CHANGING WELFARE STATES
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1 CHANGING WELFARE STATES FROM COMPENSATING TO CAPACITATING SOLIDARITY IN EURO CRISIS TIMES ANTON HEMERIJCK, VU UNIVERSITY AMSTERDAM BOOK LAUNCH NEUJOBS/OSE NAR/CNT, BRUSSELS, 29 JANUARY 2013
2 OUTLINE 1. Economic crises and welfare regime change 2. European welfare states in motion 3. Euro crisis and social investment imperatives 2 Faculteit der Sociale Wetenschappen
3 1. ECONOMIC CRISES AND WELFARE REGIME CHANGE
4 ECONOMIC CRISES AND REGIME CHANGE Great Depression (financial crisis) Search for Stability embedded liberalism 50/60 Social protection as economic stabilization Great Stagflation (real ecomomy crisis) Challenge of Flexibility institutional liberalisation 80/90 through gradual retrenchment, deregulation, and drift Great Recession (financial crisis) Resilience Imperative (shock absorbing through flexible adjustment in labour market stock and flow ) 4 Faculteit der Sociale Wetenschappen
5 2. EUROPEAN WELFARE STATES IN MOTION
6 BIG (POLICY) CHANGES From Keynesianism to moderate monetarism (EMU/SGP) Cost-competitive wage moderation Selective sobering social insurance Activation conditionality and active labour market policy Labour marker de-segmentation ( flexicurity ) Minimum income protection (selective universalism) Multi-pillar pension reform (life expectancy factored in) Dual earner family support (de-familialisation) Human capital (re-)discovered as key life course buffer Financial hybridisation (from social insurance to tax financing and private contributions) 6 Faculteit der Sociale Wetenschappen
7 GDP PER CAPITA 7 Faculteit der Sociale Wetenschappen
8 PUBLIC SOCIAL SPENDING, GDP AND DEFICITS 8 Faculteit der Sociale Wetenschappen
9 EMPLOYMENT/POPULATION RATIO 9 Faculteit der Sociale Wetenschappen
10 FEMALE ACTIVITY RATE AGED FROM 1987 TO Faculteit der Sociale Wetenschappen
11 FEMALE EMPLOYMENT AND FERTILITY Faculteit der Sociale Wetenschappen
12 FEMALE EMPLOYMENT AND FERTILITY Faculteit der Sociale Wetenschappen
13 EMPLOYMENT RATE OF OLDER WORKERS 13 Faculteit der Sociale Wetenschappen
14 EMPLOYMENT, LIFE LONG LEARNING AND EXIT AGE 14 Faculteit der Sociale Wetenschappen
15 EMPLOYMENT PROTECTION STRICTNESS (OECD) 15 Faculteit der Sociale Wetenschappen
16 EMPLOYMENT BY LEVEL OF EDUCATION (2007) 16 Faculteit der Sociale Wetenschappen
17 PISA READING SCORES 17 Faculteit der Sociale Wetenschappen
18 EARLY SCHOOL LEAVERS 18 Faculteit der Sociale Wetenschappen
19 GINI COEFFICIENT 19 Faculteit der Sociale Wetenschappen
20 COMPENSATING AND CAPACITATING SOCIAL SPENDING 20 Faculteit der Sociale Wetenschappen
21 BEYOND SOCIAL RETRENCHMENT (WITH EXCEPTIONS) From fighting unemployment to raising employment in ageing socieities From compensating income equality (Rawls) towards capacitating fairness in reciprocity (Sen/Dworkin) undergirded by universal minimum income protection Active family support to pre-empt precarious life course contingencies ( new social risks) Semi-sovereign (service oriented) welfare states (EMU) presuppose strong local institutional capacities Key drivers: erosion of effective (male) breadwinner provision (because economic and family-demography change) and European (economic) integration 21 Faculteit der Sociale Wetenschappen
22 FOUR (OR FIVE) EUROPEAN WELFARE REGIMES Nordic (robust dual earner model) > Universal income security > Strong family servicing for high employment participation Continental (beyond welfare without work) > High social insurance benefits, contingent on employment record > Slow on support for working families/flexicurity dualization risks Mediterranean (inertia through fragmentation/clientelism) > Strict labour market regulation, underdeveloped safety nets, poor edu. > Family compensates (poorly) for deficient formal care provision (poor institutional capacities) segmentation backlash Anglo-Irish (genuine social investment turn) > Individualized low social benefits > Social investments unable to turn tide of inequality NMS hybridization (social investment catching-up) > Minimum benefits, social insurance and elementary social services > Falling demand for low skill jobs 22 Faculteit der Sociale Wetenschappen
23 3. EURO CRISIS AND SOCIAL INVESTMENT IMPERATIVES
24 EURO CRISIS WAKE-UP CALL FOR EUROPEAN WELFARE STATES AND EMU GOVERNANCE dramatic youth unemployment (hysteresis/baby crunch) continuing fragile global economic and financial situation worrying social policy legacies in Greece, Spain, Italy devastatingly exposed asymmetric competitiveness and social divergencies threatening macro-economic viability EMU with front-loading austerity aggravating costs fiscal consolidation in times of contraction and deleveraging spectre of lost decade for Europe (long depression in the face of high cost ageing EU political instability) social investment can no longer be dismissed as fair weather policy (as in Lisbon Agenda years)! 24 Faculteit der Sociale Wetenschappen
