Practice Test 1. Activity 3 (p. 9) shareholder n A shareholder is a person who owns

Transcription

1 4 Practice Test 1 Module 1 - Activity 1 (p. 6-7) exempt v To exempt a person or thing from a particular rule, duty, or obligation means to state officially that they are not bound or affected by it. ä His health exempted him from military service. F áðáëëüóóù Þ åîáéñþ (âüñïõò, õðï ñýùóçò, êëð.) ratify a treaty phr When national leaders or organizations ratify a treaty or written agreement, they make it official by giving their formal approval to it, usually by signing it or voting for it. ä The parliaments of Australia and Indonesia have yet to ratify the treaty. F åðéêõñþíù óýìöùíï slash v To slash something such as costs, jobs or pollution means to reduce them by a large amount. ä Everyone agrees that subsidies have to be slashed. F ðåñéêüðôù äñáóôéêü output n Output is used to refer to the amount of something that a person or thing produces. ä Manual workers need a good breakfast for high-energy output. F óõíïëéêþ ðáñáãùãþ incentive n If something is an incentive to do something, it encourages you to do it. ä There is little or no incentive to adopt such measures. F êßíçôñï raft (of sth) n A raft of people or things is a lot of them. ä He has surrounded himself with a raft of advisers who are very radical. F μεγάλος αριθμός ατόμων ή πραγμάτων closure n The closure of a place such as a business or factory is the permanent ending of the work or activity there. ä...the closure of the Ravenscraig steelworks. F κλείσιμο sulphur n Sulphur is a yellow chemical which has a strong smell.ä The air reeks of sulphur. F èåéüöé, èåßï advocate n An advocate of a particular action or plan is someone who recommends it publicly. ä He was a strong advocate of free market policies and a multi-party system. F õðåñáóðéóôþò, õðýñìá ïò curb v If you curb something, you control it and keep it within limits. ä...advertisements aimed at curbing the spread of Aids... F êáôáóôýëëù pledge n When someone makes a pledge, they make a serious promise that they will do something. ä The meeting ended with a pledge to step up cooperation between the six states of the region. F äåóìåõôéêþ õðüó åóç prompt v To prompt someone to do something means to make them decide to do it. ä Japan s recession has prompted consumers to cut back on buying cars. F ùèþ, ðñïôñýðù, ðáñáêéíþ adhere v If you adhere to a rule or agreement, you act in the way that it says you should. ä All members of the association adhere to a strict code of practice. F τηρώ (κατά γράμμα) implementation n Something which is required in order to fulfil a purpose. ä Very little has been achieved in the implementation of the peace agreement signed last January. F åöáñìïãþ, ðñáãìáôïðïßçóç emerge v If a fact or result emerges from a period of thought, discussion, or investigation, it becomes known as a result of it. ä The emerging caution over numbers is perhaps only to be expected. F áíáäýïìáé, îåðñïâüëëù, áíáöáßíïìáé initiative n An initiative is an important act or statement that is intended to solve a problem. ä Government initiatives to help young people have been inadequate. F ðñùôïâïõëßá prior n You use prior to indicate that something has already happened, or must happen, before another event takes place. ä He claimed he had no prior knowledge of the protest. F ðñüôåñïò, ðñïçãïýìåíïò, ðñïãåíýóôåñïò upcoming adj Upcoming events will happen in the near future. ä...the upcoming Asian Games in Peking... F åðåñ üìåíïò withhold v If you withhold something that someone wants, you do not let them have it. ä The captain decided to withhold the terrible news even from his officers. F áðïêñýðôù, áðïóéùðþ Activity 2 (p.8) merge v If one thing merges with another, or is merged with another, they combine or come together to make one whole thing. You can also say that two things merge, or are merged. ä Bank of America merged with a rival bank. F (óõí)åíþíù-ïìáé, (ãéá åðé åéñþóåéò) óõã ùíåýù-ïìáé resume v If you resume an activity or if it resumes, it begins again.ä After the war he resumed his duties at Emmanuel College. F áñ ßæù åê íýïõ, îáíáñ ßæù, óõíå ßæù ensuing adj Ensuing events happen immediately after other events. ä The ensuing argument had been bitter. F ðïõ åðáêïëïõèåß Þ Ýðåôáé forum n A forum is a place, situation, or group in which people exchange ideas and discuss issues, especially important public issues. ä Members of the council agreed that it still had an important role as a forum for discussion. F (ìôö.) ôüðïò äçìüóéáò óõæþôçóçò preparedness n Preparedness is the state of being ready for something to happen, especially for war or a disaster. ä The situation in the capital forced them to maintain military preparedness. F ðñïåôïéìáóßá rife adj If you say that something, usually something bad, is rife in a place or that the place is rife with it, you mean that it is very common. ä Bribery and corruption were rife in the industry. F (ãéá êüôé áíåðéèýìçôï) åõñýôáôá äéáäåäïìýíïò, âñßèùí get through phr.v If you get through to someone, you succeed in making them understand something that you are trying to tell them. ä An old friend might well be able to get through to her and help her. F κάνω êüðïéïõ íá êáôáëüâåé, áðåõèýíïìáé óôç íïçìïóýíç êüðïéïõ Activity 3 (p. 9) shareholder n A shareholder is a person who owns

2 shares in a company. ä...a shareholders meeting. F êüôï ïò ìåôï þí, ìýôï ïò brainstorming n The practice of trying to solve problems or develop new ideas and strategies, etc by intensive group discussion in which suggestions and thoughts are put forward spontaneously. ä Le Shuttle was chosen after hundreds of other ideas had been tried and discarded during two years of brainstorming. F ðñïóðüèåéá åðßëõóçò ðñïâëþìáôïò ìå óõíå åßò êáé åðßðïíåò óõóêýøåéò, ðñïâëçìáôéóìüò courtesy of phr If you say that one thing happens courtesy of another or by courtesy of another, you mean that the second thing causes or is responsible for the first thing. ä The air was fresh, courtesy of three holes in the roof. F êáôü ðáñá þñéóéí ôïõ, ìå ôçí åõãåíþ ðñïóöïñü booth n A booth is a small area separated from a larger public area by screens or thin walls where, for example, people can make a telephone call or vote in secret. ä I called her from a public phone booth near the entrance to the bar F èáëáìßóêïò, ìéêñüò éäéáßôåñïò þñïò earpiece n The earpiece of a telephone receiver, hearing aid, or other device is the part that you hold up to your ear or put into your ear. F áêïõóôéêü ôçëåöþíïõ inter-lingual adj Of, relating to, or involving two or more languages. F äéáãëùóóéêüò Activity 4 (p. 9) lure v To lure someone means to trick them into a particular place or to trick them into doing something that they should not do. ä He lured her to his home and shot her with his father s gun. F óáãçíåýù, äåëåüæù, «ðáñáóýñù» Activity 5 (p ) forefront n If you are at the forefront of a campaign or other activity, you have a leading and influential position in it. ä They have been at the forefront of the campaign for political change. F óôçí ðñþôç ãñáììþ unscrupulous adj If you describe a person as unscrupulous, you are critical of the fact that they are prepared to act in a dishonest or immoral way in order to get what they want. ä...the unscrupulous use of hostages. F áíåíäïßáóôïò, áäßóôáêôïò, ðïõ äåí Ý åé çèéêïýò öñáãìïýò bondage n Bondage is the condition of being someone s property and having to work for them. ä Masters often hired out their slaves and sometimes allowed them to share in earnings and to buy their way out of bondage. F äïõëåßá, óêëáâéü molten adj Molten rock, metal, or glass has been heated to a very high temperature and has become a hot thick liquid. ä The molten metal is poured into the mould. F ëåéùìýíïò, ôåôçãìýíïò Þ áíáëýùôïò ìå èýñìáíóç brassware n F ìðñïýíôæá, ïñåé Üëêéíá áíôéêåßìåíá, óêåýç Þ åßäç pesticide n Pesticides are chemicals which farmers put on their crops to kill harmful insects. F ðáñáóéôïêôüíï legislation n Legislation consists of a law or laws passed by a government. ä...a letter calling for legislation to protect women s rights. F íïìïèåóßá, éó ýïõóá Þ êåßìåíç íïìïèåóßá enforcement n If someone carries out the enforcement of an act or rule, they enforce it. ä The doctors want stricter enforcement of existing laws, such as those banning sales of cigarettes to children. F (ãéá íüìïõò, êëð.) åðéâïëþ, åöáñìïãþ compulsory adj If something is compulsory, you must do it or accept it, because it is the law or because someone in a position of authority says you must. ä In East Germany learning Russian was compulsory. F õðï ñåùôéêüò, (åî)áíáãêáóôéêüò lobby v If you lobby someone such as a member of a government or council, you try to persuade them that a particular law should be changed or that a particular thing should be done. ä...they lobbied Parliament last week to demand a better financial deal. F áóêþ (ðáñáóêçíéáêþ) ðïëéôéêþ ðßåóç unionise v To organize (a workforce) into a trade union or trade unions. F óõíäéêáëßæù exploitation n Exploitation is when somebody uses your work or ideas unfairly and gives you little in return. ä...the planned exploitation of its potential oil and natural gas reserves. F åêìåôüëëåõóç hazardous adj Something that is hazardous is dangerous, especially to people s health or safety. ä They have no way to dispose of the hazardous waste they produce. F åðéêßíäõíïò sanction n Sanctions are measures taken by countries to restrict trade and official contact with a country that has broken international law. ä The continued abuse of human rights has now led the United States to impose sanctions against the regime. F êýñùóç, ôéìùñßá provision n A provision in a law or an agreement is an arrangement which is included in it. ä He backed a provision that would allow judges to delay granting a divorce decree in some cases. F äéüôáîç, üñïò, ñþôñá transnational adj Extending beyond national boundaries or being of concern to more than one nation. F õðåñåèíéêüò signator n F êüðïéïò ðïõ óõíõðïãñüöåé óõìöùíßá, êëð. apartheid n Apartheid was a political system in South Africa in which people were divided into racial groups and kept apart by law. ä He praised her role in the struggle against apartheid. F öõëåôéêýò äéáêñßóåéò predominant adj If something is predominant, it is more important or noticeable than anything else in a set of people or things. ä Amanda s predominant emotion was that of confusion. F ðïõ åðéêñáôåß Þ äåóðüæåé, êõñßáñ ïò federation n A federation is a group of societies or other organizations which have joined together, usually because they share a common interest. ä...the British Athletic Federation... F ïìïóðïíäßá ÊÑÁÔÉÊÏ Ã1 - Companion 5

