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1 SUPPORTED BY GOLD SPONSOR BASIC SPONSOR MEDIA PARTNER

2 5 th International Symposium Respeaking, Live Subtitling and Accessibility TABLE OF CONTENTS The Symposium 2 Programme 6-7 Abstracts 11 Speakers 35 INDICE Il Simposio 4 Programma 8-9 Abstracts 11 Oratori 35 1

3 5 th International Symposium Respeaking, Live Subtitling and Accessibility 5 th In 5 th International Symposium Respeaking, Live Subtitling and Accessibility. 12 June 2015 UNINT - Università degli Studi Internazionali di Roma is pleased to host the 5 th International Symposium on Respeaking, Live Subtitling and Accessibility. This is the fifth symposium in the series, after Forlì (2005), Barcelona (2007), Antwerp (2011) and Barcelona (2013). These events aim to bring together academic researchers, software developers, broadcasters, consumers and anyone interested in recent developments in media accessibility. In February 2013 the European Parliament Committee on Culture and Education published a Report on the transposition of Directive 2010/13/EU on Audiovisual Media Services in EU countries. The Report found that progress is still slow and uneven throughout the EU and that further developments are needed to ensure wider access to programmes and information for all citizens via audio description, audio/spoken subtitles and sign language. As regards live subtitling, over the past 10 years respeaking by means of speakerdependent speech recognition (SR) technology has become the preferred method to provide live subtitles on TV and in live events in many countries. At the same time, there have been significant improvements in speaker-independent speech recognition technology, with interesting applications in automatic subtitling and automatic speech reporting. Moreover, the deployment of the HbbTV (Hybrid Broadcast Broadband TV) standard in Europe is opening up more opportunities for the delivery of audiovisual content to consumers, ranging from traditional broadcast TV, video on-demand and catch-up TV services, like BBC iplayer, as well as interactive services and Internet applications. Clearly, these developments are also creating more demand for accessibility services. The 5 th Symposium will be an opportunity to look at areas of current research and future prospects in SR, live subtitling, and accessibility in general. 2

4 ity 5 th International Symposium Respeaking, Live Subtitling and Accessibility Scientific Committee Carlo Eugeni (Roma Tre University) Pilar Orero (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona) Aline Remael (University of Antwerp) Pablo Romero Fresco (University of Roehampton) Annalisa Sandrelli (UNINT University) Local Organising Committee Annalisa Sandrelli Serena Scaldaferri Claudio Russello Symposium website: Facebook page: 3

5 5 th International Symposium Respeaking, Live Subtitling and Accessibility 5 th In Quinto Simposio Internazionale Respeaking, Sottotitolazione in diretta e Accessibilità 12 giugno 2015 La UNINT - Università degli Studi Internazionali di Roma è lieta di ospitare il Quinto Simposio Internazionale su Respeaking, Sottotitolazione in diretta e Accessibilità. Si tratta della quinta edizione di un ciclo iniziato a Forlì (2005) e proseguito poi a Barcellona (2007), Anversa (2011) e ancora Barcellona (2013). Questi eventi costituiscono un punto di incontro per ricercatori, studiosi, aziende informatiche, broadcaster, utenti e chiunque si interessi di accessibilità e delle applicazioni delle tecnologie di riconoscimento del parlato. Nel febbraio 2013 la commissione Cultura e Istruzione del Parlamento europeo ha pubblicato una Relazione sulla trasposizione della Direttiva 2010/13/UE sui servizi audiovisivi. La Relazione ha evidenziato che I progressi sono ancora lenti e poco uniformi nei vari paesi dell Unione e che sono necessari ulteriori sviluppi per assicurare un più ampio accesso all intrattenimento e alle informazioni a tutti i cittadini, tramite audio descrizione, audiotitoli, sottotitoli e lingue dei segni. Per quanto riguarda la sottotitolazione in diretta, negli ultimi 10 anni il respeaking mediante la tecnologia di riconoscimento del parlato speaker-dependent è divenuto il metodo più comune in molti paesi per produrre sottotitoli in diretta per la TV e gli spettacoli dal vivo. Contemporaneamente, la tecnologia di riconoscimento del parlato speaker-independent ha fatto grandi passi avanti, con interessanti applicazioni alla sottotitolazione automatica e alla resocontazione automatica. Inoltre, l avvento dello standard HbbTV (Hybrid Broadcast Broadband TV) nel sistema televisivo europeo sta aprendo nuove opportunità ai fornitori di contenuti audiovisivi, dalle trasmissioni televisive in modalità tradizionale al video on-demand e catch-up TV (come l iplayer della BBC), fino ad arrivare ai servizi interattivi e alle applicazioni Internet. Ovviamente tutti questi sviluppi contribuiscono ad accrescere anche la domanda di servizi di accessibilità per tutti i consumatori. Il Quinto Simposio sarà l occasione per poter riflettere sulla ricerca attuale e sulle prospettive future delle tecnologie di riconoscimento del parlato, della sottotitolazione in diretta e dell accessibilità in generale. 4

