A Framework for Intelligent Decision Support System for Traffic Congestion Management System

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1 Egeerg **-** do: /eg Publshed Ole Aprl 2010 ( ScRP.org/jourl/eg) 41 A Frework for Itellget Decso Support Syste for rffc Cogesto Mgeet Syste Abstrct Mohd K. Hs Deprtet of Qutttve Methods d Iforto Systes College of Busess Adstrto Kuwt Uversty Kuwt cty Kuwt E-l: kl@cb.edu.kw Receved Noveber ; revsed Jury ; ccepted Februry rffc cogesto proble s oe of the jor probles tht fce y trsportto decso kers for urb res. he proble hs y pcts o socl ecoocl d devepet spects of urb res. Hece the soluto to ths proble s ot strght forwrd. It requres t of effort expertse te d cost tht soete re ot vlble. Most of the exstg trsportto plg softwre speclly the ost dvced oes requres persoel wth ts prctcl trsportto plg experece d wth hgh level of educto d trg. I ths pper we propose coprehesve frework for Itellget Decso Support Syste (IDSS) for rffc Cogesto Mgeet Syste tht utlzes stte of the rt trsportto etwork equlbru odelg d provdg esy to use GIS-bsed tercto evroet. he deveped IDSS reduces the depedblty o the expertse d level of educto of the trsportto plers trsportto egeers or y trsportto decso kers. Keywords: rffc Cogesto Mgeet Syste; rsportto Syste Mgeet; Itellget Decso Support Syste; Urb rsportto Systes Alyss; Multclss Sulteous rsportto Equlbru Models; Itellget Scero Creto Assstce Aget 1. Itroducto Over the lst few decdes the desos of the trsportto syste d the tercto betwee these desos d the socoecooc syste hve cresed by y folds. Ad despte the fct tht sgfct dvceets hve occurred Iforto d Coucto echoges (IC)-bsed trsportto systes d y etwork equlbru odels hve bee deveped coprehedg ths dyc evroet detfyg ts crtcl ssues d respodg to the by selectg the rght ltertve t the rght te s stll esely dedg d dffcult tsk to ccoplsh eve for well tred d expereced trsportto expertse. Urb trsport proble c be uderstood relto to ld use d other soco-ecooc ctvtes whch the trsportto etwork serves. A reltoshp exsts betwee trp frequeces d socoecooc chrcterrstcs of trp kers d the purpose for whch the trp s de (such s jourey to work to school to shoppg to socl ctvtes etc. Ech of these types of trps s sptlly dstrbuted over the cty betwee the resdetl res d plces of terest d ctvtes. rp purposes lso fluece the volue of trp geerto vrous ld use the cty [1]. hs s becuse the volue of joureys de fro org to destto s fuctolly relted to the blty of respectve res to geerte or ttrct oveet. Resos such s dequte trsport frstructure rpd crese urb populto coe d utooble owershp etc. hd bee oted to cotrbute to trffc cogesto y of the urb res [2]. rffc cogesto s crtcl proble urb res. It s ot lwys frutful to expd the trsportto systes f the ded s ot stsfctorly et by the exstg cpcty. As such t s prudet to optze the use of exstg trsportto syste by cert geet techques. Gzs [3] proposed wy to cotrol csely spced d oversturted tersectos. Gordo [4] suggested tht tersecto cotrol schee should be ed t cotrollg the reltve queue legths o the phses. Logley [5] detfed two types of cogesto d proposed sgl cotrol d queue geet procedure tht s t reducg secodry cogesto. Pgtro et l. [6] descrbed queue geet procedure. Grter Copyrght 2010 ScRes.