3 6 affiliate v If an organization is affiliated with another larger organization, it is officially connected with the larger organization or is a member of it. ä Their country is not affiliated to the Organisation of African Unity. F åíôüóóù Þ åéóäý ïìáé, ãßíïìáé ìýëïò transit n If people or things are in transit, they are traveling or being taken from one place to another. ä They halted transit of EC livestock. F äéüâáóç, ìåôüâáóç, ìåôáöïñü delegate n A delegate is a person who is chosen to be the representative for another person or group of people at a conference or meeting. ä The delegates met in Geneva. F áðåóôáëìýíïò, åêðñüóùðïò, áíôéðñüóùðïò core n The core of an object, building, or city is the central part of it. ä The core of the city is a series of ancient squares. F ðõñþíáò, κέντρο legitimate adj Something that is legitimate is acceptable according to the law. ä The French government has condemned the coup in Haiti and has demanded the restoration of the legitimate government. F íüìéìïò registration n The registration of something such as a person s name or the details of an event is the recording of it in an official list. ä They have campaigned strongly for compulsory registration of dogs. F åããñáöþ, êáôá þñéóç monitor v If you monitor something, you regularly check its development or progress, and sometimes comment on it. ä Officials had not been allowed to monitor the voting. F åðïðôåýù, ðáñáêïëïõèþ, åëýã ù conduct n Someone s conduct is the way they behave in particular situations. ä He has trouble understanding that other people judge him by his social skills and his conduct. F óõìðåñéöïñü, äéáãùãþ tremendous adj You use tremendous to emphasize how strong a feeling or quality is, or how large an amount is. ä I felt a tremendous pressure on my chest. F ôåñüóôéïò, ðåëþñéïò urgency n If something is urgent, it needs to be dealt with as soon as possible. ä There is an urgent need for food and water. F ðßåóç ñüíïõ, ôï åðåßãïí, âéüóç comply v If someone or something complies with an order or set of rules, they are in accordance with what is required or expected. ä The commander said that the army would comply with the ceasefire. F óõììïñöþíïìáé, ðåéèáñ þ, åðéäåéêíýù óõììüñöùóç Þ õðáêïþ Module 2 - Activity 1 (p.14) mediation n If something mediates a particular process or event, it allows that process or event to happen and influences the way in which it happens. ä...the thymus, the organ which mediates the response of the white blood cells... F ìåóïëüâçóç, ðáñýìâáóç provoke v If something provokes a reaction, it causes it. ä His election success has provoked a shocked reaction. F ðñïêáëþ, åîüðôù, äéåãåßñù rubble n When a building is destroyed, the pieces of brick, stone, or other materials that remain are referred to as rubble. ä Thousands of bodies are still buried under the rubble. F õëéêü Þ ìðüæá êáôåäüöéóçò, êôë., áëüóìáôá weathering n The physical disintegration and chemical decomposition of rocks on or just beneath the Earth s surface, with little or no transport of the altered rock material, which occurs as a result of exposure to wind, rain, humidity, extremes of temperature (eg frost), atmospheric oxygen, etc. F áðïóüèñùóç perpetual adj A perpetual act, situation, or state is one that happens again and again and so seems never to end. ä I thought her perpetual complaints were going to prove too much for me. F óõíå Þò, áäéüêïðïò, áýíáïò integral adj Something that is an integral part of something is an essential part of that thing. ä Rituals and festivals form an integral part of every human society. F æùôéêüò, ðïõ áðáéôåßôáé ãéá ôçí áñôéüôçôá, ôçí ðëçñüôçôá Þ ôçí áñôéìýëåéá, ðïõ óõíáðïôåëåß Þ óõíáðáñôßæåé Activity 2 (p.15) premises n The premises of a business or an institution are all the buildings and land that it occupies in one place. ä The business moved to premises in Brompton Road. F (óôåãáóìýíïò) ëåéôïõñãéêüò þñïò Þ üñéá êôßóìáôïò, (åðáããåëìáôéêþ) «óôýãç» Module 4 - Activity 1 (p.18) approximately adv Almost, about, around, just about, more or less, nearly, roughly. ä Approximately $150 million is to be spent on improvements. F ðåñßðïõ, ðüíù-êüôù, ïíäñéêü prompt v If you prompt someone when they stop speaking, you encourage or help them to continue. If you prompt an actor, you tell them what their next line is when they have forgotten what comes next. ä You wouldn t have wanted to bring those people to justice anyway, would you? Brand prompted him. F παρακινώ κάποιον να πει ή να πράξει κάτι Activity 2 (p.19) with a view to phr F ìå (áðþôåñï) óêïðü íá hence adv You use hence to indicate that the statement you are about to make is a consequence of what you have just said. ä The trade imbalance is likely to rise again in Hence a new set of policy actions will be required soon. F Üñá, ùò åê ôïýôïõ, óõíåðþò, Ýôóé contradictory adj If two or more facts, ideas, or statements are contradictory, they state or imply that opposite things are true. ä Customs officials have made a series of contradictory statements about the equipment. F áíôéöáôéêüò Practice Test 2 Module 1 - Activity 1 (p.22-23) genre n A genre is a particular type of literature, painting, music, film, or other art form which people consider as a class because it has special characteristics.

4 ä...his love of films and novels in the horror genre. F είδος (συγκεκριμένο) λογοτεχνίας κτλ. intrigue v If something, especially something strange, intrigues you, it interests you and you want to know more about it. ä The novelty of the situation intrigued him. F åîüðôù ôï åíäéáöýñïí Þ ôçí ðåñéýñãåéá, «óêáíäáëßæù» implode v If something implodes, it collapses into itself in a sudden and violent way. ä The engine imploded. F åêñþãíõìáé ðñïò ôá ìýóá pilot n A pilot scheme or a pilot project is one which is used to test an idea before deciding whether to introduce it on a larger scale. ä The service is being expanded following the success of a pilot scheme. F åíäåéêôéêüò preconceived idea n If you have preconceived ideas about something, you have already formed an opinion about it before you have enough information or experience. ä Five minutes after he had arrived for the interview, I had abandoned my preconceived ideas about boxers. F προκατειλημμένη ιδέα authoritative adj Someone or something that is authoritative has a lot of knowledge of a particular subject. ä The first authoritative study of polio was published in F Ýãêõñïò, äüêéìïò irreverent adj If you describe someone as irreverent, you mean that they do not show respect for people or things that are generally respected. ä She s irreverent, fun and hugely popular. F áíåõëáâþò, áóåâþò excerpt n An excerpt is a short piece of writing or music which is taken from a larger piece. ä...an excerpt from Tchaikovsky s Nutcracker. F áðüóðáóìá (êåéìýíïõ), ðáñüèåìá, ðåñéêïðþ prominence n If someone or something is in a position of prominence, they are well-known and important. ä He came to prominence during the World Cup in Italy. F áíüäåéîç, «äéüêñéóç» medium n A medium is a substance or material which is used for a particular purpose or in order to produce a particular effect. ä Hyatt has found a way of creating these qualities using the more permanent medium of oil paint. F ìýóï (åíçìýñùóçò Þ êáëëéôå íéêþò Ýêöñáóçò) compelled adj If you feel compelled to do something, you feel that you must do it, because it is the right thing to do. ä Dickens felt compelled to return to the stage for a final good-bye. F ùèïýìåíïò (áðü áíüãêç) budding adj If you describe someone as, for example, a budding businessman or a budding artist, you mean that they are starting to succeed or become interested in business or art. ä The forum is now open to all budding entrepreneurs. F (ìôö) áíáöáéíüìåíïò, åêêïëáðôüìåíïò Activity 2 (p.24) avert v If you avert something unpleasant, you prevent it from happening. ä Talks with the teachers union over the weekend have averted a strike. F áðïóïâþ, áðïôñýðù, ðñïëáìâüíù certify v If someone in an official position certifies something, they officially state that it is true. ä It has been certified as genuine. F âåâáéþíù, ðéóôïðïéþ, åîáêñéâþíù soundly adv If a decision, opinion, or statement is soundly based, there are sensible or reliable reasons behind it. ä Are today s hopes more soundly based than the false ones of 1990? F åíôåëþò, ðëþñùò tone v Something that tones your body makes it firm and strong. ä Try these toning exercises before you start the day. F ôïíþíù, äõíáìþíù (ôïõò ìõò, ôï óþìá, êëð.) Activity 3 (p.25) humanitarian adj If a person or society has humanitarian ideas or behaviour, they try to avoid making people suffer or they help people who are suffering. ä Air bombardment raised criticism on the humanitarian grounds that innocent civilians might suffer. F áíèñùðéóôéêüò, ïõìáíéóôéêüò integration n Combining, incorporation, mixing, unification. ä With Germany, France has been the prime mover behind closer European integration. F Ýíôáîç, åíóùìüôùóç logo n The logo of a company or organization is the special design or way of writing its name that it puts on all its products, notepaper, or advertisements. F λογότυπο barbed wire n Barbed wire is strong wire with sharp points sticking out of it, and is used to make fences. ä The factory was surrounded by barbed wire. F áãêáèùôü óõñìáôüðëåãìá Activity 4 (p.26) astounded adj If you are astounded by something, you are very shocked or surprised that it could exist or happen. ä I was astounded by its beauty. F Ýêðëçêôïò, åìâñüíôçôïò culprit n When you are talking about a crime or something wrong that has been done, you can refer to the person who did it as the culprit. ä All the men were being deported even though the real culprits in the fight have not been identified. F Ýíï ïò, äñüóôçò Activity 5 (p.27-30) contemporary adj Contemporary things are modern and relate to the present time. ä She writes a lot of contemporary music for people like Whitney Houston. F óýã ñïíïò, ôçò óýã ñïíçò åðï Þò lumber n Lumber consists of trees and large pieces of wood that have been roughly cut up. ä It was made of soft lumber, spruce by the look of it. F ïãêþäç Ü ñçóôá áíôéêåßìåíá Þ Ýðéðëá, «óáâïýñá» emancipatory adj Liberated ä She is an emancipatory woman. F åéñáöåôçìýíïò credit unions n ðéóôùôéêüò óõíåôáéñéóìüò/ συνεταιριστική τράπεζα practitioner n Someone who practises an art or profession. F êüðïéïò ðïõ áóêåß åðüããåëìá Þ ôý íç, åðáããåëìáôßáò curriculum n a particular curriculum is one particular course of study that is taught in a school college or uni- ÊÑÁÔÉÊÏ Ã1 - Companion 7

5 8 versity ä...the history curriculum F διδακτέα ύλη prejudice n Prejudice is an unreasonable dislike of a particular group of people or things, or a preference for a one group of people or things over another. ä He said he hoped the Swiss authorities would investigate the case thoroughly and without prejudice. F ðñïêáôüëçøç, ìåñïëçðôéêüôçôá monies n Monies is used to refer to several separate sums of money that form part of a larger amount that is received or spent. ä We drew up a schedule of payments for the rest of the monies owed. F χρηματικά ποσά commentator n A commentator is also someone who often writes or broadcasts about a particular subject. ä...a political commentator... F (ñáäéïöùíéêüò Þ ôçëåïðôéêüò) ó ïëéáóôþò, ðáñïõóéáóôþò indicator n An indicator is a measurement or value which gives you an idea of what something is like. ä The number of wells is a fair indicator of the demand for water. F áõôü(ò) ðïõ äåß íåé, äåßêôçò (ïñãüíïõ, êëð) inextricably adv If two or more things are inextricably linked, they cannot be considered separately. (FOR- MAL) ä Our survival is inextricably linked to the survival of the rainforest. F áíáðüóðáóôá, áëëçëýíäåôá steeped adj If a place or person is steeped in a quality or characteristic, they are surrounded by it or deeply influenced by it. ä The castle is steeped in history and legend. F âõèéóìýíïò, âïõôçãìýíïò sound v If something such as a horn or a bell sounds or if you sound it, it makes a noise. ä The buzzer sounded in Daniel s office. F êñïýù sound the warning bell phr êñïýù ôïí êþäùíα êéíäýíïõ undermine v If you undermine something such as a feeling or a system, you make it less strong or less secure than it was before, often by a gradual process or by repeated efforts. ä Offering advice on each and every problem will undermine her feeling of being adult. F õðïíïìåýù, õðïóêüðôù mobility n A tendency to move. ä class barriers which prevented social mobility. F êéíçôéêüôçôá shift n Move, displacement, rearrangement, shifting. ä a shift in government policy... F âáèìéáßá ìåôáâïëþ Þ ìåôáóôñïöþ deteriorate v If something deteriorates, it becomes worse in some way. ä There are fears that the situation might deteriorate into full-scale war. F åðéäåéíþíïìáé, åéñïôåñåýù corporate adj Corporate means relating to business corporations or to a particular business corporation. ä This established a strong corporate image. F «åôáéñéêüò», óõëëïãéêüò comprehensive adj Something that is comprehensive includes everything that is needed or relevant. ä The Rough Guide to Nepal is a comprehensive guide to the region. F áíáëõôéêüò, ðåñéåêôéêüò, åêôåíþò embodied adj If something is embodied in a particular thing, the second thing contains or consists of the first. ä The proposal has been embodied in a draft resolution. F åíóùìáôùìýíïò, ðåñéëáìâáíüìåíïò reflection n Careful and thoughtful consideration; contemplation. ä He was lost in reflection. F óõëëïãéóìüò, óôï áóìüò, (âáèéü) óêýøç interdisciplinary adj Interdisciplinary means involving more than one academic subject. ä...interdisciplinary courses combining psychology, philosophy and linguistics. F ðïõ êáëýðôåé äýï Þ ðåñéóóüôåñïõò åðéóôçìïíéêïýò ôïìåßò invigorate v If something invigorates you, it makes you feel more energetic. ä Take a deep breath in to invigorate you. F åíéó ýù, åíäõíáìþíù, ôïíþíù instrumental adj Someone or something that is instrumental in a process or event helps to make it happen. ä In his first years as chairman he was instrumental in raising the company s wider profile. F ðïõ áðïôåëåß ôï ìýóï åðßôåõîçò, óõíôåëåóôéêüò, áðïöáóéóôéêïý ñüëïõ converging adj If different ideas or societies converge, they stop being different and become similar to each other. ä Speeches delivered yesterday by Mr Dewar and Mr Wallace indicated their views were converging. F óõãêëßíïõóá (ðñïóåããßæïõóá) globalisation n ä Trends toward the globalization of industry have dramatically affected food production in California. F ãåíßêåõóç óå ðáãêüóìéá êëßìáêá, ðáãêïóìéïðïßçóç cross-trained adj Said of a person, animal, etc. having received training. F ðïëõ-åêðáéäåõìýíïò legitimisation n Said especially about conferring the rights and privileges of legitimate birth, making legitimate. ä legitimization of a child. F íïìéìïðïßçóç prevalent adj A condition or belief that is prevalent is common. ä This condition is more prevalent in women than in men. F ðïõ åðéêñáôåß, åðéêñáôþí, «êõñßáñ ïò» drawback n a drawback is an aspect of something or someone that makes them less accaptsble than they would otherwise be. ä He felt the apartment s only drawback was that it was too small. F μειονέκτημα fulfilment n fulfilment is a feeling of satisfaction that you get from doing or achieving something, especially something useful. ä...professional fulfilment F καταξίωση current adj Current means happening, being used, or being done at the present time. ä The current situation is very different to that in F ðáñþí, ôñý ùí, ôùñéíüò trait n A trait is a particular characteristic, quality, or tendency that someone or something has. ä The study found that some alcoholics had clear personality traits showing up early in childhood. F (éäéáßôåñï) ãíþñéóìá Þ áñáêôçñéóôéêü ôçò ðñïóùðéêüôçôáò inherent adj The inherent qualities of something are the necessary and natural parts of it. ä Stress is an inherent part of dieting. F Ýìöõôïò, åããåíþò remedy v If you remedy something that is wrong or harmful, you correct it or improve it. ä A great deal has been done internally to remedy the situation. F áðïêáèéóôþ, åðáíïñèþíù, äéïñèþíù scope n The scope of an activity, topic, or piece of

