CHAPTER 7 PATTERNS OF ACADEMIC THOUGHT. Kyae-Sung Park

Transcription

1 CHAPTER 7 PATTERNS OF ACADEMIC THOUGHT Kyae-Sung Park 1

2 Learning Objectives To recognize common thought patterns 2

3 Key Words Definition Classification Order of sequence Cause and effect Comparison and contrast 3

4 Patterns of Thought Regardless of academic fields, scholars including researchers, textbook authors, and professors use standard approaches or patterns of thought to organize and express their ideas 4

5 Patterns of Thought 1. Focus on reading by enabling you to anticipate the author s thought development 2. Remember and recall what you read 3. Express your ideas more coherently in your own writing 5

6 Types of Thought Patterns 6

7 Definition Genetics is the scientific study of heredity, the transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring. 7

8 Definition (p. 175) To introduce notions and specialized vocabulary frequently used in the academic discipline 8

9 Transitional Words for Definition genetics is Bureaucracy (also) means patronage refers to aggression can be defined as.. deficit is another term that 9

10 Classificaiton Types of Bones Long bones Short bones Flat bones Irregular bones 10

11 Classification (178) Divides a broad topic into parts on the basis of common or shared characteristics Movies: comedy, tragedy, horror, mystery, etc. 11

12 Transitional Words for Classification there are several kinds of/numerous types of reproduction can be classified as the human skeleton is composed of muscles comprise one/another type of 12

13 Chronology In 1960 In 1964 In 1967 In

14 Transitional Words for Chronology In ancient times At the start of the battle On September 12 The first primate species Later efforts 14

15 Process In Stage 1 In Stage 2 In Stage 3 In Stage 4 15

16 Order of Importance The first (most importantly) The second The third Finally 16

17 Transitional Words for Order of Importance Is less essential than More revealing is Of primary interest is first, next, last, most important, primarily, secondarily, etc. 17

18 Order of Sequence (182) Chronology: the sequence in which events occur in time Process: procedures, steps, or stages by which actions are accomplished Order of Importance: the sequence in order of priority or preference Spatial Order: information organized according to its physical location or position 18

19 Cause & Effect Why? Reason 1 Reason 4 Reason 2 Reason 3 19

20 Cause and Effect (191) A relationship between two or more actions, events, or occurrences that are connected in time 20

21 Transitional Words for Cause/Effect stress causes aggression creates depression leads to forethought yields mental retardation stems from life changes produce hostility breeds avoidance results in therefore, consequently, hence, for this reason, since, etc. 21

22 Exercise!!! 1. Read the passage. 2. Identify its pattern of thought. 3. Find the transitional words. 4. (Orally) summarize the passage. 22

23 Passage #1 (p. 178) Pattern of thought? Transitional words? Write a brief summary. 23

24 The name of the cancer is derived from the type of tissue in which it develops. Carcinoma refers to a malignant tumor consisting of epithelial cells. A tumor that develops from a gland is called an adenosarcoma. Sarcoma is a general term for any cancer arising from connective tissue. Osteogenic sarcomas, the most frequent type of childhood cancer, destroy normal bone tissue and eventually spread to other areas of the body. Myelomas are malignant tumors, occurring in middle-aged and older people, that interfere with the blood-cellproducing function of bone marrow and cause anemia. Chondrosarcomas are cancerous growths of cartilage. (Introduction to the Human Body) 24

25 The name of the cancer is derived from the type of tissue in which it develops. Carcinoma refers to a malignant tumor consisting of epithelial cells. A tumor that develops from a gland is called an adenosarcoma. Sarcoma is a general term for any cancer arising from connective tissue. Osteogenic sarcomas, the most frequent type of childhood cancer, destroy normal bone tissue and eventually spread to other areas of the body. Myelomas are malignant tumors, occurring in middle-aged and older people, that interfere with the blood-cellproducing function of bone marrow and cause anemia. Chondrosarcomas are cancerous growths of cartilage. (Introduction to the Human Body) 25

26 Cancer can be classified as follows: 1. Carcinoma: a tumor consisting of epithelial cells 2. Adenosarcoma: develops from a gland 3. Sarcoma: arises from connective tissue 4. Osteogenic sarcomas: destroy normal bone tissue 5. Myelomas: interfere with the blood-cellproducing function of bone marrow. 6. Chondrosarcomas: cancerous growths of cartilage 26

27 Passage #2 (p. 182) Pattern of thought? Transitional words? Write a brief summary. 27

28 The pretext for full-scale intervention in Vietnam came in late July On July 30, South Vietnamese PT boats attacked bases in the Gulf of Tonkin inside North Vietnamese waters. Simultaneously, the Maddox, an American destroyer, steamed into the area to disrupt North Vietnamese communication facilities. On August 2, possibly seeing the two separate (The Pursuit of Liberty: A History of the American People) 28

29 The pretext for full-scale intervention in Vietnam came in late July On July 30, South Vietnamese PT boats attacked bases in the Gulf of Tonkin inside North Vietnamese waters. Simultaneously, the Maddox, an American destroyer, steamed into the area to disrupt North Vietnamese communication facilities. On August 2, possibly seeing the two separate (The Pursuit of Liberty: A History of the American People) 29