25 Social retrenchment Social investment TWO COMPETING Axiomatic-deductive THEORIES OF POST-CRISIS Empirical-inductive WELFARE REFORM Policy problem Cost containment Revenue raising Core policy imperative Policy theory Engineer risk shift to the private spheres / deregulation Trade-off equity and efficiency crowding out private economic initiative Maximize employment in open economy crowding in social investment economic synergies (devil in detail) Policy instruments Macro-economic Policy Targeted minimum poverty provision ex post Fiscal (procyclical) consolidation SGP, inflation targeting EMU, nobail-out EU Treaty Mitigate life cycle contingencies ex ante (skills/gender/family) Optimize stock and flow over the life course Macroeconomic stabilization more than fighting inflation (sailing anti-cyclically against wind) Institutional capacities Positive/negative State theory Political discourse Take out market barriers through NPM transaction cost (contracting out) discipline low-trust rentseekers TINA ( European social model is dead Mario Draghi) Institutions as both constraints and resources (high-trust public regarding social partnerships) and quality public services Capacitating and caring solidarity (recalibration ESM) 25 Faculteit der Sociale Wetenschappen
26 ALIGNING PRODUCTIVITY ( STOCK ) AND PARTICIPATION ( FLOW ) OVER LIFE COURSE Without a magic growth driver, sustainable employment best guarantee for growth and social cohesion in ageing European societies social investment»crowding in«(high employment and labour productivity returns) instead of ridistributive»crowding out«private economic initiative Importance of institutional complementarities: > Human capital investment push > Child-centered investment strategy > Reconciling work and family life > Later and flexible retirement (and permanent adult education) > Migration (circular) and integration through education and participation > Minimum income support aligned to capacitating service provision > Health care: saving lives and costs But, pro-active shift towards new social risk recalibration anathema to anti-eu domestic politics of old risk national welfare chauvinism and EMU/SGP default theory at EU level 26 Faculteit der Sociale Wetenschappen
27 EU SOCIAL INVESTMENT IMPERATIVES 1. EU existential (economic and political) interests in addressing social asymmetries to forge economic stabilization in (slower) adjustment 2. Because of ageing, human capital cannot be allowed to go to waste through semi-permanent inactivity (as was the case in the 80s and 90s) 3. Social investment (because of positive macroeconomic effects) must be anchored in EU macroeconomic and budgetary governance and financial regulation that support durable and balanced growth in the real economy to achieve long-term symmetry (gradual regime change) 5. Fiscal discipline must be allowed to deliver social investment, i.e. collective action and supranatonal instruments needed (Eurobonds, Project Funds) in conditional reciprocity over realistic social investment reforms and agreed to budget consolidation monitoring 6. Social investment can be politically embedded in an attractive normative conception of a closer caring Europe2020 Strategy 7. Money is cheap; but adjustment time consuming (no quick fixes ) Unlearning most difficult part of policy learning! 27 Faculteit der Sociale Wetenschappen
28 PRAISE FOR CHANGING WELFARE STATES Anton Hemerijck s Changing Welfare States is a tour de force. Ranging broadly across countries, time periods, and policy areas, the book provides an overview of where we have been and where we might fruitfully go in terms of welfare state policy. The theoretical framework he advances deftly combines the best of institutional accounts and policy learning models into a realistic view of the possibilities of politics within evolving institutional constraints. Essential reading for scholars and policy makers alike. Kathleen Thelen, Ford Professor of Political Science, MIT Changing Welfare States is about making or breaking Europe about moving to form a social union that supports and benefits from the proposed Fiscal Union, or saving the euro and satisfying the banks at the expense of European solidarity and social well-being. In these essays, Hemerijck outlines a "Social Investment Pact" and Social Union wherein national welfare states are re-embedded at the European level and integrated with EU-markets. The European social space he describes is one that could accommodate large-scale trans-european investment of the sort needed to save major parts of Europe from becoming entrapped in a permanent economic depression. We can opt for a caring Europe or an unraveling Europe, and Hemerijck s well-researched book makes the choice clear. Stephan Leibfried, Professor of Political Science, University of Bremen and Jacobs University Bremen 28 Faculteit der Sociale Wetenschappen
29 THANK YOU
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