6 work is the whole area which it deals with or includes. ä Mr Dobson promised to widen the organisation s scope of activity. F ðåäßï/öüóìá, ðëáßóéï Þ óöáßñá åðýìâáóçò Þ áñìïäéüôçôáò, ðñïïðôéêþ Module 2 - Activity 1 (p.31) arouse v If something arouses a particular reaction or attitude in people, it causes them to have that reaction or attitude. ä His revolutionary work in linguistics has aroused intense scholarly interest. F êéíþ, åìðíýù, διεγείρω speculate v If you speculate about something, you make guesses about its nature or identity, or about what might happen. ä It would be unfair to Debby s family to speculate on the reasons for her suicide. F åéêüæù, ðéèáíïëïãþ, «õðïèýôù» database n A database is a collection of data that is stored in a computer and that can easily be used and added to. ä They maintain a database of hotels that cater for businesswomen. F êåíôñéêü çëåêôñïíéêü áñ åßï, βάση δεδομένων impact n The impact that something has on a situation, process, or person is a sudden and powerful effect that it has on them. ä They say they expect the meeting to have a marked impact on the future of the country. F áíôßêôõðïò, åðßðôùóç jointly adv Collectively, as one, in common, in partnership, together. ä The Port Authority is an agency jointly run by New York and New Jersey. F áðü êïéíïý, åî áäéáéñýôïõ vulnerability n ä Taking long-term courses of certain medicines may increase vulnerability to infection. F åõðüèåéá devastating adj If you describe something as devastating, you are emphasizing that it is very harmful or damaging.ä Affairs do have a devastating effect on marriages. F êáôáóôñåðôéêüò, ïëýèñéïò infrastructure n The infrastructure of a country, society, or organization consists of the basic facilities such as transport, communications, power supplies, and buildings, which enable it to function. ä...improvements in the country s infrastructure... F õðïäïìþ grid n A grid is a network of wires and cables by which sources of power, such as electricity, are distributed throughout a country or area. ä...breakdowns in communications and electric power grids. F äßêôõï, óýóôçìá premise n A premise is something that you suppose is true and that you use as a basis for developing an idea. ä The premise is that schools will work harder to improve if they must compete. F âüóç óõëëïãéóìïý, ðñïóõëëïãéóìüò surveillance n Surveillance is the careful watching of someone, especially by an organization such as the police or the army. ä He was arrested after being kept under constant surveillance. F åðéôþñçóç, (óôåíþ) ðáñáêïëïýèçóç authoritarian regime n áðïëõôáñ éêü êáèåóôþò cast (vote) v When you cast your vote in an election, you vote. ä About ninety-five per cent of those who cast their votes approve. F ñß íù ôçí øþöï ìïõ turnout n The turnout in an election is the number of people who vote in it, as a proportion of the number of people who have the right to vote in it. ä In 1988 the turnout was 50%. F ðëþèïò óõíüèñïéóçò, ðñïóýëåõóç polarization n If something polarizes people or if something polarizes, two separate groups are formed with opposite opinions or positions. ä Missile deployment did much to further polarize opinion in Britain. F ðüëùóç interaction n Action or influence of people or things on each other. ä This can sometimes lead to somewhat superficial interactions with other people. F áëëçëåðßäñáóç, óõíåñãáóßá via prep If you do something via a particular means or person, you do it by making use of that means or person. ä The technology to allow relief workers to contact the outside world via satellite already exists. F äéáìýóïõ, ìýóù Module 3 - Activity 1 (p.33) gulf n A gulf is a large area of sea which extends a long way into the surrounding land. ä Hurricane Andrew was last night heading into the Gulf of Mexico. F êüëðïò (ãåùãñáößá) indispensable adj If you say that someone or something is indispensable, you mean that they are absolutely essential and other people or things cannot function without them. ä She was becoming indispensable to him. F áðïëýôùò áðáñáßôçôïò, áíáãêáßïò rudimentary adj Rudimentary things are very basic or simple and are therefore unsatisfactory. ä The earth surface of the courtyard extended into a kind of rudimentary kitchen. F óôïé åéþäçò poke fun at sb/sth phr If you poke fun at someone or something you laugh at them, tease them, or make jokes about them in a way that causes them to seem ridiculous. ä Don t poke fun of me. F «äïõëåýù», êïñïúäåýù êüðïéïí/ êüôé Activity 2 (p.34) exhilaration n Exhilaration is a strong feeling of excitement and happiness. F åõöñïóýíç, éëáñüôçôá, áñü mountaineering n Mountaineering is the activity of climbing the steep sides of mountains as a hobby or sport. F ïñåéâáóßá, áëðéíéóìüò Activity 3 (p.34) awareness n Knowledge, consciousness, realization, recognition, understanding. ä There has been an increasing awareness that many people are affected by crime. F åðßãíùóç, óõíáßóèçóç, óõíåéäçôïðïßçóç inevitable adj If something is inevitable, it is certain to happen and cannot be prevented or avoided. ä If the case succeeds, it is inevitable that other trials will follow. F áíáðüöåõêôïò, ìïéñáßïò Module 4 - Activity 1 (p.36) inequality n Inequality is the difference in social sta- ÊÑÁÔÉÊÏ Ã1 - Companion 9

7 10 tus, wealth, or opportunity between people or groups. ä People are concerned about corruption and social inequality. F áíéóüôçôá Practice Test 3 Module 1 - Activity 1 (p.40-41) weighty adj If you describe something such as an issue or a decision as weighty, you mean that it is serious or important. (FORMAL) ä Surely such weighty matters merit a higher level of debate? F âáñýò, âáñõóþìáíôïò, âáñýíùí resolution n If you make a resolution, you decide to try very hard to do something. ä They made a resolution to lose all the weight gained during the Christmas period. F áðüöáóç obesity n Fatness. ä...the excessive consumption of sugar that leads to problems of obesity. F ðá õóáñêßá, õðåñâïëéêü ðü ïò index n An index is a system by which changes in the value of something and the rate at which it changes can be recorded, measured, or interpreted. ä The UK retail price index for October is expected to show an increase of 0.8 per cent. F ìýãåèïò ðïõ ðñïóäéïñßæåé ôï óõãêñéôéêü åðßðåäï, äåßêôçò heart failure n Heart failure is a serious medical condition in which someone s heart does not work as well as it should, sometimes stopping completely so that they die. ä He remained in a critical condition after suffering heart failure. F êáñäéáêþ áíåðüñêåéá Þ óõãêïðþ urinate v When someone urinates, they get rid of urine from their body. F ïõñþ blood vessel n Blood vessels are the narrow tubes through which your blood flows. F áéìïöüñï áããåßï cell membrane n A membrane is a thin piece of skin which covers parts of a person s or animal s body, especially the cells. F êõôôáñéêþ ìåìâñüíç subsequent adj You use subsequent to describe something that happened or existed after the time or event that has just been referred to. ä...the increase of population in subsequent years... F åðáêüëïõèïò, ìåôáãåíýóôåñïò saturated fat n Saturated fats are types of fat that are found in some foods, especially meat, eggs, and things such as butter and cheese. They are believed to help cause heart disease and some other illnesses if eaten too often. ä...foods rich in cholesterol and saturated fats. F êïñåóìýíï ëßðïò hereditary adj A hereditary characteristic or illness is passed on to a child from its parents before it is born. ä Cystic fibrosis is the commonest fatal hereditary disease. F êëçñïíïìéêüò Activity 2 (p.42) oversee v If someone in authority oversees a job or an activity, they make sure that it is done properly. ä Use a surveyor or architect to oversee and inspect the different stages of the work. F åðéôçñþ, åðéóôáôþ, åðéâëýðù demonstrate v To demonstrate a fact means to make it clear to people.ä The study also demonstrated a direct link between obesity and mortality. F åðéäåéêíýù, αποδεικνύω depreciate v If something such as a currency depreciates or if something depreciates it, it loses some of its original value.ä Inflation is rising rapidly; the yuan is depreciating. F åðéöýñù Þ õößóôáìáé õðïôßìçóç initiate v If you initiate something, you start it or cause it to happen. ä They wanted to initiate a discussion on economics. F èýôù óå åöáñìïãþ Þ ëåéôïõñãßá, «åãêáéíéüæù» commence v When something commences or you commence it, it begins. ä The academic year commences at the beginning of October. F ðñïâáßíù óôçí Ýíáñîç, áñ ßæù devise v If you devise a plan, system, or machine, you have the idea for it and design it. ä We devised a scheme to help him. F åðéíïþ, ìç áíåýïìáé, óêáñþíù articulate v When you articulate your ideas or feelings, you express them clearly in words. ä The president has been accused of failing to articulate an overall vision in foreign affairs. F ðñïöýñù ìå åõêñßíåéá, áñèñþíù utmost adj You can use utmost to emphasize the importance or seriousness of something or to emphasize the way that it is done. ä It is a matter of the utmost urgency to find out what has happened to these people. F ìýãéóôïò, ýøéóôïò illustration n An illustration is an example or a story which is used to make a point clear. ä An illustration of China s dynamism is that a new company is formed in Shanghai every 11 seconds. F áðåéêüíéóç Þ ðáñüèåóç ðáñáäåßãìáôïò block n If you have a mental block or a block, you are temporarily unable to do something that you can normally do which involves using, thinking about, or remembering something. F åìðüäéï, öñáãìüò equal v to equal something or someone means to be as good or as great as them ä 9 No amount of money can equal memories like that F (åî)éóïýìáé (ðñïò), åßìáé ßóïò ðñïò perceptive adj If you describe a person or their remarks or thoughts as perceptive, you think that they are good at noticing or realizing things, especially things that are not obvious. ä He was one of the most perceptive US political commentators. F äéïñáôéêüò, ïîõäåñêþò Activity 3 (p.43) query n A query is a question, especially one that you ask an organization, publication, or expert. ä If you have any queries about this insurance, please contact Travel Insurance Services Limited. F (ôéèýìåíç/õðïâáëëüìåíç) åñþôçóç, áðïñßá overload v If you overload something such as a vehicle, you put more things or people into it than it was designed to carry. ä Don t overload the boat or it will sink. F õðåñöïñôþíù, ðáñáöïñôþíù slot v If you slot something into something else, or if