6 ity 5 th International Symposium Respeaking, Live Subtitling and Accessibility Comitato scientifico Carlo Eugeni (Università Roma Tre) Pilar Orero (Università Autonoma di Barcellona) Aline Remael (Università di Anversa) Pablo Romero Fresco (Università di Roehampton) Annalisa Sandrelli (Università degli Studi Internazionali di Roma - UNINT) Comitato organizzatore locale Annalisa Sandrelli Serena Scaldaferri Claudio Russello Sito web del Simposio: Pagina Facebook: 5

7 5 th International Symposium Respeaking, Live Subtitling and Accessibility 5 th In Morning session Registration PROGRAMME Aula Magna Welcome and conference opening Roxana Widmer-Iliescu, Unione Internazionale delle Telecomunicazioni ITU work on ICT Accessibility Theme 1. Live subtitling on television: focus on quality Moderator: Gion Linder, Swiss Text Pablo Romero Fresco, Live subtitling in the UK: an official review Aleš Pražák, Live TV subtitling in Czech Zoe Moores, The language of respeaking Juan Martínez Pérez, New Approaches to Improve the Quality of Live Subtitling on TV Q & A Session Coffee break Theme 2. Respeaking: Experimental Studies Moderator: Pablo Romero Fresco, University of Roehampton Katarzyna Stachowiak, More than meets the ear: Do subtitles matter for the well-educated, speaking hearing impaired? Agnieszka Szarkowska, Łukasz Dutka, Are interpreters better respeakers? An exploratory study on respeaking competences Agnieszka Chmiel, Agnieszka Lijewska, Łukasz Dutka, Agnieszka Szarkowska, Isabela Krejtz, Krzysztof Krejtz, Tapping the linguistic competence in the respeaking process: comparing intralingual paraphrasing done by interpreting trainees, translation trainees and bilinguals Q & A Session Lunch break 6

8 ity 5 th International Symposium Respeaking, Live Subtitling and Accessibility Afternoon session Theme 3. New applications of technology Moderator: Pilar Orero, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Andrew Lambourne, Pushing forward the frontiers of access technology Carlo Aliprandi, Evaluating performances of automatic speech recognition for assisted subtitling Andreas Søeborg Kirkedal, Julián Zapata, Translating and respeaking in a native or foreign language and from different environments: a prepilot experiment with a laptop and a tablet Lukasz Daniluk, Anna Matamala, Pablo Romero-Fresco, Transcribing documentaries: can respeaking be used efficiently? Q & A Session Theme 4. Respeaking as a professional opportunity for the blind Moderator: Federico Spoletti, Sub-Ti & FRED.fm Carlo Eugeni Teaching live subtitling for the deaf through respeaking - the potential for blind respeakers and paraplegic live editors Robin Ribback, Vocational training for blind speech-to-text-reporters Q & A Session Coffee break ROUND TABLE: Focus on Italy Moderator: Carlo Eugeni, Università Roma Tre Giacomo Pirelli, Luca Iacovino, Proposta di aggiornamento delle legislazioni italiane relative all accessibilità dei programmi delle emittenti televisive per i cittadini sordi Samuel Zambelli, La Meeting Industry in Italia oggi può offrire attraverso il respeaking nuove opportunità sia per gli organizzatori di congressi ed eventi che per i professionisti della documentazione scritta? Lorenzo Di Ciaccio, La telefonata sottotitolata Saveria Arma, New frontiers of respeaking: live subtitles delivered on smartphones, tablets and electronic glasses Closing 7