2 42 Mohd K. Hs. et l. [7] preseted procedure wth ult-level desg for rel te trffc-dptve cotrol. Other work o queue geet ppered the lterture [8-10]. Reddy et l. [11] Reddy [12] descrbed the rsportto Syste Mgeet (SM) ctos to prove vehculr oveets wth the help of cse study. hoso [13] descrbed the trffc geet proble fced by hghly urbzed ctes of devepg world due to the rpd urbzto reltg to trffc cogesto. hs effort t reducg trffc cogesto wthout provdg for ore rod cpcty s expected to shft the trp ptter of otorsts vrous wys otbly to redstrbute trps sptlly teporrly d odlly. Other studes o urb trffc geet etg fro o cossoed studes clude tht of Adefollu [14] o trffc cogesto the cty of Lgos; Oyefesob [15] o ccdet reducto: Oroke [16] o trffc educto: Ogubodede [1] o the cotrbuto of ld use to trffc cogesto. hese bove studes show tht trffc cogesto proble s coo pheoeo urb d prt of SM ctos to prove the exstg trsportto syste for the better servceblty d effcecy by tkg vrous esures. rsportto Systes Mgeet (SM) esures orglly coceved s tool pplcble o rego-wde scle c be successfully ppled t jor ctvty ceters to vod ze or postpoe the eed for ore cptl-tesve trsportto proveets (Keedy d Wlter [17]). A trsportto geet syste (SM) s teded to provde forto o trsportto syste perforce d detfy ltertve ctos to llevte cogested rodwy codtos. Although SM c use dt obted fro trffc operto survellce d cotrol syste geerl SM s cosdered to be ore plg tool th opertos tool (Ldqust [18]). he objectves of SM ctos re to coordte ll dvdul eleets of trsportto systes through opertg regultory d cotrol polces so s to cheve the xu effcecy d productvty d ze evroetl polluto d eergy cosupto. SM ctos whether ppled o corrdor or t cty etwork level t xzg the expected output of the trsportto systes s whole d cheve the specfc objectves (Reddy et l. [11]) SM ctos clude: Assurg the sfety d the effcecy fw of psseger vehcles d trucks g urb d rurl trsportto etworks [19] Choosg the ost effcet provg ltertves solutos of the exstg trsportto syste proble t u cost [19] Icresg the trst syste rdershp by cresg the frequecy of buses or trs reducg the fr d ssurg schedulg te ccurcy. Mzg the r polluto osy d ll others udesrble evroetl pcts of the exstg trsportto syste [19] Bg of prtculr clss of vehcles t cert tes/cert res. Auto free zoes where vehcles re totlly prohbted. Specl bus les d streets where spces re reserved for publc buses d eergecy vehcles d other proveets of fcltes for buses vz. bus bys d bus stops. Fscl esures lke prkg fee rod prcg d suppleetry lcesg etc. whch tur ke the less vehcle usge. Prkg Cotrol Stggerg of offce hours Cr poolg rvel Bous Cotrolled Etry Bed turs Geoetrc proveets Iproveets for sw ovg trffc Iproveets to pedestr fcltes Iproveets tersecto crculto Sychrozto d redesg of sgls Detled beefts of the SM Progr c be foud [19]. o evolve SM cto pl for the selected corrdor there s eed to uderstd d lyze the chrcterstcs of trffc fw s well s exstg trst syste ld use devepet whch geertes the trffc o ths corrdor d ther ll effects. o tegrte the etre bove feture of SM we frst defed Cogesto Mgeet Syste (CMS) d Itellget Decso Support Syste (IDSS). A Cogesto Mgeet Syste (CMS) s systetc process of otorg esurg d dgosg the cuses of curret d future cogesto jor trvel corrdors [20]; perforg detled evluto lyss d recoedtos for dfferet ltertves solutos strteges tht c be pleeted to prove geet of curret d future cogesto [20]; d otorg d evlutg the perforce of strteges tht hve bee pleeted to ge or tgte cogesto [21]. US Federl trsportto legslto requres Metropolt Plg Orgztos (MPO) to devep d pleet CMS s prt of the etropolt trsportto plg process [22]. he CMS provdes cosstet bss to ke trsportto vestet decsos d esures tht trvel ded geet (DM) d trsportto syste geet (SM) esures re cosdered pror to rodwy cpcty expso ccordce wth gols d objectves estblshed by y Metropolt Plg Orgzto [20]. he MPO s trsportto polcy-kg orgzto de up of represettves fro cl goveret d trsportto uthortes. Copyrght 2010 ScRes.