8 it slots into it, you put it into a space where it fits. ä He was slotting a CD into a CD player. F âüæù, ôïðïèåôþ rack n A rack is a frame or shelf, usually with bars or hooks, that is used for holding things or for hanging things on. ä A luggage rack, which fits over the spare wheel, is a sensible option. F ñüöé ãéá äéüöïñá áíôéêåßìåíá suffocation n Suffocation is when sb is killed by a lack of air. ä Many of the victims died of suffocation. F áóöõîßá, ðíßîéìï Activity 4 (p.43) captivating adj Someone or something that is capti vating fascinates or attracts you. ä...her captivating smile and alluring looks. F óáãçíåõôéêüò imperial adj Imperial is used to refer to things or people that are or were connected with an empire. ä...the Imperial Palace in Tokyo... F áõôïêñáôïñéêüò maritime adj Maritime is used to describe things relating to the sea and to ships. ä...the largest maritime museum of its kind. F íáõôéêüò, íáõôéëéáêüò Activity 5 (p.44-47) redundancy n If you are made redundant, your employer tells you to leave because your job is no longer necessary or because your employer cannot afford to keep paying you. ä My husband was made redundant late last year. F (áðïëõüìåíïò) õðåñüñéèìïò åñãáæïìýíùí immerse v If you immerse yourself in something that you are doing, you become completely involved in it. ä Their commitments do not permit them to immerse themselves in current affairs as fully as they might wish. F åìðëýêù, εμποδίζω jargon n You use jargon to refer to words and expres sions that are used in special or technical ways by partic ular groups of people, often making the language diffi cult to understand. ä The manual is full of the jargon and slang of self-improvement courses. F åîåéäéêåõìýíç Þ åðáããåëìáôéêþ öñáóåïëïãßá gadget n A gadget is a small machine or device which does something useful. You sometimes refer to something as a gadget when you are suggesting that it is complicated and unnecessary. ä...sales of kitchen gadgets including toasters, kettles and percolators. F ìéêñü åñãáëåßï Þ óõóêåõþ spam n In computing, spam is unwanted s sent to large numbers of people or organisations, usually as advertising. ä...programmes that let you spam the news papers. F (μτφ) ηλεκτρονικά μηνύματα με ανεπιθύμητο περ ιεχόμενο pantry n A pantry is a small room or large cupboard in a house, usually near the kitchen, where food is kept. F êåëüñé intensify v If you intensify something or if it intensifies, it becomes greater in strength, amount, or degree. ä Britain is intensifying its efforts to secure the release of three British hostages. F åíôåßíù-ïìáé, åðéôåßíù-ïìáé enterprise n An enterprise is a company or business, often a small one. ä There are plenty of small industrial enterprises. F åðé åßñçóç out-source v If a company out-sources work or things, it pays workers from outside the company to do the work or supply the things. ä Increasingly, corporate clients are seeking to outsource the management of their facilities. F εξωτερική ανάθεση evermore adv Ever more means for all the time in the future. ä They will bitterly regret what they have done for ever more. F ãéá ðüíôá, (ðáíôïôéíü) óôï ìýëëïí hotspot n χώρος πρόσβασης σε ασύρματο δίκτυο take in phr.v If you take something in, you pay attention to it and understand it when you hear it or read it. ä Lesley explains possible treatments but you can tell she s not taking it in. F ðáñáôçñþ, ðáñáêïëïõèþ, καταλαβαίνω prominent adj Something that is prominent is very noticeable or is an important part of something else. ä Here the window plays a prominent part in the design. F äéáêåêñéìýíïò, åîý ùí, óçìáíôéêüò intranet n An intranet is a network of computers, similar to the Internet, within a particular company or organization. F κλειστό δίκτυο (γραφείου, εταιρείας κλπ.) interconnectivity n ability to connect or join things together F äéáóýíäåóç revolutionise v When something revolutionises an activity, it causes great changes in the way that it is done. ä Over the past forty years plastics have revolutionised the way we live. F öýñíù ôçí åðáíüóôáóç óå, áëëüæù ñéæéêü rural adj Rural places are far away from large towns or cities.ä These plants have a tendency to grow in the more rural areas. F áãñïôéêüò bypass v If you bypass someone or something that you would normally have to get involved with, you ignore them, often because you want to achieve something more quickly. ä A growing number of employers are trying to bypass the unions altogether. F ðñïóðåñíþ (ð.. ðñüâëçìá), ðáñáêüìðôù, áãíïþ copper adj Copper is reddish brown metal that is used to make things such as coins and electrical wires. ä Chile is the world s largest producer of copper. F Üëêéíïò flourish v If something flourishes, it is successful, active, or common, and developing quickly and strongly. ä Business flourished and within six months they were earning 18,000 roubles a day. F áêìüæù, åõçìåñþ downloadable adj If data is downloadable it means you are able to transfer it to or from a computer along a line such as a telephone line, a radio link, or a computer network. ä Most music on the internet is downloadable. F äéáâιβάσιμος bundle v To make it into a bundle or bundles. ä He cut and bundled the sticks together. F óõóêåõüæù óå äýìá Þ ðáêýôï rush v If people rush to do something, they do it as soon as they can, because they are very eager to do it. ä Russian banks rushed to buy as many dollars as they could.f óðåýäù, âéüæïìáé multifunctionality n (of a machine, apparatus), that has several different uses F ðïëõëåéôïõñãéêüôçôá ÊÑÁÔÉÊÏ Ã1 - Companion 11

9 12 portable adj A portable machine or device is designed to be easily carried or moved. ä There was a little portable television switched on behind the bar. F öïñçôüò hybrid n You can use hybrid to refer to anything that is a mixture of other things, especially two other things. ä...a hybrid of solid and liquid fuel. F υβρίδιο spawn v If something spawns something else, it causes it to happen or to be created. ä Tyndall s inspired work spawned a whole new branch of science. F ðëçèáßíù, äçìéïõñãþ blockbuster n A blockbuster is a film or book that is very popular and successful, usually because it is very exciting. F ðïõ óðüåé ôáìåßá (ð.. âéâëßï, ôáéíßá, êëð.) outsell v If one product outsells another product, the first product is sold more quickly or in larger quantities than the second. ä The team s products easily outsell those of other American baseball clubs overseas. F îåðåñíþ óå ðùëþóåéò supremacy n If someone or something has supremacy over another person or thing, they are better. ä In the United States Open final, Graf has retained overall supremacy. F êõñéáñ ßá, õðåñï Þ, åðéêñüôçóç pit against If two opposing things or people are pitted against one another, they are in conflict. ä You will be pitted against two, three, or four people who are every bit as good as you are. F áíáìåôñéýìáé ìå, ôá âüæù ìå fillip n If someone or something gives a fillip to an activity or person, they suddenly encourage or improve them. ä The news gave a fillip to the telecommunications sector. F ôüíùóç Þ þèçóç stiff adj Stiff can be used to mean difficult or severe. ä The film faces stiff competition for the Best Film nomination.f äýóêïëïò, æüñéêïò dominate v To dominate a situation means to be the most powerful or important person or thing in it. ä The book is expected to dominate the best-seller lists. F åðéêñáôþ, õðåñéó ýù, êõñéáñ þ acronym n An acronym is a word composed of the first letters of the words in a phrase, especially when this is used as a name. An example of an acronym is NATO which is made up of the first letters of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. F áñôéêüëåîï, áêñùíýìéï dismantle v If you dismantle a machine or structure, you carefully separate it into its different parts. ä He asked for immediate help from the United States to dismantle the warheads. F áðïóõíáñìïëïãþ reassemble v If you reassemble something, you put it back together after it has been taken apart. ä We will now try to reassemble pieces of the wreckage. F åðáíáóõíáñìïëïãþ revenue n Revenue is money that a company, organization, or government receives from people. ä One study said the government would gain about $12 billion in tax revenues over five years. F åéóüäçìá, Ýóïäï, ðüñïò, (ïéêïíïìéêþ) ðñüóïäïò exponentially adv On an exponential basis; very rapidly. ä The quantity of chemical pollutants has increased exponentially. F ñáãäáßá analogue n Analogue technology involves measuring, storing, or recording an infinitely variable amount of information by using physical quantities such as voltage. Compare digital. ä The analogue signals from the video tape are converted into digital code. F áíáëïãéêþ çëåêôñïíéêþ äéüôáîç redefine v If you redefine something, you cause people to consider it in a new way. ä We will finally have to redefine our relationship with neighbouring states in north Africa. F åðáíáðñïóäéïñßæù frontier n The frontiers of something, especially knowledge, are the limits to which it extends. ä...technological frontiers. F óýíïñï irritant adj If you describe something as an irritant, you mean that it keeps annoying you. (FORMAL) ä He said the issue was not a major irritant. F åñåèéóôéêüò momentum n If a process or movement gains momentum, it keeps developing or happening more quickly and keeps becoming less likely to stop. ä This campaign is really gaining momentum. F ïñìþ, öüñá compact adj Compact things are small or take up very little space. You use this word when you think this is a good quality. F áíèåêôéêüò obsolete adj Something that is obsolete is no longer needed because something better has been invented. ä So much equipment becomes obsolete almost as soon as it s made. F ðïõ äåí ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé ðëýïí, áðáñ áéùìýíïò, îåðåñáóìýíïò inconsistent adj Someone or something that is inconsistent does not stay the same, being sometimes good and sometimes bad. ä We had a terrific start to the season, but recently we ve been inconsistent. F áíôéöáôéêüò, áíáêüëïõèïò, áëëïðñüóáëëïò Module 2 - Activity 1 (p.48) round off phr.v If you round off an activity with something, you end the activity by doing something that provides a clear or satisfactory conclusion to it. ä The Italian way is to round off a meal or evening with an icecream. F áðïôåëåéþíù Þ ïëïêëçñþíù (åðéôõ þò) Module 3 - Activity 1 (p.49) mobile adj You use mobile to describe something large that can be moved easily from place to place. ä...special mobile units where men can have their fingerprints taken and donate a specimen of blood. F κινητός lenient adj When someone in authority is lenient, they are not as strict or severe as expected. ä He believes the government already is lenient with drug traffickers. F åðéåéêþò bric-a-brac n Bric-a-brac is a number of small orna mental objects of no great value. F ðïéêéëßá ðáëáéþí (äéáêïóìçôéêþí) áíôéêåéìýíùí Module 4 - Activity 2 (p.53) built-in adj Built-in devices or features are included in something as a part of it, rather than being separate.

10 ä...modern cameras with built-in flash units... F åíôïé éóìýíïò, åíóùìáôùìýíïò Practice Test 4 Module 1 - Activity 1 (p.56-57) dividend n A dividend is the part of a company s profits which is paid to people who have shares in the company. ä The first quarter dividend has been increased by nearly 4 per cent. F ìýñéóìá so-called adj You use so-called to indicate that you think a word or expression used to describe someone or something is in fact wrong. ä These are the facts that explode their so-called economic miracle. F ïíïìáæüìåíïò, ëåãüìåíïò tsar n the male ruler of Russia F ôóüñïò promptly adv If you do something promptly, you do it immediately. ä Sister Francesca entered the chapel, took her seat, and promptly fell asleep. F áìýóùò ongoing adj An ongoing situation has been happening for quite a long time and seems likely to continue for some time in the future. ä There is an ongoing debate on the issue. F óõíå éæüìåíïò make inroads phr If one thing makes inroads into another, the first thing starts affecting or destroying the second. ä In Italy, as elsewhere, television has made deep inroads into cinema. F επηρεάζω/ προκαλώ φθίνουσα πορεία σε κάτι surge n A surge is a sudden large increase in something that has previously been steady, or has only increased or developed slowly. ä Specialists see various reasons for the recent surge in inflation. F áíýøùóç, êýìá (áýîçóçò) spokesman n A spokesman is a person who speaks as the representative of a group or organization. ä A spokesperson for Amnesty, Norma Johnston, describes some cases. F åêðñüóùðïò vast adj Something that is vast is extremely large. ä...afrikaner farmers who own vast stretches of land... F αχανής venture n A venture is a project or activity which is new, exciting, and difficult because it involves the risk of failure.ä...his latest writing venture. F ôüëìçìá,åã åßñçìá bankruptcy n the state of not having enough money to pay depts. ä Pam Am is the 2nd airline in two months to file for bankruptcy F χρεοκοπία greed n Greed is the desire to have more of something, such as food or money, than is necessary or fair. ä...an insatiable greed for personal power... F ðëåïíåîßá, áðëçóôßá relocation n To move (a business, one s home, etc) from one place, town, etc to another. ä The company says the cost of relocation will be negligible. F åê íýïõ åãêáôüóôáóç, ìåôåãêáôüóôáóç assemble v To assemble something means to collect them together or to fit the different parts of it together. ä Greenpeace managed to assemble a small flotilla of inflatable boats to waylay the ship at sea. F óõíáñìïëïãþ, ìïíôüñù penetrate v If a company or country penetrates a market or area, they succeed in selling their products there. ä There have been around 15 attempts from outside France to penetrate the market. F äéåéóäýù Activity 2 (p.57) digestive adj Your digestive system is the set of organs in your body that digest the food you eat. F ðåðôéêüò, ùíåõôéêüò chiefly adv You use chiefly to indicate that a particular reason, emotion, method, or feature is the main or most important one. ä He joined the consular service in China, chiefly because this was one of the few job vacancies. F êõñßùò, ðñïðáíôüò gene n A gene is the part of a cell in a living thing which controls its physical characteristics, growth, and development. F ãïíßäéï store v When you store things, you put them in a container or other place and leave them there until they are needed. ä Store the cookies in an airtight tin. F áðïèçêåýù, öõëüù motivation n your motivation for doing something is what causes you to want to do it ä Money is my motivation F κίνητρο modification n A change of form or condition; something that has been modified. ä a few modifications to the original plan. F ôñïðïðïßçóç, ìåôáôñïðþ severe adj You use severe to indicate that something bad or undesirable is great or intense. ä...a business with severe cash flow problems... F óïâáñüò gastrointestinal adj Gastrointestinal means relating to the stomach and intestines. F ãáóôñåíôåñéêü Activity 3 (p.58) teething troubles n If a project or new product has teething troubles, it has problems in its early stages or when it first becomes available. (BRIT) ä As the director of the project explains, there are still a few teething troubles to overcome. F äõóêïëßåò óôá áñ éêü óôüäéá (Ýñãïõ, ëåéôïõñãßáò êáéíïýñãéáò ìç áíþò, êëð.) ho F (åðéö.) ù! (åêðëþîåùò, åéñùíåßáò, èáõìáóìïý) boardroom n The boardroom is a room where the board of a company meets. ä Everyone had already assembled in the boardroom for the 9:00 a.m. session. F áßèïõóá äéáóêýøåùí shuffle n if you shuffle something, you mix it up F ìåôüèåóç, ìåôáôüðéóç, áíáêáôüôáîç, áíáó çìáôéóìüò, áíáäéüôáîç fusion n The fusion of two or more things involves joining them together to form one thing. ä His final reform was the fusion of regular and reserve forces. F óõã þíåõóç, óõíäõáóìüò (éäåþí, êëð.) acquire v If you acquire something, you buy or obtain it for yourself, or someone gives it to you. ä General Motors acquired a 50% stake in Saab for about ÊÑÁÔÉÊÏ Ã1 - Companion 13

