Computer Networks CS555
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1 Computer Networks CS555 Ajay Gupta Department of Computer Science Western Michigan University Kalamazoo, MI Source: Kurose and Ross book, Guizani Book Introduction 1-1 Chapter 1: Introduction Our goal:! get context, overview, feel of networking! more depth, detail later in course! approach: descriptive use Internet as example Overview:! what s the Internet! what s a protocol?! network structure! network types! network topologies! network edge! network core, transmission types! access net, physical media! Internet/ISP structure! performance: loss, delay! protocol layers, service models! history Introduction 1-2 Chapter 1: roadmap What is the Internet? Protocols Network Structure Network Types Network topologies Network edge Network core, transmission types Network access and physical media Internet structure and ISPs Delay & loss in packet-switched networks Protocol layers, service models History Source: Guizani; Kurose and Ross textbooks, Unix manpages, and Internet. Material from textbooks is copyrighted by appropriate authors. For example: All material copyright , J.F Kurose and K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved Introduction 1-3 WMU-CS, Dr. Gupta 1
2 What s the Internet: nuts and bolts view! protocols control sending, receiving of msgs e.g., TCP, IP, HTTP, FTP, PPP! Internet: network of networks loosely hierarchical public Internet versus private intranet! Internet standards RFC: Request for comments IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force router local ISP company network server workstation mobile regional ISP Introduction 1-4 What s the Internet: a service view! communication infrastructure enables distributed applications: Web, , games, e- commerce, database., voting, file (MP3) sharing! communication services provided to apps: connectionless connection-oriented! cyberspace [Gibson]: a consensual hallucination experienced daily by billions of operators, in every nation,..." Introduction 1-5 What s a protocol? human protocols:! what s the time?! I have a question! introductions specific msgs sent specific actions taken when msgs received, or other events network protocols:! machines rather than humans! all communication activity in Internet governed by protocols protocols define format, order of msgs sent and received among network entities, and actions taken on msg transmission, receipt Introduction 1-6 WMU-CS, Dr. Gupta 2
3 What s a protocol? a human protocol and a computer network protocol: Hi Hi Got the time? 11:15 time TCP connection req TCP connection response Get <file> Q: Other human protocols? Introduction 1-7 Communication Protocols! Define, at the very least Rate of transmission Synch / asynch transmission Half-duplex or full-duplex mode of transmission Type of error checking Type of data compression Terminate msg identification from sender Received msg identification from receiver Introduction 1-8 Chapter 1: roadmap What is the Internet? Protocols Network Structure Network Types Network topologies Network edge Network core, transmission types Network access and physical media Internet structure and ISPs Delay & loss in packet-switched networks Protocol layers, service models History Introduction 1-9 WMU-CS, Dr. Gupta 3
4 A closer look at network structure:! network edge: applications and hosts! network core: routers network of networks! access networks, physical media: communication links Introduction 1-10 Network Types! Local Area Networks (LAN)! Campus Area Networks (CAN)! Wide Area Networks (WAN)! Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN)! Global Area Networks (GAN)! Wireless Networks! Satellite Networks Introduction 1-11 LANs! Spans a relatively small area (0.1km 1km) - writing lab, school, building A Multiple Building LAN Introduction 1-12 WMU-CS, Dr. Gupta 4
5 MANs! Spans a metropolitan area (10 100km); typically not owned by a single corporation Introduction 1-13 WANs! Spans a large geographical area (100-10,000kms); 2 or more LANs; Introduction 1-14 Wireless Networks! Range varies; uses air / free-space medium; supports mobility Printer Laptop Com puter Com puter Access point Laptop Laptop Introduction 1-15 WMU-CS, Dr. Gupta 5
6 Network Types: Summary Network Type HAN LAN CAN MAN WAN GAN Definition Home Area Network Local Area Network Campus Area Network Metropolitan Area Network Wide Area Network Global Area Network Distance Range 0.1 Km 0.1 to 1 Km 1 to 10 Km 10 to 100 Km 100 to Km Around the earth Communication Space Home Building, floor, room Campus, company site City Region, nation Multinational zones, world Introduction 1-16 Chapter 1: roadmap What is the Internet? Protocols Network Structure Network Types Network topologies Network edge Network core, transmission types Network access and physical media Internet structure and ISPs Delay & loss in packet-switched networks Protocol layers, service models History Introduction 1-17 Network Topologies! Bus Topology! Star Topology Introduction 1-18 WMU-CS, Dr. Gupta 6
7 Network Topologies! Ring Topology! Tree, Mesh, Butterfly Introduction 1-19 Chapter 1: roadmap What is the Internet? Protocols Network Structure Network Types Network topologies Network edge Network core, transmission types Network access and physical media Internet structure and ISPs Delay & loss in packet-switched networks Protocol layers, service models History Introduction 1-20 The network edge:! end systems (hosts): run application programs e.g. Web, at edge of network! client/server model client host requests, receives service from always-on server e.g. Web browser/server; client/server! peer-peer model: minimal (or no) use of dedicated servers e.g. Gnutella, KaZaA Introduction 1-21 WMU-CS, Dr. Gupta 7