9 5 th International Symposium Respeaking, Live Subtitling and Accessibility 5 th In PROGRAMMA Aula Magna Mattina Registrazione partecipanti Saluti e apertura del Simposio Roxana Widmer-Iliescu, International Telecommunications Union ITU work on ICT Accessibility Tema 1. La sottotitolazione in diretta in televisione: la qualità Moderatore: Gion Linder, Swiss Text Pablo Romero Fresco, Live subtitling in the UK: an official review Aleš Pražák, Live TV subtitling in Czech Zoe Moores, The language of respeaking Juan Martínez Pérez, New Approaches to Improve the Quality of Live Subtitling on TV Dibattito Pausa caffè Tema 2. Respeaking: studi sperimentali Moderatore: Pablo Romero Fresco, University of Roehampton Katarzyna Stachowiak, More than meets the ear: Do subtitles matter for the well-educated, speaking hearing impaired? Agnieszka Szarkowska, Łukasz Dutka, Are interpreters better respeakers? An exploratory study on respeaking competences Agnieszka Chmiel, Agnieszka Lijewska, Łukasz Dutka, Agnieszka Szarkowska, Isabela Krejtz, Krzysztof Krejtz, Tapping the linguistic competence in the respeaking process: comparing intralingual paraphrasing done by interpreting trainees, translation trainees and bilinguals Dibattito Pausa pranzo 8

10 ity 5 th International Symposium Respeaking, Live Subtitling and Accessibility Pomeriggio Tema 3. Nuove applicazioni della tecnologia Moderatore: Pilar Orero, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Andrew Lambourne, Pushing forward the frontiers of access technology Carlo Aliprandi, Evaluating performances of automatic speech recognition for assisted subtitling Andreas Søeborg Kirkedal, Julián Zapata, Translating and respeaking in a native or foreign language and from different environments: a pre-pilot experiment with a laptop and a tablet Lukasz Daniluk, Anna Matamala, Pablo Romero-Fresco, Transcribing documentaries: can respeaking be used efficiently? Dibattito Tema 4. Il respeaking come sbocco professionale per i non vedenti Moderatore: Federico Spoletti, Sub-Ti & FRED.fm Carlo Eugeni, Teaching live subtitling for the deaf through respeaking- the potential for blind respeakers and paraplegic live editors Robin Ribback, Vocational training for blind speech-to-text-reporters Dibattito Pausa caffè TAVOLA ROTONDA: Uno sguardo sull Italia Moderatore: Carlo Eugeni, Università Roma Tre Giacomo Pirelli, Luca Iacovino, Proposta di aggiornamento delle legislazioni italiane relative all accessibilità dei programmi delle emittenti televisive per i cittadini sordi Samuel Zambelli, La Meeting Industry in Italia oggi può offrire attraverso il respeaking nuove opportunità sia per gli organizzatori di congressi ed eventi che per i professionisti della documentazione scritta? Lorenzo Di Ciaccio, La telefonata sottotitolata Saveria Arma, New frontiers of respeaking: live subtitles delivered on smartphones, tablets and electronic glasses Chiusura Simposio 9

11 5 th International Symposium Respeaking, Live Subtitling and Accessibility 5 th In Abstracts 10