11 14 $400m. F áðïêôþ extraordinary adj If you describe something or someone as extraordinary, you mean that they have some extremely good or special quality. ä We ve made extraordinary progress as a society in that regard. F åîáéñåôéêüò, åêðëçêôéêüò reckon v If something is reckoned to be a particular figure, it is calculated to be roughly that amount. ä The market s revised threshold is now reckoned to be 22,000-22,500 on the Nikkei index. F ëïãáñéüæù, ìåôñþ, õðïëïãßæù bear one s name phr If something bears a particular mark or characteristic, it has that mark or characteristic. ä The houses bear the marks of bullet holes and the streets are practically deserted. F öýñù ôï üíïìá êüðïéïõ beset v If someone or something is beset by problems or fears, they have many problems or fears which affect them severely. ä The country is beset by severe economic problems. F ðåñéâüëëù, ðåñéóôïé ßæù, ðïëéïñêþ sprung a leak phr if a boat or container springs a leak, water or some other liquid starts coming in or out through a crack. ä The yacht has sprung a leak in the hull. F ìðüæù íåñü (ð.. ãéá ðëïßï) swamp v If you are swamped by things or people, you have more of them than you can deal with. ä He is swamped with work. F (ìôö) ðíßãù, êáôáêëýæù counterfeit adj Counterfeit money, goods, or documents are not genuine, but have been made to look exactly like genuine ones in order to deceive people. ä He admitted possessing and delivering counterfeit currency. F ðëáóôüò, øåýôéêïò gridlock n Gridlock is the situation that exists when all the roads in a particular place are so full of vehicles that none of them can move. ä The streets are wedged solid with the chaos of poorly regulated parking and nearconstant traffic gridlock. F ακινητοποίηση αυτοκινήτων output n Output is used to refer to the amount of something that a person or thing produces. ä Manual workers need a good breakfast for high-energy output. F áðüäïóç, ðáñáãùãþ string n A string of similar events is a series of them that happen one after the other. ä The incident was the latest in a string of attacks. F óåéñü impulse n An impulse is a sudden desire to do something. ä Unable to resist the impulse, he glanced at the sea again. F ðáñüñìçóç, áõèüñìçôç äéüèåóç earnest adj Earnest people are very serious and sincere in what they say or do, because they think that their actions and beliefs are important. ä His expression is as earnest when he smiles as when he is arguing. F óïâáñüò cherished adj ä He described the picture as his most cherished possession. F áãáðçìýíïò, ëáôñåìýíïò stake n If you have a stake in something such as a business, it matters to you, for example because you own part of it or because its success or failure will affect you. ä He was eager to return to a more entrepreneurial role in which he had a big financial stake in his own efforts. F óõìöýñïí, ìåñßäéï, åíäéáöýñïí drift n A slow or gradual change from one situation or opinion to another F êßíçóç, ñåýìá, αλλαγή core n The core businesses or the core activities of a company or organization are their most important ones. ä The core activities of local authorities were reorganised. F êáñäéü, êýíôñï Activity 4 (p.58) paramount adj Something that is paramount or of paramount importance is more important than anything else. ä The child s welfare must be seen as paramount. F ýøéóôïò, õðýñôáôïò wholesome adj If you describe food as wholesome, you approve of it because you think it is good for your health ä...good, wholesome fun. F õãéåéíüò, ùöýëéìïò harbour v If you harbour an emotion, thought, or secret, you have it in your mind over a long period of time. ä He might have been murdered by a former client or someone harbouring a grudge. F äéáôçñþ, ôñýöù beckon v If something beckons, it is so attractive to someone that they feel they must become involved in it. ä All the attractions of the peninsula beckon. F ãíýöù, êáëþ urban adj Urban means belonging to, or relating to, a town or city. ä Most of the population is an urban population. F áóôéêüò, ôçò ðüëåùò sprawl n You can use sprawl to refer to an area where a city has grown outwards in an uncontrolled way. ä The whole urban sprawl of Ankara contains over 2.6m people. F áôüêôùò äïìçìýíç ðåñéï Þ drive a trend phr F áíáãêüæù êð/ êüôé íá êéíçèåß ðñïò ôá åìðñüò Activity 5 (p.59-61) nerdy adj If you describe someone as nerdy, you think that they are a nerd or look like a nerd. ä The Internet is widely believed to be the preserve of nerdy types who never exercise. F óðáóôéêüò, áíéáñüò statesman n A statesman is an important and experienced politician, especially one who is widely known and respected. ä Hamilton is a great statesman and political thinker. F ðïëéôéêüò womaniser n If you describe a man as a womaniser, you disapprove of him because he likes to have many short sexual relationships with women. F ãõíáéêüò what make sb tick phr if you talk about what makes someone tick, you are talking about the beliefs, wishes and feelings that make them behave in the way that they do ä He wanted to find out what made them tick F ôé óüé Üíèñùðïò åßíáé; villain n The villain in a novel, film, or play is the main bad character. F ï êáêüò (óå ìõèéóôüñçìá, êéíçìáôïãñáöéêü Ýñãï, êëð.) era n You can refer to a period of history or a long period of time as an era when you want to draw attention to a particular feature or quality that it has. ä...the nuclear era. F (ðëçè. s) ðåñßïäïò, åðï Þ foster v If you foster a child, you take it into your

12 family for a period of time, without becoming its legal parent. ä She has since gone on to find happiness by fostering more than 100 children. F ôñýöù, åíèáññýíù, êáëëéåñãþ play-out v to continue a game/ struggle until a result is gained F ðáßæù êüôé ìý ñé ôýëïõò graceless adj If you describe someone as graceless, you mean that their behaviour is impolite and rude. ä She couldn t stand his blunt, graceless manner. F Ü áñïò undergo v If you undergo something necessary or unpleasant, it happens to you. ä New recruits have been undergoing training in recent weeks. F õößóôáìáé (ð.. áëëáãþ) transformation n An act or instance or the process of transforming or being transformed. ä In the last five years he s undergone a personal transformation. F ìåôáìüñöùóç, áëëáãþ freshman n A freshman is a student who is in his or her first year at university or college. F ðñùôïåôþò öïéôçôþò stretch v to make or become temporarily or permanently longer or wider by pulling or drawing out. F õðåñâáßíù ôá üñéá, åíôåßíù, ñçóéìïðïéþ ðëþñùò corporation n A corporation is a large business or company. ä...multi-national corporations. F åôáéñåßá to sb s credit phr If something is to someone s credit, they deserve praise for it. ä She had managed to pull herself together and, to her credit, continued to look upon life as a positive experience. F ðñïò ôéìþí êüðïéïõ recruit v If you recruit people for an organization, you select them and persuade them to join it or work for it. ä The police are trying to recruit more black and Asian officers. F ðñïóëáìâüíù (ðñïóùðéêü) senior adj Senior is used when indicating how much older one person is than another. For example, if someone is ten years your senior, they are ten years older than you. ä She became involved with a married man many years her senior. F áíþôåñïò (äéåõèõíôþò, êëð.) stand up to phr.v If you stand up to someone, especially someone more powerful than you are, you defend yourself against their attacks or demands. ä He hit me, so I hit him back-the first time in my life I d stood up to him. F áíôéôüóóïìáé óå CEO n CEO is an abbreviation for chief executive officer. F ðñïúóôüìåíïò in his own right phr because of personal claim, that does not depend on anyone else F áðü ìüíïò ôïõ/ ìüíç ôçò attribute sth to If you attribute something to an event or situation, you think that it was caused by that event or situation. ä Women tend to attribute their success to external causes such as luck. F áðïäßäù êüôé óå (êüðïéïí, êüôé) eligible adj Suitable, or deserving to be chosen (for a job, as a husband, etc). F õðïøþöéïò ãáìðñüò, åëåýèåñïò questionable adj If you say that something is questionable, you mean that it is not completely honest, reasonable, or acceptable. ä He has been dogged by allegations of questionable business practices. F áìößâïëïò, õðü áìöéóâþôçóç declare v If you declare something, you state officially and formally that it exists or is the case. ä The government is ready to declare a permanent ceasefire. F äçëþíù, äéáêçñýóóù juncture n At a particular juncture means at a particular point in time, especially when it is a very important time in a process or series of events. ä What s important at this juncture is the ability of the three republics to work together. F êñßóéìç óôéãìþ initial adj You use initial to describe something that happens at the beginning of a process. ä The initial reaction has been excellent. F áñ éêüò stern adj Someone who is stern is very serious and strict. ä Her father was stern and hard to please. F áõóôçñüò, áðáéôçôéêüò pillar n If something is the pillar of a system or agreement, it is the most important part of it or what makes it strong and successful. ä The pillar of her economic policy was keeping tight control over money supply. F êïëþíá, óôýëïò (åäþ ìôö.) endow v If someone endows an institution, scholarship, or project, they provide a large amount of money which will produce the income needed to pay for it. ä The ambassador has endowed a $1 million public-service fellowships program. F êüíù äùñåü óå (ó ïëåßï, íïóïêïìåßï, êëð.) be endowed with: åßìáé ðñïéêéóìýíïò ìå êüôé (ôáëýíôï, ïìïñöéü, êëð.) vaccination n If a person or animal is vaccinated, they are given a vaccine, usually by injection, to prevent them from getting a disease. F åìâüëéï, åìâïëéáóìüò redefine v If you redefine something, you cause people to consider it in a new way. ä We will finally have to redefine our relationship with neighbouring states in north Africa. F åðáíáðñïóäéïñßæù streak n If someone has a streak of a particular type of behaviour, they sometimes behave in that way. ä He s still got a mean streak. F ôüóç recognisably adv When we can easily recognize or identify sth. ä At seven weeks, an embryo is about threefourths of an inch long and recognizably human. F åõäéüêñéôá Module 2-Activity 1 (p.62) disparity n If there is a disparity between two or more things, there is a noticeable difference between them. ä...the economic disparities between East and West Berlin. F áíïìïéüôçôá sharply adv ä Environmentalists were sharply critical of the policy for its failure to encourage conservation. F áðüôïìá, Ýíôïíá disproportionately adv Unreasonably large or small in comparison with something else. F äõóáíüëïãá governance n The governance of a country is the way in which it is governed. ä They believe that a fundamental change in the governance of Britain is the key to all other ÊÑÁÔÉÊÏ Ã1 - Companion 15