30 How full-scale intervention in Vietnam began 1. July 30, 1964: South Vietnamese PT boats attacked bases in the Gulf of Tonkin 2. July 30, 1964: the Maddox, an American destroyer, steamed into the area to disrupt North Vietnamese communication facilities 3. August 2, 1964: 30

31 Passage #3 (p. 183) Pattern of thought? Transitional words? Write a brief summary. 31

32 Let us track your brain waves through the night. As you prepare to go to bed, an EEG records that your brain waves are moving along at a rate of about 14 cycles per second (cps). Once you are comfortably in bed, you begin to relax and your brain waves slow down to a rate of about 8 to 12 cps. When you fall asleep, you enter your sleep cycle, each of whose stages shows a distinct EEG pattern. In Stage 1 sleep, the EEG shows brain waves of about 3 to 7 cps. During Stage 2, the EEG is characterized by sleep spindles, minute bursts of electrical activity 12 to 16 cps. In the next two stages (3 and 4) of sleep, you enter into a very deep state of relaxed sleep. (Psychology and Life) 32

33 Let us track your brain waves through the night. As you prepare to go to bed, an EEG records that your brain waves are moving along at a rate of about 14 cycles per second (cps). Once you are comfortably in bed, you begin to relax and your brain waves slow down to a rate of about 8 to 12 cps. When you fall asleep, you enter your sleep cycle, each of whose stages shows a distinct EEG pattern. In Stage 1 sleep, the EEG shows brain waves of about 3 to 7 cps. During Stage 2, the EEG is characterized by sleep spindles, minute bursts of electrical activity 12 to 16 cps. In the next two stages (3 and 4) of sleep, you enter into a very deep state of relaxed sleep. 33

34 What occurs in the brain during sleep 1. Stage 1: the EEG shows brain waves of about 3 to 7 cps 2. Stage 2: the EEG is characterized by sleep spindles, minute bursts of electrical activity 12 to 16 cps 3. Stages 3 & 4: enter into a very deep state of relaxed sleep 34

35 Passage #4 Pattern of thought? Transitional words? Write a brief summary. 35

36 The united states downward trend in standard of living has many different causes, of which only a few major ones can be identified here. Most important is probably deindustrialization, the massive loss of manufacturing jobs as many U.S. corporations move their production to poor, laborcheap countries. But deindustrialization hurts mostly low-skilled manufacturing workers. Most of the well-educated, high-skilled employees in service industries are left unscathed. Deindustrialization alone is therefore not enough to explain the economic decline. Another major factor is the great increase in consumption and decrease in savings. Like their government, people spend more than they earn and become deeply in debt. Those who (Sociology) 36

37 The united states downward trend in standard of living has many different causes, of which only a few major ones can be identified here. Most important is probably deindustrialization, the massive loss of manufacturing jobs as many U.S. corporations move their production to poor, laborcheap countries. But deindustrialization hurts mostly low-skilled manufacturing workers. Most of the well-educated, high-skilled employees in service industries are left unscathed. Deindustrialization alone is therefore not enough to explain the economic decline. Another major factor is the great increase in consumption and decrease in savings. Like their government, people spend more than they earn and become deeply in debt. Those who 37

38 Effect: the US economic decline Cause 1: deindustrialization Cause 2: great increase in consumption and decrease in savings 38

39 Passage #5 (p. 191) Pattern of thought? Transitional words? Write a brief summary. 39

40 Why do fashions occur in the first place? One reason is that some cultures, like ours, value change: what is new is good, what is newer is even better. Thus, in many modern societies clothing styles change yearly, while people in traditional societies may wear the same style for generations. A second reason is that many industries quick changes in fashion to increase sales. A third reason is (Sociology) 40

41 Why do fashions occur in the first place? One reason is that some cultures, like ours, value change: what is new is good, what is newer is even better. Thus, in many modern societies clothing styles change yearly, while people in traditional societies may wear the same style for generations. A second reason is that many industries quick changes in fashion to increase sales. A third reason is 41

42 Why fashions occur Reason 1: changes in value Reason 2: to increase sales 42

43 Comparison and Contrast (196) A thought pattern used to emphasize or discuss similarities and differences between or among ideas, theories, concepts, or events. 43

44 Passage #6 (p. 191) Pattern of thought? Transitional words? Write a brief summary. 44

45 Small business are likely to have less formal purchasing processes. A small retail grocer might, for example, purchase a computer system after visiting a few suppliers to compare prices and features, while a large grocery store chain might collect bids from a specified number of vendors and then evaluate those bids on pre-established criteria (Principles of Marketing) 45

46 Small business are likely to have less formal purchasing processes. A small retail grocer might, for example, purchase a computer system after visiting a few suppliers to compare prices and features, while a large grocery store chain might collect bids from a specified number of vendors and then evaluate those bids on pre-established criteria 46

47 Transitional Words for Comparison & Contrast unlike Whitman, Frost contrasted with Whitman, Frost Frost differs from similarities between Frost is as powerful as 47

48 Transitional Words for Comparison & Contrast Comparison: similarly, likewise, correspondingly, in the same way Contrast: in contrast, however, on the other hand, as opposed to, whereas, in a like manner 48

49 More Exercises (optional)! 7-1 (p.176) 7-2 (pp ) 7-4 (pp ) 7-7 (p. 185) 7-12 (pp ) 7-14 (pp ) 7-18 (pp ) 7-27 (pp ) 49