12 ity 5 th International Symposium Respeaking, Live Subtitling and Accessibility SYMPOSIUM OPENING ITU work on ICT Accessibility Roxana Widmer-Iliescu - ITU Abstract: The presentation will share the work of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) in promoting ICT accessibility. ITU is the leading United Nations agency for Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) which includes 193 Member States. The presentation will highlight ITU s work in promoting ICT accessibility in its technical standards, its policy and regulatory advice to Member States, capacity building initiatives, such as developing accessible audio visual services, and will introduce ITU s own accessibility policy which covers accessible meeting services such as captioning for the deaf and hard of hearing. ITU adopted the first international technical accessibility standard in 1994 and developed the Telecommunications Accessibility Checklist (2006) to assist experts developing technical standards to ensure that they take ICT accessibility for persons with disabilities into account when developing technical standards. ITU Member States adopted the Connect 2020 targets which call for all countries to have ICT accessibility policies in place by ITU is supporting its Member States to achieve this goal through the work of its Study Groups and Regional initiatives including the European Regional Initiative, Ensuring access to telecommunications/icts, in particular for persons with disabilities. Participants will learn about the range of ITU resources to promote ICT accessibility including its reports Making Mobile Phones and Services Accessible, Making Television Accessible and the ITU Model ICT Accessibility Policy Report which regulators and policy makers can use in developing their own national ICT accessibility policies. These policies cover public access points, television/video programming, mobile phones, web sites and public procurement. Multi-stakeholder cooperation, including operators and organizations of persons with disabilities, is essential for the successful definition and implementation of ICT accessibility policies. References ITU FSTP-TACL Telecommunications Accessibility Checklist (2006): European Regional Initiative, Ensuring access to telecommunications/icts, in particular for persons with disabilities. ITU Report (2012) Making Mobile Phones and Services Accessible for Persons with Disabilities. itu.int/itu-d/sis/pwds/documents/mobile_report.pdf ITU Report (2011) Making Television Accessible TV_Accessible-FINAL-WithAltTextInserted.pdf ITU Report (2014) Model ICT Accessibility Policy Report Roxana Widmer-Iliescu, roxana.widmer-iliescu@itu.int Senior Programme Officer and BDT( ITU Development Bureau) Focal Point for Study Group on Question 7 Access to telecommunication /ICT services by Persons with Disabilities and with specific needs International Telecommunication Union - Switzerland 11

13 5 th International Symposium Respeaking, Live Subtitling and Accessibility 5 th In THEME 1 LIVE SUBTITLING ON TELEVISION: FOCUS ON QUALITY Live Subtitling in the UK: An Official Review Pablo Romero-Fresco - University of Roehampton Abstract: In May 2013, Ofcom, the governmental communications regulator in the UK, published a consultation document in order to gather views from broadcasters, subtitle providers and user associations as to how to improve the quality of live captioning on UK TV to benefit deaf and hard-of-hearing viewers. Following this consultation, Ofcom decided that broadcasters should be required to assess the speed, reduction rate, latency and accuracy of their live captions using the NER model (Romero-Fresco and Martínez 2015). Ofcom also decided that the University of Roehampton (London) would review the measurements provided by broadcasters from a third party standpoint in four stages over two years between 2013 and So far, three of the four measurements have been conducted, including the analysis of 216 programmes belonging to three genres (news, entertainment and chat shows) and broadcast by the BBC, ITV, Channel 4, Five and Sky. The review has covered words, subtitles and 50 hours of TV material. The aim of this presentation is to discuss the results of this review, focusing on the different issues involved in the quality of live subtitles, such as accuracy (including accuracy rates, types of errors and reasons why they are occurring), delay, speed and format. It will also deal with the challenges posed by the hybrid mode (the combination of live subtitles and prerecorded subtitles cued live) introduced in the UK as a result of the Ofcom review in order to improve the quality of subtitling. Initially welcome as a means to introduce 100% accurate and perfectly synchronised subtitles in live programmes, this hybrid mode is also bringing about subtitles with speeds exceeding 400wpm and even 500wpm regularly. Despite not being legible for the viewers, these subtitles contribute to increasing the overall accuracy rate and to decreasing the average delay of the broadcasters output. This presentation will offer some suggestions as to how this issue may be tackled by the subtitling companies and how it can be factored in the accuracy analysis using the NER model. References Romero-Fresco, Pablo & Martínez Pérez, Juan (2015) Accuracy in Live Subtitling- The NER model, in Jorge Díaz Cintas & Rocío Baños (eds) Audiovisual Translation in a Global Context: Mapping an Ever-changing Landscape, London: Palgrave. Pablo Romero-Fresco, P.Romero-Fresco@roehampton.ac.uk Reader in Audiovisual Translation and Filmmaking University of Roehampton - Department of Media, Culture and Language - United Kingdom 12