13 16 necessary changes. F äéïßêçóç, åîïõóßá enforce v To enforce something means to force or cause it to be done or to happen. ä They struggled to limit the cost by enforcing a low-tech specification. F åðéâüëëù prescribe v If a person or set of laws or rules prescribes an action or duty, they state that it must be carried out. ä...article II of the constitution, which prescribes the method of electing a president... F ïñßæù, åðéâüëëù, äéáôüóóù adjustment n An adjustment is a small change that is made to something such as a machine or a way of doing something. ä Compensation could be made by adjustments to taxation. F ðñïóáñìïãþ, ñýèìéóç expenditure n Expenditure is the spending of money on something, or the money that is spent on something. ä Policies of tax reduction must lead to reduced public expenditure.f äáðüíç, Ýîïäï commodity n A commodity is something that is sold for money. ä The government increased prices on several basic commodities like bread and meat. F åßäïò, ðñïúüí, åìðüñåõìá backbone n The backbone of an organization or system is the part of it that gives it its main strength. ä The small business people of Britain are the economic backbone of the nation. F ñá ïêïêáëéü, êïñìüò diversion n A diversion is an action or event that attracts your attention away from what you are doing or concentrating on. ä...armed robbers who escaped after throwing smoke bombs to create a diversion... F áëëáãþ êáôåýèõíóçò, ðáñåêôñïðþ domestic adj Domestic political activities, events, and situations happen or exist within one particular country. ä...over 100 domestic flights a day to 15 UK destinations. F ïéêéáêüò, ôïõ óðéôéïý mercantilist n Mercantile means relating to or involved in trade. ä The older noble families were eclipsed by the emergence of a new mercantile class. F åìðïñéïêñüôçò, ìåñêáíôéëéóôþò term v If you say that something is termed a particular thing, you mean that that is what people call it or that is their opinion of it. ä He had been termed a temporary employee. F áñáêôçñßæù (ùò) availability n If something you want or need is available, you can find it or obtain it. ä Since 1978, the amount of money available to buy books has fallen by 17%. F äéáèåóéìüôçôá address v If you address a problem or task or if you address yourself to it, you try to understand it or deal with it. ä Mr King sought to address those fears when he spoke at the meeting. F αντιμετωπίζω (πρόβλημα) purchase v When you purchase something, you buy it. ä He purchased a ticket and went up on the top deck. F áãïñüæù, øùíßæù sufficient adj If something is sufficient for a particular purpose, there is enough of it for the purpose. ä One metre of fabric is sufficient to cover the exterior of an 18-indiameter hatbox. F åðáñêþò, áñêåôüò Module 3-Activity 1 (p.64) perseverance n Perseverance is the quality of continuing with something even though it is difficult. F åììïíþ, åðéìïíþ, óõíå Þò ðñïóðüèåéá privatisation n Denationalization. ä...the privatisation of British Rail. F éäéùôéêïðïßçóç withdraw v If you withdraw something from a place, you remove it or take it away. ä He reached into his pocket and withdrew a sheet of notepaper. F õðï ùñþ, áðïóýñù Activity 3 (p.65) insight n If you gain insight or an insight into a complex situation or problem, you gain an accurate and deep understanding of it. ä The project would give scientists new insights into what is happening to the earth s atmosphere. F åéêüíá, éäýá, áíôßëçøç Module 4-Activity 2 (p.67) eliminate v To eliminate something, especially something you do not want or need, means to remove it completely. ä The Sex Discrimination Act has not eliminated discrimination in employment. F åîáëåßöù Practice Test 5 Module 1-Activity 1 (p.70-71) scheme n A scheme is a plan or arrangement involving many people which is made by a government or other organization. ä...schemes to help combat unemployment. F ó Ýäéï, ðëüíï enrich v To enrich something means to improve its quality, usually by adding something to it. ä An extended family enriches life in many ways. F åìðëïõôßæù unveil v If you unveil a plan, new product, or some other thing that has been kept secret, you introduce it to the public. ä Mr Werner unveiled his new strategy this week. F áðïêáëýðôù, «îåóêåðüæù» initiative n An initiative is an important act or statement that is intended to solve a problem. ä Government initiatives to help young people have been inadequate. F (ðíåýìá Þ åíýñãåéá ðïõ öáíåñþíåé) ðñùôïâïõëßá workshop n A workshop is a period of discussion or practical work on a particular subject in which a group of people share their knowledge or experience. ä Trumpeter Marcus Belgrave ran a jazz workshop for young artists. F åñãáóôþñé(ï) diversity n The diversity of something is the fact that it contains many very different elements. ä...to introduce more choice and diversity into the education system. F ðïéêéëßá, ðïéêéëïìïñößá illustrate v If you illustrate a book, you put pictures, photographs or diagrams into it. ä She went on to art school and is now illustrating a book. F éóôïñþ, åéêïíïãñáöþ, áðåéêïíßæù

14 exclusion n Exclusion is the act of preventing someone from entering a place or taking part in an activity. ä...women s exclusion from political power... F áðïêëåéóìüò disability n A disability is a permanent injury, illness, or physical or mental condition that tends to restrict the way that someone can live their life. ä Facilities for people with disabilities are still insufficient. F áíéêáíüôçôá chairman n The chairman of a committee, organization, or company is the head of it. ä Glyn Ford is chairman of the Committee which produced the report. F ðñüåäñïò (óõìâïõëßïõ, óõíåäñßáóçò, êëð.) deprived adj Deprived people or people from deprived areas do not have the things that people consider to be essential in life, for example acceptable living conditions or education. ä...probably the most severely deprived children in the country. F ðïõ äõóðñáãåß, óôåñçìýíïò boost v If one thing boosts another, it causes it to increase, improve, or be more successful. ä It wants the government to take action to boost the economy. F ôïíþíù, åíéó ýù self-worth n Self-worth is the feeling that you have good qualities and have achieved good things. ä Try not to link your sense of self-worth to the opinions of others. F áõôïåêôßìçóç regenerate v To regenerate something means to develop and improve it to make it more active, successful, or important, especially after a period when it has been getting worse. ä The government will continue to try to regenerate inner city areas. F áíáíåþíù, áíáæùïãïíþ disadvantaged adj People who are disadvantaged or live in disadvantaged areas live in bad conditions and tend not to get a good education or have a reasonable standard of living. ä...the educational problems of disadvantaged children... F ìåéïíåêôéêüò, ðïõ äõóðñáãåß (êïéíùíéêü Þ ïéêïíïìéêü) elevate v To elevate something means to increase it in amount or intensity. ä Emotional stress can elevate blood pressure. F áíõøþíù, áíåâüæù, áíùèþ (óå åðßðåäï) varied adj Having variety; diverse. ä varied opinions. F ðïéêßëïò, åôåñüêëçôïò numerous adj If people or things are numerous, they exist or are present in large numbers. ä Sex crimes were just as numerous as they are today. F ðïëõüñéèìïò, ðïëõðëçèþò esteem n Esteem is the admiration and respect that you feel towards another person. ä He is held in high esteem by colleagues in the construction industry. F åêôßìçóç, õðüëçøç Activity 2 (p.71) consumption n The consumption of food or drink is the act of eating or drinking something, or the amount that is eaten or drunk. (FORMAL) ä Excessive alcohol consumption is clearly bad. F êáôáíüëùóç beverage n Beverages are drinks. ä Alcoholic beverages are served in the hotel lounge. F ïðïéïäþðïôå ðïôü abuse n Abuse of something is the use of it in a wrong way or for a bad purpose. ä...drug and alcohol abuse. F êáôü ñçóç craving n Desire, hope. ä a craving for sugar. F óöïäñüò ðüèïò, ëá ôüñá indicate v If one thing indicates another, the first thing shows that the second is true or exists. ä A survey of retired people has indicated that most are independent and enjoying life. F áðïôåëþ Ýíäåéîç, «ìáñôõñþ» Activity 3 (p.72) thick as thieves phr to be tight or best friends with someone ä Ant and Chris, having attended boarding school together, were thick as thieves. F á þñéóôïé drug lord n F ìåãáëïëáèñýìðïñïò íáñêùôéêþí repent v If you repent, you show or say that you are sorry for something wrong you have done. ä Those who refuse to repent, he said, will be punished. F ìåôáíéþíù, ìåôáìåëïýìáé city hall n The city hall is the building which a city council uses as its main offices. ä There were speeches outside the City Hall. F äçìáñ åßï voice v If you voice something such as an opinion or an emotion, you say what you think or feel. ä Some scientists have voiced concern that the disease could be passed on to humans. F åêöñüæù Þ äéáôõðþíù (ìå ëýîåéò) consent n If you give your consent to something, you give someone permission to do it. ä At approximately 11:30 p.m., Pollard finally gave his consent to the search. F óõãêáôüèåóç, óõíáßíåóç legalisation v If something is legalised, a law is passed that makes it legal. ä Divorce was legalized in F íïìéìïðïßçóç tabloid n A tabloid is a newspaper that has small pages, short articles, and lots of photographs. Tabloids are often considered to be less serious than other newspapers. ä `The British tabloids called me leggy and stunning, she recalls. F (λαϊκή) εöçìåñßäá ìéêñïý ó Þìáôïò gratitude n Gratitude is the state of feeling grateful. ä...a sense of gratitude... F åõãíùìïóýíç boot n The boot of a car is a covered space at the back or front, in which you carry things such as luggage and shopping. ä He opened the boot to put my bags in. F ðïñô-ìðáãêüæ, þñïò áðïóêåõþí áõôïêéíþôïõ deactivated adj An explosive device or alarm is deactivated when they make it harmless or impossible to operate. F áðåíåñãïðïéçìýíïò missile n A missile is a tube-shaped weapon that travels long distances through the air and explodes when it reaches its target. ä The authorities offered to stop firing missiles if the rebels agreed to stop attacking civilian targets. F ïôéäþðïôå ñß íåôáé åíáíôßïí óôü ïõ, âëþìá breach v If you breach an agreement, a law, or a promise, you break it. ä The newspaper breached the code of conduct on privacy. F áèåôþ, ðáñáâéüæù auctioneer n An auctioneer is a person in charge of ÊÑÁÔÉÊÏ Ã1 - Companion 17

15 18 an auction. F åêðëåéóôçñéáóôþò, äçìïðñüôçò ammunition n Ammunition is bullets and rockets that are made to be fired from guns. ä He had only seven rounds of ammunition for the revolver. F ðõñïìá éêü, ðïëåìïöüäéá replica n A replica of something such as a statue, building, or weapon is an accurate copy of it. ä...a human-sized replica of the Statue of Liberty... F áíôßãñáöï, áðïìßìçóç, áíüôõðï rival n Your rival is a person, business, or organization who you are competing or fighting against in the same area or for the same things. ä The world champion finished more than two seconds ahead of his nearest rival. F áíôßðáëïò, áíôáãùíéóôþò pledge v If you pledge a sum of money to an organization or activity, you promise to pay that amount of money to it at a particular time or over a particular period. ä The French President is pledging $150 million in French aid next year. F õðüó ïìáé, äåóìåýïìáé, ôüæù Activity 4 (p.72) overwhelming adj If something is overwhelming, it affects you very strongly, and you do not know how to deal with it. ä She felt an overwhelming desire to have another child. F óõíôñéðôéêüò, áêáôáìü çôïò all-round adj An all-round person or an all-around person is good at a lot of different skills, academic subjects, or sports. ä He is a great all-round player. F åðéäýîéïò óå üëïõò (Þ óå ðïëëïýò) ôïìåßò (éäßùò óå ðïëëü áèëþìáôá) mobility adj If you are mobile, you can move or travel easily from place to place, for example because you are not physically disabled or because you have your own transport. ä I m still very mobile. F åõêéíçóßá tone v Something that tones your body makes it firm and strong. ä This movement lengthens your spine and tones the spinal nerves. F ôïíþíù, äõíáìþíù (ôïõò ìõò, ôï óþìá, êëð.) cushion n A cushion is a fabric case filled with soft material, which you put on a seat to make it more comfortable. ä...a velvet cushion. F ìáîéëüñé, (ìôö.) ðñïóôáôåõôéêü jerky adj Jerky movements are very sudden and quick, and do not flow smoothly. ä Mr Griffin made a jerky gesture. F áðüôïìïò, óðáóìùäéêüò buoyancy n Buoyancy is the ability that something has to float on a liquid or in the air. ä Air can be pumped into the diving suit to increase buoyancy. F Üíùóç Activity 5 (p.73-75) folk n You can refer to people as folk or folks. ä Country folk can tell you that there are certain places which animals avoid. F êüóìïò, Üíèñùðïé worthy n You can refer to worthy people as worthies. ä...the commission, which brought together worthies from big corporations, universities and state governments. F άξιος, προσωπικότητα the likes of phr You can talk about the likes of someone or something to refer to people or things of a particular type.ä why would someone like her want to spend a weekend with the likes of me? F όμοιοι άνθρωποι privileged adj Someone who is privileged has an advantage or opportunity that most other people do not have, often because of their wealth or high social class. ä They were, by and large, a very wealthy, privileged elite. F ðñïíïìéïý ïò muddle n If things or people are muddled or in a muddle, you get them mixed up, so that you do not know which is which. ä Already, one or two critics have begun to muddle the two names. F óýã õóç, ìðýñäåìá, ìðåñäåìýíç õðüèåóç assassination n Murder, especially for political or religious reasons.ä She would like an investigation into the assassination of her husband. F äïëïöïíßá (êõñßùò ðïëéôéêþ) deliberate adj If you do something that is deliberate, you planned or decided to do it beforehand, and so it happens on purpose rather than by chance. ä It has a deliberate policy to introduce world art to Britain. F εσκεμμένος, σκόπιμος, προμελετημένος erect v If people erect something such as a building, bridge, or barrier, they build it or create it. ä Opposition demonstrators have erected barricades in roads leading to the parliament building. F áíåãåßñù, ôßæù, õøþíù accommodate v If a building or space can accommodate someone or something, it has enough room for them. ä The school in Poldown was not big enough to accommodate all the children. F ùñüù, åîõðçñåôþ boast v If someone or something can boast a particular achievement or possession, they have achieved or possess that thing. ä The houses will boast the latest energy-saving technology. F äéáèýôù, êáôý ù (êüôé ãéá ôï ïðïßï åßìáé ðåñþöáíïò) assemble v When people assemble or when someone assembles them, they come together in a group, usually for a particular purpose such as a meeting. ä There wasn t even a convenient place for students to assemble between classes. F óõãêåíôñþíù-ïìáé, óõíáèñïßæù-ïìáé admittedly adv You use admittedly when you are saying something which weakens the importance or force of your statement. ä It s only a theory, admittedly, but the pieces fit together. F áíáíôéññþôùò, ïìïëïãïõìýíùò jig n A jig is a lively dance. ä She danced an Irish jig. F æùçñüò ïñüò, æéãê tumbling n A fall. F ðôþóç, êáôñáêýëá foremost adj The foremost thing or person in a group is the most important or best. ä He was one of the world s foremost scholars of ancient Indian culture. F (ï) ðñþôïò, (ï) êýñéïò, (ï) åîý ùí apt adj An apt remark, description, or choice is especially suitable. ä The words of this report are as apt today as in F ορθός, επιτυχής confer v To confer something such as power or an honour on someone means to give it to them. ä The constitution also confers large powers on Brazil s 25 con-