8 Network edge: connection-oriented service Goal: data transfer between end systems! handshaking: setup (prepare for) data transfer ahead of time Hello, hello back human protocol set up state in two communicating hosts! TCP - Transmission Control Protocol Internet s connectionoriented service TCP service [RFC 793]! reliable, in-order bytestream data transfer loss: acknowledgements and retransmissions! flow control: sender won t overwhelm receiver! congestion control: senders slow down sending rate when network congested Introduction 1-22 Network edge: connectionless service Goal: data transfer between end systems same as before!! UDP -User Datagram Protocol [RFC 768]: Internet s connectionless service unreliable data transfer no flow control no congestion control App s using TCP:! HTTP (Web), FTP (file transfer), Telnet (remote login), SMTP ( ) App s using UDP:! streaming media, teleconferencing, DNS, Internet telephony Introduction 1-23 Chapter 1: roadmap What is the Internet? Protocols Network Structure Network Types Network topologies Network edge Network core, transmission types Network access and physical media Internet structure and ISPs Delay & loss in packet-switched networks Protocol layers, service models History Introduction 1-24 WMU-CS, Dr. Gupta 8
9 The Network Core, Transmission Types! mesh of interconnected routers! the fundamental question: how is data transferred through net? circuit switching: dedicated circuit per call: telephone net packet-switching: data sent thru net in discrete chunks Introduction 1-25 Network Core: Circuit Switching End-end resources reserved for call! link bandwidth, switch capacity! dedicated resources: no sharing! circuit-like (guaranteed) performance! call setup required Introduction 1-26 Network Core: Circuit Switching network resources (e.g., bandwidth) divided into pieces! pieces allocated to calls! resource piece idle if not used by owning call (no sharing)! dividing link bandwidth into pieces frequency division time division Introduction 1-27 WMU-CS, Dr. Gupta 9
10 Circuit Switching: FDMA and TDMA FDMA Example: 4 users frequency TDMA time frequency time Introduction 1-28 Network Core: Packet Switching each end-end data stream divided into packets! user A, B packets share network resources! each packet uses full link bandwidth! resources used as needed Bandwidth division into pieces Dedicated allocation Resource reservation resource contention:! aggregate resource demand can exceed amount available! congestion: packets queue, wait for link use! store and forward: packets move one hop at a time transmit over link wait turn at next link Introduction 1-29 Packet Switching: Statistical Multiplexing A 10 Mbs Ethernet statistical multiplexing C B queue of packets waiting for output link 1.5 Mbs D Sequence of A & B packets does not have fixed pattern " statistical multiplexing. In TDM each host gets same slot in revolving TDM frame. E Introduction 1-30 WMU-CS, Dr. Gupta 10
11 Packet switching versus circuit switching Packet switching allows more users to use network!! 1 Mbit link! each user: 100 kbps when active active 10% of time N users! circuit-switching: 10 users! packet switching: with 35 users, probability > 10 active less than Mbps link Introduction 1-31 Packet switching versus circuit switching Is packet switching a slam dunk winner?! Great for bursty data resource sharing simpler, no call setup! Excessive congestion: packet delay and loss protocols needed for reliable data transfer, congestion control! Q: How to provide circuit-like behavior? bandwidth guarantees needed for audio/video apps still an unsolved problem partial solutions avail. Introduction 1-32 Packet-switching: store-and-forward L R R R! Takes L/R seconds to transmit (push out) packet of L bits on to link of R bps! Entire packet must arrive at router before it can be transmitted on next link: store and forward! delay = 3L/R Example:! L = 7.5 Mbits! R = 1.5 Mbps! delay = 15 sec Introduction 1-33 WMU-CS, Dr. Gupta 11
12 Packet Switching: Message Segmenting Now break up the message into 5000 packets! Each packet 1,500 bits! 1 msec to transmit packet on one link! pipelining: each link works in parallel! Delay reduced from 15 sec to sec Introduction 1-34 Packet-switched networks: forwarding! Goal: move packets through routers from source to destination we ll study several path selection (i.e. routing) algorithms! datagram network: destination address in packet determines next hop routes may change during session analogy: driving, asking directions! virtual circuit network: each packet carries tag (virtual circuit ID), tag determines next hop fixed path determined at call setup time, remains fixed thru call routers maintain per-call state Introduction 1-35 Network Taxonomy Telecommunication networks Circuit-switched networks Packet-switched networks FDM TDM Networks with VCs Datagram Networks Datagram network is not either connection-oriented or connectionless. Internet provides both connection-oriented (TCP) and connectionless services (UDP) to apps. Introduction 1-36 WMU-CS, Dr. Gupta 12
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