14 ity 5 th International Symposium Respeaking, Live Subtitling and Accessibility Live TV subtitling in Czech Aleš Pražák - SpeechTech, s.r.o. Abstract: We would like to introduce our solution for live TV subtitling that we provide as a service for the Czech Television, the public service broadcaster in the Czech Republic. We operate a fully automated subtitling system (without a re-speaker) for the subtitling of meetings of the Parliament of the Czech Republic directly from the real acoustic track, using specifically designed speaker-independent speech recognition. At the same time, since we develop both the speech recognition and live subtitling technologies, we implemented a novel approach to live subtitling through re-speaking. We use only one re-speaker doing all the tasks with very close interaction with the recognition system, i.e. instant corrections, speaker colouring, online word additions, etc. Moreover, our subtitling platform is completely distributed our re-speakers operate at home with bidirectional connection to the television company, so the subtitle latency is significantly reduced. We also provide supplementary services, such as language model adaptation for sport programmes, an automatic daily updating of speech recognizer vocabulary for news subtitling, correction and automatic timing of subtitles for programme rerun or re-speaker training using special four-phase training application. We have several years of experience in live TV subtitling, including subtitling of sport events such as Winter Olympic Games or FIFA World Cup. Now we have 8 skilled re-speakers who subtitled almost hours in References Pražák, A., Loose, Z., Trmal, J., Psutka, J. V. & Psutka, J. (2012) Novel Approach to Live Captioning Through Re-speaking: Tailoring Speech Recognition to Re-speaker s Needs. INTERSPEECH, ISCA. Trmal, J.; Pražák, A.; Loose, Z. & Psutka, J. (2010) Online TV Captioning of Czech Parliamentary Sessions. In: Petr Sojka, Ales Horák, Ivan Kopecek & Karel Pala (eds) LNCS (LNAI), vol. 6231, pp , Springer, Heidelberg. Aleš Pražák, ales.prazak@speechtech.cz Project manager SpeechTech, s.r.o. - Czech Republic 13