16 stituent states. F áðïíýìù, ðáñý ù conflict n A conflict is a serious difference between two or more beliefs, ideas, or interests. If two beliefs, ideas, or interests are in conflict, they are very different. ä There is a conflict between what they are doing and what you want. F óýãêñïõóç, äéáìü ç, áíôßèåóç fallible adj If you say that someone or something is fallible, you mean that they are not perfect and are likely to make mistakes or to fail in what they are doing. ä They are only human and all too fallible. F õðïêåßìåíïò óå óöüëìáôá, ìç áëüèçôïò vanity n If you refer to someone s vanity, you are critical of them because they take great pride in their appearance or abilities. ä Men who use steroids are motivated by sheer vanity. F ìáôáéïäïîßá, åãùúóìüò, Ýðáñóç sterility n inability to produce (children, ideas etc.) ä This disease causes sterility in both males and females. F óôåéñüôçôá coexist (with) v If one thing coexists with another, they exist together at the same time or in the same place. You can also say that two things coexist. ä Pockets of affluence coexist with poverty. F óõíõðüñ ù perpetrator v Being guilty of (a crime, misdeed, error, etc). ä It s time the death penalty was used for perpetrators of terrorist acts. F äñüóôçò (åãêëþìáôïò, êëð.) lofty adj If you say that someone behaves in a lofty way, you are critical of them for behaving in a proud and rather unpleasant way, as if they think they are very important. ä...the lofty disdain he often expresses for his profession. F õøçëüò convert (into) v If one thing is converted or converts into another, it is changed into a different form. F ìåôáôñýðù/ïìáé, áëëüæù perpetually adv Continually. ä He perpetually interferes in political affairs. F áäéüêïðá, áôåëåßùôá re-enact v If you re-enact a scene or incident, you repeat the actions that occurred in the scene or incident. ä He re-enacted scenes from his TV series. F îáíáðáßæù (èýáôñï), áíáðáñéóôþ îáíü dread v If you dread something which may happen, you feel very anxious and unhappy about it because you think it will be unpleasant or upsetting. ä I m dreading Christmas this year. F ôñýìù, öïâüìáé expulsion n Expulsion is when someone is forced to leave a place. ä...the expulsion of Yemeni workers. F áðýëáóç conspirator n A conspirator is a person who joins a conspiracy. ä Seven men, all from Bristol, admitted conspiracy to commit arson. F óõíùìüôçò bust n A bust is a statue of the head and shoulders of a person. ä...a bronze bust of the Queen. F (ãéá ãëõðôü) ðñïôïìþ, ìðïýóôï deposition n the deposition of a political leader is the removal of him/her from office F åêèñüíéóç (ìïíüñ ç) bring about phr.v. To bring something about means to cause it to happen. ä The only way they can bring about political change is by putting pressure on the country. F åðéöýñù, ðñïêáëþ êüôé bit n A bit of something is a small piece of it. (mainly BRIT) ä...crumpled bits of paper. F êïììüôé, êïììáôüêé benign adj You use benign to describe someone who is kind, gentle, and harmless. ä They are normally a more benign audience. F êáëïêüãáèïò, êáëüò, ìáëáêüò, ãëõêüò autocracy n Autocracy is government or control by one person who has complete power. ä Many poor countries are abandoning autocracy. F áðüëõôç ìïíáñ ßá, áðïëõôáñ ßá regicide n Regicide is the act of killing a king. ä He had become czar through regicide. F âáóéëïêôïíßá battered adj Something that is battered is old and in poor condition because it has been used a lot. ä He drove up in a battered old car. F êáêïðïéçìýíïò malcontent adj You can describe people as malcontent when you disapprove of the fact that they are dissatisfied with a situation and want it to change. (FOR- MAL) ä Five years ago a band of malcontents, mainly half-educated radicals, seized power. F äõóáñåóôçìýíïò depose v If a ruler or political leader is deposed, they are forced to give up their position. ä Ferdinand Marcos fled to Hawaii in 1986 after being deposed as president of the Philippines. F åêèñïíßæù epic n An epic is a long book, poem, or film, whose story extends over a long period of time or tells of great events. ä At three hours and 21 minutes, it is an over-long, standard Hollywood epic. F Ýðïò, åðéêüò feature v If someone or something features in something such as a show, exhibition, or magazine, they are an important part of it. ä Jon featured in one of the show s most thrilling episodes. F ðáñïõóéüæù, åìöáíßæù åíôõðùóéáêü interpretation n An interpretation of something is an opinion about what it means. ä The opposition Conservative Party put a different interpretation on the figures. F åñìçíåßá heir n An heir is someone who has the right to inherit a person s money, property, or title when that person dies.ä His heir, Lord Doune, cuts a bit of a dash in the city. F ï êëçñïíüìïò ultimately adv Ultimately means finally, after a long and often complicated series of events. ä Whatever the scientists ultimately conclude, all of their data will immediately be disputed. F ôåëéêü, âáóéêü, óå ôåëåõôáßá áíüëõóç amiable adj Someone who is amiable is friendly and pleasant to be with. (WRITTEN) ä She had been surprised at how amiable and polite he had seemed. F áîéáãüðçôïò, öéëüöñùí, åõãåíéêüò, êáëïóõíüôïò Module 2-Activity 1 (p.76) acquaint v If you acquaint someone with something, you tell them about it so that they know it. If you acquaint yourself with something, you learn about it. (FORMAL) ä I want to acquaint myself with your abili- ÊÑÁÔÉÊÏ Ã1 - Companion 19

17 20 ties, your strengths and weaknesses. F εξοικειώνω-ομαι, γνωρίζω προσωπικώς be/ get acquainted (with sb/sth) = ãíùñßæù êüðïéïí/ êüôé ðñïóùðéêþò intuition n Your intuition or your intuitions are unexplained feelings you have that something is true even when you have no evidence or proof of it. ä Her intuition was telling her that something was wrong. F äéáßóèçóç, ðñïáßóèçìá stimulate v To stimulate something means to encourage it to begin or develop further. ä The Russian health service has stimulated public interest in home cures. F äéåãåßñù, ðáñáêéíþ, êåíôñßæù full-board n If the price at a hotel includes full board, it includes all your meals. (mainly BRIT) F ðëþñçò öéëïîåíßá, öïõí ðáíóéüí workshop n A workshop is a building which contains tools or machinery for making or repairing things, especially using wood or metal. ä...the railway workshops. F åñãáóôþñéï pottery n A pottery is a factory or other place where pottery is made. F åñãáóôþñé áããåéïðëáóôéêþò batik n Batik is a process for printing designs on cloth. Wax is put on those areas of the cloth that you do not want to be coloured by dye. ä...a process similar to that used in batik. F ìðáôßê, (ìýèïäïò ãéá) æùãñáöéêþ óå ýöáóìá copper work n refers to art or other objects made of copper F αντικείμενα (π.χ κοσμήματα) κατασκευασμένα από χαλκό enamel v To cover or decorate something with enamel. F óìáëôþíù, âüöù ìå âåñíßêé Activity 2 (p.77) compost v To compost things such as unwanted bits of plants means to make them into compost. ä Cut down and compost spent cucumbers, tomatoes and other crops. F öïõóêßæù Module 3-Activity 1 (p.78) authenticate v If you authenticate something, you prove or confirm that it is true. ä Documentaries offered the chance to authenticate the accuracy of the various details in these models. F áðïäåéêíýù ôç ãíçóéüôçôá press conference n A press conference is a meeting held by a famous or important person in which they answer journalists questions. ä She gave her reaction to his release at a press conference. F äéüóêåøç/óõíýíôåõîç ôýðïõ panel n A panel is a group of well-known speakers or entertainers who answer questions to inform or amuse the public F ομάδα ομιλητών Activity 2 (p.78) overarching adj You use overarching to indicate that you are talking about something that includes or affects everything or everyone. ä Home ownership has been an overarching and innate desire of the British. F (για συζήτηση κτλ.) σημείο ή θέμα το οποίο περιλαμβάνει ή επηρεάζει τα πάντα ή τους πάντες Module 3-Activity 3 (p.79) whim n A whim is a wish to do or have something which seems to have no serious reason or purpose behind it, and often occurs suddenly F καπρίτσιο, ιδιοτροπία Module 4-Activity 2 (p.81) avert v If you avert something unpleasant, you prevent it from happening. ä A fresh tragedy was narrowly averted yesterday. F áðïôñýðù, ðñïëáìâüíù techno-trashing n the deliberate destraction of a technological device F á ñþóôåõóç ôå íïëïãßáò Practice Test 6 Module 1-Activity 1 (p ) backpacker n A backpacker is a person who goes travelling with a backpack. ä George is a backpacker and he spends time walking from place to place carrying rucksacks and camping equipment. F εκδρομέας με σακίδιο term n A term is a word or expression, often one with a particular meaning in a specialized computing terms. ä You used the term totalitarian several times; what did you mean by it? F φραστικός όρος denote v What a word or name denotes is what it means or refers to. ä In the Middle Ages the term `drab' denoted a very simple type of woollen cloth which was used by peasants to make their clothes. F υποδηλώνω independent n If one thing or person is independent of another, they are separate and not connected, so the first one is not affected or influenced by the second. äyour questions should be independent of each other. F ανεξάρτητος international adj International means between or involving different countries.ä The Cuban Government has asked for emergency aid from the international community. F διεθνής differentiate v A quality or feature that differentiates one thing from another makes the two things different. ä...distinctive policies that differentiate them from the other parties. F διαφοροποιώ hostel n A hostel is a large house where people can stay cheaply for a short period of time. ä Hostels are usually owned by local government authorities or charities. F επιδοτούμενος ξενώνας νεότητας extended adj If something happens for an extended period of time, it happens for a long period of time. ä Obviously, any child who receives dedicated teaching over an extended period is likely to improve. F παρατεταμένος in comparison with phr If you say, for example, that something is large or small in comparison with, in com-

