatal network, 16 (3), Hughes, M.B. (2002). Infant excessive crying: Temperament, development and parenting stress. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Pennsylvania. March of Dimes (2007). Premature fact sheet: The growing problem of prematurity. Retrieved November 10, 2007 from Standley, J. M. (2000). A meta-analysis of the efficacy of music therapy for premature infants. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 17 (2), ).

Your Baby s Care Team

UW MEDICINE PATIENT EDUCATION Your Baby s Care Team For parents of NICU infants Parents and Family You and your baby are the center of the NICU care team. As parents, you will give input and take part