15 5 th International Symposium Respeaking, Live Subtitling and Accessibility 5 th In The Language of Respeaking Zoe Moores - University of Roehampton Abstract: Subtitle providers in the UK are under particular scrutiny from the communications regulator Ofcom over the accuracy of their live subtitling. Since the very nature of respeaking means it is done in an intense, high-pressure environment, any guidance available on how to achieve more accurate subtitles will benefit trainers, individual subtitlers and deaf and hard of hearing viewers, for whom the degree of accessibility provided depends on the quality of the subtitles they receive. In this paper I present the results of a study into the errors that occur whilst respeaking in English and their causes. The corpus consists of 47 weather forecasts, sampled from the major television channels and totalling almost an hour of respeaking. The style and speed of this programme, along with the variable content that appears within the chatty asides, makes it particularly challenging for the respeaker and a relevant focus for a study on accuracy. In the first half of the corpus, I respoke each clip into a new voice model and replicated key features of in-house subtitling software. Errors were then analysed, potential solutions tested and the clip respoken for a second time. From this detailed analysis, it was possible to create a taxonomy of the English used in respeaking, which revealed the lexical categories errors fell into, the parts of speech that were most affected and the cause of each error. The key features of a respeaking style which maximizes accuracy and reduces the likelihood of errors were revealed. In the second half, consideration was given to whether these findings could be applied to a range of respeakers working with professional software and to the balance between the degree of editing and the impact on the content that the SDH viewer accesses. This presentation concludes with some recommendations based on the findings obtained. References Greenberg, Steven & Fosler-Lussier, Eric (2000) The Uninvited Guest: Information s Role in Guiding the Production of Spontaneous Speech. In: Proceedings Of The CREST Workshop On Models Of Speech Production: Motor Planning And Articulatory Modelling. Kloster Seeon, Germany, May 1-4. Moores, Zoe (2014) Respeaking The Weather Accurately - Why The Nation s Favourite Topic is a Respeaker s Nightmare. UK, London: University of Roehampton (Unpublished dissertation). Roach, Peter (2009) English Phonetics and Phonology A Practical Course Fourth Edition. UK: Cambridge University Press. Romero-Fresco, Pablo (2009) More Haste Less Speed: Edited Versus Verbatim Respoken Subtitles. Vigo International Journal of Applied Linguistics, vol.6, pp Romero-Fresco, Pablo & Martínez, Juan (2014). Accuracy Rate in Live Subtitling - The NER Model. Shockey, Linda (2003) Sound Patterns Of Spoken English. UK: Blackwell Publishing. Zoe Moores, zoe-moores@outlook.com - Graduate Student University of Roehampton - Department of Media, Culture and Language - United Kingdom 14

16 ity 5 th International Symposium Respeaking, Live Subtitling and Accessibility New Approaches to Improve the Quality of Live Subtitling on TV Juan Martínez Pérez - TransMedia Catalonia, UAB, CaiaC Abstract: The aim of this presentation is twofold. First, to define certain quality-related aspects of live subtitling on TV and how to benchmark them, and second to describe the NERstar Editor. This tool is an advanced application for quality measurement and data generation, which has been developed by the author on behalf of SWISS TXT in close collaboration with the German company VerbaVoice. Regarding the first point, two questions arise: what is meant by quality-related aspects of live subtitling on TV and how to define quality benchmarking. Attention should also be paid to the different preferences and expectations of the countries with respect to quality-related criteria in live subtitling on TV, and the many differences in legislation, funding and production models. Language always works within a culture, hence distinct cultural background will also have an impact in quality benchmarking. In other words: quality is a highly complex interplay of very contrasting ideas and often controversial issues. As to the second point, the aim is to present NERstar Editor, a software solution that has specifically been developed for assessing and improving the quality in live subtitling on TV linked to accuracy, delay, speed and display issues. References Romero-Fresco, Pablo & Martínez, Juan (2014) Accuracy Rate in Live Subtitling - The NER Model. Juan Martínez Pérez, juan.martinez@speedchill.com TransMedia Catalonia, CaiaC, UAB, Barcelona - Spain 15