3 Mohd K. Hs. 43 he dyc d coplex ture of trsportto evroet the coplexty of the curret trsportto syste d dffculty to coprehed the etwork equlbru odels d the lted vlblty of trsportto expertse together creted extreely hrd evroet to del wth effcetly d effectvely. However the dvceet d vlblty of tellget get-bsed techoges d solutos for tegrto wth coprehesve trsportto syste lyss frework s rffc Cogesto Mgeet Syste (CMS) provde prosg solutos. Ossowsk et l. [23] surzed good ltertures bout the Decso Support Systes tht clude prevous works of Frech [24] Slver [25] Kle d Methle [26] Herdez d Serro [27] Herdez d Serro [28] Vlhvs et l. [29] Cue d Ossowsk [30] Ossowsk et l. [31] Igless et l. [32] d Ho D d Wkoff [33]. More detls bout the decso support syste fudetls d the clssfcto of decso support systes c be foud Holspple [34]. Recetly Zhg [35] ddressed the requreets for ope d stdrdzed evroet for tegrtg vrous DSSs. He lso ddressed the eergece of tellget get techogy to fulfll the requreets of devepg ovtve d effcet DSS pplctos. I hs thess he gve detled llustrtos of the tellget gets offerg vrous dvtges such s oblty flexblty tellgece etc. to overcoe the jor probles exstg DSSs. Cretg tellget get-bsed DSS for CMS tht would eble d ssst the trsportto syste users (opertors) to detfy crtcl trsportto proble ssues d to respod to the by selectg the rght course of cto tely effcet d effectve er would be respose to ths crtcl requreet. o ths ed the objectve of ths pper s to provde such frework. he objectve of ths reserch pper s to devep A Frework for Itellget Decso Support Syste for rffc Cogesto Mgeet Syste usg stte of the rt devepets urb trsportto syste odelg tht c be useful decso support tool for trsportto plers d decso kers for the lyss d evluto of strtegc trsportto pls clude trsportto projects d polces. he cotrbuto of ths reserch s the creto of Scero Mgeet Subsyste (SMS) d the Itellget Scero Creto Assstce Aget (ISCAA) brefly dscussed Secto 4.5 d Secto 4.6 respectvely. We wll lso show how these copoets re tegrted wth the pct odels results where the puts to these pct odels re the result of the Multclss Sulteous rsportto Equlbru Model (MSEM) [36] tht wll be ru for ech trsportto ltertve soluto. Ad flly we hve tellget DSS tht c recogze ptter of soluto ltertves for trffc cogesto proble ssocted wth ts totl evluto. hs IDSS c be used by y otrsportto speclst decso kers for y trsportto polcy evlutos d recoedtos. hs pper s orgzed s folw: Secto 2 gves the cocept for the trsportto systes lyss. Secto 3 presets ore detled frework for trsportto syste lyss cobg the cocept of the trsportto plg process d the trsportto syste lyss cocept. Secto 3 presets he Multclss Sulteous rsportto Equlbru Model (MSEM) s descrpto forulto s Vrtol Iequlty (VI) d the dt collecto requreets. Secto 4 llustrtes the Archtecture of the Itellget Decso Support Syste (IDSS) pleetg the frework for trsportto syste lyss descrbed Secto 2. Ad flly the sury cocluso d future reserch re preseted Secto rsportto Systes Alyss 2.1. rsportto Syste We brefly defe the trsportto plg s cotuous process cossts of: 1) Proble defto Geerto of Altertves 2) Buldg d Clbrto of rsportto Models 3) Applcto of the Clbrted rsportto Models d Alyss of Altertves 4) Evluto d Choce 5) Ipleetto A trsportto syste c be defe s the cobto of eleets d ther terctos whch produce the ded for trvel wth gve re d the supply of the trsportto servce to stsfy ths ded. hs defto s geerl d flexble eough to be ppled to dfferet cotext. he specfc structure of the syste s defed by the proble tself (or clss of proble) for whose soluto s epyed. Alost ll of the copoets of socl d ecooc syste gve geogrphcl re terct wth dfferet levels of testy. However t s prctclly possble to tke to ccout every terctg eleet to solve trsportto proble. he typcl syste pproch s to solte the ost relevt eleet the proble. hese eleets d the relto og the ke up the lyss syste. he reg eleets whch beg to the exterl evroet re tke to ccout oly ter of ther tercto wth the lyss syste. he trsportto syste of gve re c lso be see s sub-syste of wder terrtorl syste wth whch t strogly tercts. he extet to whch these terctos re cluded the lyss syste or the exterl evroet depeds o the specfc proble. Copyrght 2010 ScRes.

