Chapter 13 The Physiology of Training: Effect on VO 2max, Performance, Homeostasis, & Strength. Objectives. Objectives

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1 Chapter 13 The Physiology of Training: Effect on VO 2max, Performance, Homeostasis, & Strength Objectives 1. Explain the basic principles of training: overload & specificity. 2. Contrast cross-sectional w/ longitudinal research studies. 3. Indicate the typical Δ in VO 2max w/ endurance training programs, & the effect of the initial (pretraining) value on the magnitude of the. 4. State the typical VO 2max values for various sedentary, active, & athletic populations. 5. State the formula for VO 2max using HR, SV, & the a-vo 2 difference; indicate which of the variables is most important in explaining the wide range of VO 2max values in the population. Objectives 6. Discuss, using the variables identified in objective 5, how the in VO 2max comes about for the sedentary subject who participates in an endurance training program. 7. Define preload, afterload, & contractility, & discuss the role of each in the in the SV max that occurs w/ endurance training. 8. Describe the Δs in muscle structure that are responsible for the in the maximal a-vo 2 difference w/ endurance training. 9. Describe the underlying causes for the in VO 2max that occurs w/ cessation of endurance training. 1

2 Objectives 10. Describe how the capillary & mitochondrial Δs that occur in muscle as a result of an endurance training program are related to the following adaptations to submaximal exercise: a. a lower O 2 deficit b. an d utilization of FFA & a sparing of bld glucose & muscle glycogen c. a reduction in lactate & H + formation d. an in lactate removal 11. Discuss how Δs in central command & peripheral feedback following an endurance training program can lower the HR, ventilation, & catecholamine responses to a submaximal exercise bout. 12. Contrast the role of neural adaptations w/ hypertrophy in the in strength that occurs w/ resistance training. Exercise: A Challenge to Homeostasis Introduction Figure 13.1 Principles of Training Principles of Training Overload Specificity Reversibility 2

3 Research Designs to Study Training Research Designs to Study Training Endurance Training and VO 2 Max Endurance Training & VO 2max Range of VO 2max Values in the Population Endurance Training and VO 2 Max 3

4 A Closer Look 13.1 The HERITAGE Family Study Endurance Training and VO 2 Max VO 2 Max: Cardiac Output and the Arteriovenous Difference Calculation of VO 2max VO 2 Max: Cardiac Output and the Arteriovenous Difference Differences in VO 2max Values Among Populations 4

5 VO 2 Max: Cardiac Output and the Arteriovenous Difference Δs in VO 2max w/ Training Factors ng SV VO 2 Max: Cardiac Output and the Arteriovenous Difference Figure 13.2 Endurance Training and VO 2 Max A Closer Look 13.2 Why Do Some Individuals Have High VO 2max Values w/o Training? 5

6 VO 2 Max: Cardiac Output and the Arteriovenous Difference Arteriovenous O 2 Difference a-vo 2max VO 2 Max: Cardiac Output and the Arteriovenous Difference Factors Causing d VO 2max Figure 13.3 Detraining and VO 2 Max Detraining & VO 2max 6

7 Detraining & Δs in VO 2max & Cardiovascular Variables Detraining and VO 2 Max Figure 13.4 Endurance Training: Effects on Performance and Homeostasis Effects of Endurance Training on Performance Endurance Training: Effects on Performance and Homeostasis Structural & Biochemical Adaptations to Endurance Training 7

8 Endurance Training: Effects on Performance and Homeostasis Δs in Oxidative Enzymes w/ Training Endurance Training: Effects on Performance and Homeostasis Time Course of Training/Detraining Mitochondrial Δs Endurance Training: Effects on Performance and Homeostasis Time Course of Training/Detraining Mitochondrial Δs Figure

9 Endurance Training: Effects on Performance and Homeostasis A Closer Look 13.3 Role of Exercise Intensity & Duration on Mitochondrial Adaptations Citrate synthase (CS) Marker of mitochondrial oxidative capacity Effect of exercise intensity 55%, 65%, or 75% VO 2max d CS in oxidative (IIa) fibers w/ all training intensities Effect of exercise duration 30, 60, or 90 minutes No difference b/n durations on CS activity in IIa fibers in CS activity in IIx fibers w/ higher-intensity, longerduration training Figure 13.6 Endurance Training: Effects on Performance and Homeostasis Biochemical Adaptations & the O 2 Deficit Endurance Training: Effects on Performance and Homeostasis Mitochondrial # & [ADP] Needed to VO 2 Figure