18 parison to, or by comparison with something else, you mean that it is larger or smaller than the other thing. ä Is the human heart weak in comparison with the other organs? F σε σύγκριση με... conventional adj A conventional method or product is one that is usually used or that has been in use for a long time. ä...the risks and drawbacks of conventional family planning methods... F συμβατικός vacation n A vacation is a period of time during which you relax and enjoy yourself away from home. ä They planned a late summer vacation in Europe. F περίοδος διακοπών concept n A concept is an idea or abstract principle. ä She added that the concept of arranged marriages is misunderstood in the west. F αντίληψη, ιδέα gain momentum phr If a process or movement gains momentum, it keeps developing or happening more quickly and keeps becoming less likely to stop. ä This campaign is really gaining momentum. F αποκτώ ορμή, κερδίζω έδαφος hippy n Hippies were young people in the 1960s and 1970s who rejected conventional ways of living, dressing, and behaving, and tried to live a life based on peace and love. F χίπης movement n A movement is a group of people who share the same beliefs, ideas, or aims. ä It's part of a broader Hindu nationalist movement that's gaining strength throughout the country. F κίνημα central adj The central person or thing in a particular situation is the most important one. ä Black dance music has been central to mainstream pop since the early '60s. F κεντρικός, πρωταρχικής σημασίας tenet n The tenets of a theory or belief are the main principles on which it is based.ä Non-violence and patience are the central tenets of their faith.f δόγμα, δοξασία community n Community is friendship between different people or groups, and a sense of having something in common. ä A supportive house for eight to ten older people, each with his or her own room, provides privacy and a sense of community. F κοινότητα, κοινωνική αλληλεγγύη dormitory n A dormitory is a large bedroom where several people sleep, for example in a boarding school. äthe latest refugees were housed in makeshift dormitories. F κοιτώνας communal adj You use communal to describe something that is shared by a group of people. ä The inmates ate in a communal dining room. F κοινός purchase v When you purchase something, you buy it. ä He purchased a ticket and went up on the top deck. F αγοράζω fellow n You use fellow to describe people who are in the same situation as you, or people you feel you have something in common with.ä She discovered to her pleasure, a talent for making her fellow guests laugh. F σύντροφος recent adj A recent event or period of time happened only a short while ago. ä In the most recent attack one man was shot dead and two others were wounded. F πρόσφατος, του άμεσου παρελθόντος cite v to honor formally F μνημονεύω bible n If someone describes a book or magazine about their job or interest as their bible, they mean that it is the best and most useful book about the subject ä...the photographer's bible - Amateur Photographer. F οποιοδήποτε βιβλίο αναμφισβήτητου κύρους και περιεχομένου equal adj If two things are equal or if one thing is equal to another, they are the same in size, number, standard, or value. ä Investors can borrow an amount equal to the property's purchase price.f ίσος, ισάξιος authenticity n the truthfulness of origins, attributions, commitments, sincerity, devotion, and intentions. ä There's no doubt about the authenticity of the manuscript. F αυθεντικότητα, γνησιότητα mass adj Mass is used to describe something which involves or affects a very large number of people. ä All the lights went off, and mass hysteria broke out. F ομαδικός assertion n a positive statement or declaration, often without support or reason. ä There is no concrete evidence to support assertions that the recession is truly over. F ισχυρισμός cherish v If you cherish a right, a privilege, or a principle, you regard it as important and try hard to keep it. ä Chinese people cherish their independence and sovereignty. F τρέφω ενδόμυχη ιδέα, αρέσκομαι στη σκέψη sneak v If you sneak somewhere, you go there very quietly on foot, trying to avoid being seen or heard. ä Sometimes he would sneak out of his house late at night to be with me. F κινούμαι κρυφά και αθόρυβα witness v If you witness something, you see it happen. ä It was the quickest swimming lesson I'd ever witnessed. F βλέπω με τα ίδια μου τα μάτια, βιώνω involvement n Your involvement in something is the fact that you are taking part in it. ä She disliked his involvement with the group and disliked his friends. F εμπλοκή affluent adj having an abundance of wealth, property, or other material goods ä She had been used to an affluent lifestyle. F πλουσιοπάροχος itinerary adj An itinerary is a plan of a journey, including the route and the places that you will visit. ä The next place on our itinerary was Silistra. F (προγραμματισμένο) δρομολόγιο relatively adv Relatively means to a certain degree, especially when compared with other things of the same kind. ä The sums needed are relatively small. F σχετικά far-flung adj Far-flung places are a very long distance away from where you are or from important places. ä Ferries are a lifeline to the far-flung corners of Scotland. F εκτεταμένος destination n The destination of someone or something is the place to which they are going or being sent. ä Spain is still our most popular holiday destination. ÊÑÁÔÉÊÏ Ã1 - Companion 21

19 22 F προορισμός associated adj If one thing is associated with another, the two things are connected with each other. ä These symptoms are particularly associated with migraine headaches. F σχετιζόμενος budget adj Budget is used in advertising to suggest that something is being sold cheaply. ä Cheap flights are available from budget travel agents from s240. F οικονομικός, προσιτός disposable income n Your disposable income is the amount of income you have left after you have paid income tax and social security charges. ä The nation's disposable earnings in 1987 amounted to s586 billion. F διαθέσιμο εισόδημα incongruous adj Someone or something that is incongruous seems strange when considered together with other aspects of a situation. ä She was small and fragile and looked incongruous in an army uniform. F αταίριαστος, παράταιρος slum it phr If someone is slumming it or is slumming, they are spending time in a place or in conditions that are at a much lower social level than they are used to. ä...aristocratic types who enjoyed slumming around in musty old Scottish castles.f ζω φτωχικά adhere v If you adhere to a rule or agreement, you act in the way that it says you should. ä All members of the association adhere to a strict code of practice. F εμμένω accommodation n Accommodation is used to refer to buildings or rooms where people live or stay. ä The government will provide temporary accommodation for up to three thousand people sleeping rough in London. F στέγαση, κατάλυμμα sedate adj If you describe someone or something as sedate, you mean that they are quiet and rather dignified, though perhaps a bit dull. ä Her London life was sedate, almost mundane. F ήρεμος, μετρημένος tech-savvy adj If you describe someone as tech-savvy, you think that they show a lot of technological knowledge. F τεχνολογικό μυαλό demographic n a demographic is a group of people in a society, especially people in a particular age group. ä The station has won more listeners in the demgraphic.f δημογραφική ομάδα venture v If you venture to do something that requires courage or is risky, you do it. ä Don't ask,' he said, whenever Ginny ventured to raise the subject. F επιχειρώ, αποτολμώ gadget n A gadget is a small machine or device which does something useful. You sometimes refer to something as a gadget when you are suggesting that it is complicated and unnecessary. ä...sales of kitchen gadgets including toasters, kettles and percolators.f μικρό εργαλείο ή συσκευή accustomed adj If you are accustomed to something, you know it so well or have experienced it so often that it seems natural, unsurprising, or easy to deal with.ä I was accustomed to being the only child at a table full of adults. F συνηθισμένος (σε) brochure n A brochure is a magazine or thin book with pictures that gives you information about a product or service. ä In this travel brochure you can find all the information you need for your holidays. F (διαφημιστικό) φυλλάδιο, προσπέκτους attitude n Your attitude to something is the way that you think and feel about it, especially when this shows in the way you behave. Being unemployed produces negative attitudes to work. στάση, αντιμετώπιση neutral adj If a person adopts a neutral position or remains neutral, they do not support a particular opinion on something. ä Those who had decided to remain neutral in the struggle now found themselves required to take sides.f ουδέτερος appropriate adj Something that is appropriate is suitable or acceptable for a particular situation. ä It is appropriate that Irish names dominate the list. F κατάλληλος subheading n Subheadings are titles that divide part of a piece of writing into shorter sections. F υπότιτλος (κεφαλαίου, παραγράφου κτλ.) distinguish v If you can distinguish one thing from another, you can see or understand the difference between them. ä Research suggests that babies learn to see by distinguishing between areas of light and dark. F διακρίνω, ξεχωρίζω luggage n Luggage is the suitcases and bags that you take with you when trave. ä Leave your luggage in the hotel. F αποσκευές controversial adj If you describe something or someone as controversial, you mean that they are the subject of intense public argument, disagreement, or disapproval. ä Immigration is a controversial issue in many countries.f επίμαχος, αμφιλεγόμενος aspect n An aspect of something is one of the parts of its character or nature.ä Climate and weather affect every aspect of our lives. F άποψη, πλευρά community n Community is friendship between different people or groups, and a sense of having something in common. ä A supportive house for eight to ten older people, each with his or her own room, provides privacy and a sense of community.f συντροφικότητα, κοινωνική αλληλεγγύη industry n A particular industry consists of all the people and activities involved in making a particular product or providing a particular service. ä...the motor vehicle and textile industries.f βιομηχανία metaphor n A metaphor is an imaginative way of describing something by referring to something else which is the same in a particular way. For example, if you want to say that someone is very shy and frightened of things, you might say that they are a mouse. ä...the avoidance of `violent expressions and metaphors' like `kill two birds with one stone'. F (φραστική) μεταφορά seek v If you seek to do something, you try to do it. ä Moscow is seeking to slow the growth of Russian inflation. F επιδιώκω, αποσκοπώ manner n The manner in which you do something is

20 the way that you do it. ä She smiled again in a friendly manner. F το σύνολο των χαρακτηριστικών πράξης ή γεγονότος, τρόπος adopt v If you adopt a new attitude, plan, or way of behaving, you begin to have it. ä The United Nations General Assembly has adopted a resolution calling on all parties in the conflict to seek a political settlement. F υιοθετώ reflect v If something reflects an attitude or situation, it shows that the attitude or situation exists or it shows what it is like.ä Concern at the economic situation was reflected in the government's budget. F αντικατοπτρίζω, εκφράζω comforts n Comforts are things which make your life easier and more pleasant, such as electrical devices you have in your home. ä She enjoys the material comforts married life has brought her.f ανέσεις conveniences n Conveniences are pieces of equipment designed to make your life easier. ä Some TVRs have power steering and conveniences such as central locking and powered windows. F στοιχεία που εξυπηρετούν, ευκολίες ACTIVITY 2 (p.86) contest n A contest is a competition or game in which people try to win. ä Few contests in the recent history of British boxing have been as thrilling. F διαγωνισμός verbal adj You use verbal to indicate that something is expressed in speech rather than in writing or action. ä We have a verbal agreement with her. F λεκτικός librarians n A librarian is a person who is in charge of a library or who has been specially trained to work in a library. F βιβλιοθηκάριος plot n The plot of a film, novel, or play is the connected series of events which make up the story. F πλοκή (έργου κτλ.) considerably adv in a significant rate Children vary considerably in the rate at which they learn these lessons. αρκετά, σημαντικά ceremony n A ceremony is a formal event such as a wedding. ä...his grandmother's funeral, a private ceremony attended only by the family... F τελετή buffet n A buffet is a meal of cold food that is displayed on a long table at a party or public occasion. Guests usually serve themselves from the table. ä A cold buffet had been laid out in the dining-room. F (τρόπος σερβιρίσματος εδεσμάτων :) μπουφές several adj Several is used to refer to an imprecise number of people or things that is not large but is greater than two. ä I had lived two doors away from this family for several years.f ορισμένοι, μερικοί comprise v The things or people that comprise something are the parts or members that form it. ä...the multitude of ideas, ambitions and regrets that comprises the culture of Russia today... F αποτελούμαι (από) branch n A branch of a business or other organization is one of the offices, shops, or groups which belong to it and which are located in different places. ä The local branch of Bank of America is handling the accounts. F υποκατάστημα ACTIVITY 3 (p.86-87) stylish adj Someone or something that is stylish is smart, elegant, and fashionable. ä...a very attractive and very stylish woman of 27. F μοντέρνος accompany v If you accompany someone, you go somewhere with them. ä Ken agreed to accompany me on a trip to Africa. F συνοδεύω possessions n Your possessions are the things that you own or have with you at a particular time. ä People had lost their homes and all their possessions. F υπάρχοντα, περιουσία accommodate v If you do something to accommodate someone, you do it with the main purpose of pleasing or satisfying them. ä He has never put an arm around his wife to accommodate photographers. F εξυπηρετώ furnished adj A furnished room or house is available to be rented together with the furniture in it. ä Eleanor moved into a small furnished apartment. F επιπλωμένο διαμέρισμα priority n If something is a priority, it is the most important thing you have to do or deal with, or must be done or dealt with before everything else you have to do. ä Being a parent is her first priority. F προτεραιότητα restful adj Something that is restful helps you to feel calm and relaxed. ä Adjust the lighting so it is soft and restful. F αναπαυτικός, που ξεκουράζει ingredients n Ingredients are the things that are used to make something, especially all the different foods you use when you are cooking a particular dish. ä Mix in the remaining ingredients.f συστατικά culinary adj Culinary means concerned with cooking. ä She was keen to acquire more advanced culinary skills. F μαγειρικός, της μαγειρικής masterpiece n A masterpiece is an extremely good painting, novel, film, or other work of art. ä His book, I must add, is a masterpiece. F αριστούργημα stimulating adj something that makes you feel full of ideas and enthusiasm. ä It is a complex yet stimulating book. F ενδιαφέρων, ερεθιστικός addition n An addition to something is a thing which is added to it. ä This is a fine book; a worthy addition to the Cambridge Encyclopedia series. F προσθήκη, συμπλήρωμα investment n If you describe something you buy as an investment, you mean that it will be useful, especially because it will help you to do a task more cheaply or efficiently. ä When selecting boots, fine, quality leather will be a wise investment. F επένδυση fabric n Fabric is cloth or other material produced by weaving together cotton, nylon, wool, silk, or other threads. Fabrics are used for making things such as clothes, curtains, and sheets. ä Whatever your colour scheme, there's a fabric to match.f ύφασμα range n A range of things is a number of different things of the same general kind. ä A wide range of colours and patterns are available.f σύνολο ή ποικιλία ÊÑÁÔÉÊÏ Ã1 - Companion 23