17 5 th International Symposium Respeaking, Live Subtitling and Accessibility 5 th In THEME 2 RESPEAKING: EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES More than meets the ear: Do subtitles matter for the well-educated, speaking hearing-impaired? Katarzyna Stachowiak - Adam Mickiewicz University Abstract: The common belief is that the main target group of interlingual subtiling or closed captions for the deaf and hard of hearing are individuals whose command of spoken language is poor or who do not have that command (Neves 2008). On the other hand, well-educated patients native in a spoken language or with excellent command of it may benefit greatly from subtitles. The aim of the study was to verify to what extent patients with hearing aids and cochlear implants benefit from subtitled media content, and more specifically: live debates. There were three groups of participants with hearing loss: the ones with mild to moderate (up to 55 db), moderately severe to severe (up to 90 db) and profound (> 90 db) hearing loss. Additionally, there were groups of participants unilaterally and bilaterally implanted (implanted for 2 years or more). Particular groups included 40 participants, resulting in the total number of participants equal to 200. The subjects were aged and had higher education. There were 42-66% of females in the groups. The level of understanding speech was above 80% in silence and above 50% in noise in all the participants. The subjects native language and the language of daily use was spoken Polish. The participants were sent two 5-minute films (live debates engaging 3 speakers), one subtitled in Polish. The participants were asked to fill in a questionnaire composed of 20 questions assessing the level of understanding the content with or without subtitling and the satisfaction from the subtitles. The results revealed a significant need for and satisfaction from subtitling, and no correlation with age and the level of understanding speech in silence, nor noise, in all the participants. The fact of having a hearing loss or deafness correlated positively with the level of satisfaction, excluding subjects with mild to moderate hearing impairment. The results shed new light on the debate about potential beneficiaries of subtitling and the need to have media content subtitled, as well as the needs of audience with hearing loss or deafness. References Neves Josélia (2008) 10 fallacies about Subtitling for the d/deaf and the hard of hearing, The Journal of Specialised Translation, vol. 10: 128. Katarzyna Stachowiak, kmstachowiak@gmail.com Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań Department of Psycholinguistic Studies, Faculty of English - Poland 16

18 ity 5 th International Symposium Respeaking, Live Subtitling and Accessibility Are interpreters better respeakers? An exploratory study on respeaking competences Agnieszka Szarkowska - University of Warsaw Łukasz Dutka - University of Warsaw Abstract: In this paper we present preliminary data from the research project Respeaking - competences, process, quality. In the course of respeaking, a number of complex cognitive processes take place, requiring the use of multiple cognitive resources. The main goal of the project is to study these processes and to obtain insight into their cognitive intricacies. In the project, three groups of participants (trainee interpreters, trainee translators and bilinguals with no background in interpreting or translation) are subjected to a number of psychophysiological tests: working memory capacity tests (see Baddeley 1986), paraphrasing tests (see Christoffels and de Groot 2004) and respeaking tests. During the respeaking tests, participants brain activity is monitored by EEG (Emotiv), their eye movements are recorded by an eye tracker, while their computer activity is examined through screen recording software. These tools serve to understand the respeaking process by analysing cognitive resources used by participants while respeaking. EEG enables us to verify the level of the engagement of different parts of the brain during respeaking and the lateralisation of brain functions (Fabbro et al. 1990). Eye tracking helps identify prominent areas which attract the respeaker s visual attention. The respoken subtitles created by the study participants undergo a qualitative and quantitative analysis using the NERstar software (Martínez Pérez 2013). We hypothesise that interpreting trainees - as opposed to trainee translators - are better predisposed to respeaking owing to a number of similarities between interpreting and respeaking. References Baddeley, Alan D. (1986) Working Memory. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Christoffels, Ingrid K., Annette M. B. De Groot, Judith F. Kroll (2006) Memory and language skills in simultaneous interpreters: The role of expertise and language proficiency. Journal of Memory and Language 54 (3), Martínez Pérez, Juan (2013) NERStar. Speech technology accuracy rate. Paper presented at the Media for All 5 conference in Dubrovnik, September Romero-Fresco, Pablo (2011) Subtitling through Speech Recognition: Respeaking. Manchester: St Jerome. Romero-Fresco, Pablo (2012) Respeaking in Translator Training Curricula. Present and Future Prospects. The Interpreter and Translator Trainer, 6(1), Agnieszka Szarkowska, a.szarkowska@uw.edu.pl Assistant Professor - University of Warsaw - Institute of Applied Linguistics - Poland Łukasz Dutka, lukasz.stanislaw.dutka@gmail.com - University of Warsaw Institute of Applied Linguistics - Poland 17