10 Endurance Training: Effects on Performance and Homeostasis Endurance Training Reduces the O 2 Deficit Figure 13.8 Endurance Training: Effects on Performance and Homeostasis Biochemical Adaptations & the Plasma [Glu] Endurance Training: Effects on Performance and Homeostasis Effect of Mitochondria & Capillaries on Free-Fatty Acid & Glu Utilization Figure

11 Biochemical Adaptations and bld ph Biochemical Adaptations & bld ph Biochemical Adaptations and bld ph Mitochondrial & Biochemical Adaptations & bld ph Figure Biochemical Adaptations & Lactate Removal Biochemical Adaptations and bld ph 11

12 Redistribution of bld Flow & Lactate Removal Biochemical Adaptations and bld ph Figure Exercise and Resistance to Infection A Closer Look 13.4 Exercise & Resistance to Infection Exercise and Resistance to Infection J-Shaped Relationship b/n Exercise & URTI Figure

13 The Open Window Theory Exercise and Resistance to Infection Figure Endurance Training: Links b/n Muscle and Systemic Physiology Links b/n Muscle & Systemic Physiology Lack of Transfer of Training Effect Endurance Training: Links b/n Muscle and Systemic Physiology Figure

14 Endurance Training: Links b/n Muscle & Systemic Physiology Peripheral & Central Control of Cardiorespiratory Responses Endurance Training: Links b/n Muscle and Systemic Physiology Peripheral Control of HR, Ventilation, & bld Flow Figure Endurance Training: Links b/n Muscle and Systemic Physiology Central Control of Cardiorespiratory Responses Figure

15 Physiological Effects of Strength Training Physiological Effects of Strength Training A Closer Look 13.5 Aging, Strength, & Training Physiological Effects of Strength Training Physiological Mechanisms Causing Increased Strength Physiological Mechanisms Causing d Strength 15

16 Physiological Mechanisms Causing Increased Strength Neural & Muscular Adaptations to Resistance Training Figure Neural Factors Physiological Mechanisms Causing Increased Strength Muscular Enlargement Physiological Mechanisms Causing Increased Strength 16

17 Physiological Mechanisms Causing Increased Strength The Winning Edge 13.1 Periodization of Strength Training Physiological Mechanisms Causing Increased Strength Concurrent Strength & Endurance Training Study Questions 1. Define the following principles of training: overload & specificity. 2. Give one example each of a cross-sectional study & a longitudinal study. 3. What are the typical VO 2max values for young men & women? Cardiac patients? 4. Given the formula for VO 2max using HR, SV, & the a-vo 2 difference, which variable is most important in explaining the differences in VO 2max in different populations? Give a quantitative example. 5. Describe how the in VO 2max comes about for the sedentary subject who undertakes an endurance training program. 6. Explain the importance of preload, afterload, & contractility in the of the SV max that occurs w/ endurance training. 17

18 Study Questions 7. What are the most important Δs in muscle structure that are responsible for the in the maximal a-vo 2 difference that occurs w/ endurance training? 8. What causes the VO 2max to following termination of an endurance training program? 9. Describe how the capillary & mitochondrial Δs that occur in muscle as a result of an endurance training program are related to the following adaptations to submaximal exercise: a. a lower O 2 deficit b. an utilization of FFA & sparing of bld glucose & muscle glycogen c. a reduction in lactate & H + formation that helps to maintain the ph of the bld d. an in lactate removal Study Questions 10. Define central command & peripheral feedback & explain how Δs in muscle as a result of endurance training can be responsible for the lower HR, ventilation, & catecholamine response to a submaximal exercise bout. 11. In short-term training programs, what neural factors may be responsible for the in strength? 12. Contrast hyperplasia w/ hypertrophy, & explain the role of each in the in muscle size that occurs w/ long-term strength training. 13. Does strength training interfere w/ the physiological effects of endurance training? 18