19 5 th International Symposium Respeaking, Live Subtitling and Accessibility 5 th In Tapping the linguistic competence in the respeaking process: comparing intralingual paraphrasing done by interpreting trainees, translation trainees and bilinguals Agnieszka Chmiel, Agnieszka Lijewska - Adam Mickiewicz University Łukasz Dutka, Agnieszka Szarkowska - University of Warsaw Izabela Krejtz, Krzysztof Krejtz - University of Social Sciences and Humanities Abstract: Respeakers need to master a number of linguistic and technical competences (Arumí Ribas & Romero Fresco 2008, Romero Fresco 2012, Eugeni 2008). Among them is the ability to listen and speak at the same time in the same language or to translate the words spoken in a live programme into another language. Other necessary linguistic skills are the ability to paraphrase and condense the text (Luycks et al. 2010, Sandrelli 2013) as well as the ability to simultaneously listen to other speakers and to one s own voice in order to control the intonation and correctness of the respoken text (Romero Fresco 2011). Thus, respeaking involves a re-expression skill similar to the one applied in simultaneous interpreting (Romero-Fresco 2011: 45). We have conducted a study to test whether due to their interpreting skills, interpreting trainees would perform significantly better in a paraphrasing task understood as a subcomponent of respeaking. 15 interpreting trainees, 15 translation trainees and 6 non-interpreting and non-translating bilinguals participated in a two-day intensive respeaking course and then in an intralingual paraphrasing study. They were asked to paraphrase three types of sentences. Type 1 included semantic redundancies (which could be replaced by hyperonyms), type 2 included oral discourse markers (which could be omitted without sense loss) and type 3 included false starters (which could be normalized). The participants performed the paraphrasing in a delayed condition (respeaking a given sentence after they have finished listening to it) or in a simultaneous condition (respeaking a given sentence while listening to it). In the analysis we looked at group differences in the ear-voice span and correlated the quantitative data with the quality of the paraphrases and the participants memory scores. We hypothesize that interpreting trainees as opposed to trainee translators and bilinguals will be better predisposed to respeaking thanks a number of similarities between interpreting and respeaking, and also thanks to their well-trained working memory. 18

20 ity 5 th International Symposium Respeaking, Live Subtitling and Accessibility References Arumí Ribas, Marta & Romero-Fresco, Pablo (2008) A Practical Proposal for the Training of Respeakers. The Journal of Specialised Translation 10, pp Eugeni, Carlo (2008) Le sous-titrage en direct: aspects théoretiques, professionels et didactiques. Macerata: Eum. Luyckx, Bieke, Delbeke, Tijs, Van Waes, Luuk, Leijten, Marielle & Remael, Aline (2010) Live subtitling with speech recognition. Causes and consequences of text reduction. Romero-Fresco, Pablo (2011) Subtitling through Speech Recognition: Respeaking. Manchester: St Jerome. Romero-Fresco, Pablo (2012) Respeaking in Translator Training Curricula. Present and Future Prospects. The Interpreter and Translator Trainer 6(1), pp Romero-Fresco, Pablo (2013) Quality and NER in the UK. Paper presented at the 4th International Symposium on Live Subtitling in Barcelona, March Sandrelli, Annalisa (2013) Reduction strategies and accuracy rate in live subtitling of weather forecasts: a case study. Paper presented at the 4th International Symposium on Live Subtitling in Barcelona, March Agnieszka Chmiel, Agnieszka.Chmiel@amu.edu.pl Assistant Professor Adam Mickiewicz University - Faculty of English - Department of Translation Studies - Poland Agnieszka Lijewska, alijewska@wa.amu.edu.pl Assistant Professor Adam Mickiewicz University - Faculty of English - Department of Psycholinguistic Studies - Poland Łukasz Dutka, lukasz.stanislaw.dutka@gmail.com Consultant University of Warsaw - Institute of Applied Linguistics - Poland Agnieszka Szarkowska, a.szarkowska@uw.edu.pl Assistant Professor University of Warsaw - Institute of Applied Linguistics - Poland Izabela Krejtz, iza.krejtz@gmail.com Assistant Professor University of Social Sciences and Humanities Interdisciplinary Center for Applied Cognitive Studies - Poland Krzysztof Krejtz, kkrejtz@opi.org.pl Assistant Professor University of Social Sciences and Humanities - Poland 19