4 44 Mohd K. Hs. rsportto s the process of trsferrg people good d forto fro oe plce to other. o perfor ts fucto y trsportto syste cossts of severl copoets whch together ct s sgle ut tht s desged d deveped to provde sutble techogy for the objects to be trsported. Ay trsport techogy ust provde oblty cotrol protecto d ld ccess for the objects. Perhps the ost wdespred trsport techogy s the oe used for ld trsport. ht s vehcles d coters opertg o hghwy or rlwy etworks. Copoets of such trsport syste y be dvded to two ctegores. he frst ctegory cludes the physcl copoets such s the etwork frstructurl fxed eleets (.e. rod d rl lks tersectos terls prkg spces rlwy yrds tece shops sttos etc.) d ovg eleets (.e. vehcles d coters). he secod ctegory cludes the hu copoets such s users opertors owers d regultors of the syste goveret d the socety t lrge. he key plyers syste lyss re defed s folws: 1) Users: re those trveler d shpper who represet ded o the trsport syste. 2) Opertors: re those who ow the fleet of vehcles d hece re resposble for ther operto tece d vestet. 3) Owers: re those who ow the etwork eleets d hece re cocered wth costructo upgrdg operto d tece of the frstructure. 4) Regultors: re resposble for trffc lws ordces d regultos. 5) Goveret: s resposble for cretg the ster pl for the cty trsportto systes d polces or projects tht ffect the trsportto systes. 6) Socety t lrge: s resposble cto of resdets d ctvtes It should be ephszed tht these copoets should terct ll together order to provde effectve d effcet trsportto. Furtherore trsport syste y be vewed s oe of severl copoets of ore coplex soco-ecooc syste of the socety. he tercto betwee the trsport syste d ts surroudg soco-ecooc evroet s g evdet. rsport ded s fucto of the gtude d sptl dstrbuto of soco-ecooc ctvtes whch tur re gretly flueced by the chrcterstcs of trsport systes. herefore the ctul perforce of y trsport syste s fucto of severl terctg d terdepedet fctors wth the syste d those outsde the syste. Lke y other coplex syste trsport syste y ot lwys perfor s desred d there re ofte probles d ssues to be ddressed d resolved. rffc cogesto lted prkg spce hgh ccdet rte wek coectvty betwee jor devepet ceters freght oveets publc trst d r polluto re but few exples to eto. he rge of possble reedes s eorous. Costructo of ew hghwys buldg ultstory grges troducg ew trsport techoges cretg ew orgztol structures d trffc regultos re exples of ctos whch would be udertke. he best cto (or set of ctos) to be pleeted prtculr stuto s questo tht s ofte ot sple oe to resolve edtely d usully requres systetc process of lyss tht tkes to cosderto the terctg ffects o the syste tht s trsportto plg. Forlly defed plg s systetc lytcl process tht sssts decso kers of gve syste to cheve specfc set of gols d objectves wth gve soco-ecooc evroet optu fsho Bsc Preses As dcted erler y trsport syste cossts of severl physcl s well s hu copoets whch terct together order to produce trsportto. he trsport syste tself s g oe of severl copoets the soco-ecooc ctvty syste of the socety whe ll terct produce wht we cll the devepet of tht socety. herefore the lyss of trsportto systes should be bsed o two bsc preses: 1) he totl trsport syste wth gve socoecooc evroet ust be cosdered d vewed s sgle ultodl syste. 2) he tercto betwee the totl trsport syste d the surroudg soco-ecooc ctvty syste ust be tke to ccout the lyss Bsc Vrbles d Reltoshps Bsed o the bove preses the resultt effect of the terctos betwee the ctvty d trsport systes s fested the fw ptter dstrbuted o the dfferet eleets of the trsport syste. herefore we c defe three bsc vrbles for the lyss: : he rsport Syste A: he Actvty Syste F: he Fw Ptter he terreltoshps og these three vrbles re show o Fgure 1 d y be descrbed s folws: Reltoshp I: d A deteres F Reltoshp II: F cuse chges over te A (e.g. crese of fw o gve route y duce ore ctvtes to shft g tht route). Reltoshp III: F cuses chges over te (e.g. cogesto of fw y fluece the decso to buld ew rod or to odfy exstg oe). Copyrght 2010 ScRes.

5 Mohd K. Hs. 45 Fgure 1. Bsc Vrbles d Reltoshps rsportto Syste Alyss. I order to coplete the descrpto of the bsc frework of the lyss t s essetl to detfy the jor dvduls groups or sttutos whose decso could fluece d chge y of the three bsc vrbles of the lyss A d F. Sx jor groups c be detfed: User opertors owers regultors goveret d socety t lrge ( bref descrpto of ech group hs bee troduces erler) Bsc Issues Hvg defed the bsc frework of lyss let us tur our tteto to the bsc ssues volved. he frst bsc ssue s relted to the vlble optos through whch the sx jor groups c fluece the syste. he secod bsc ssue s cocered wth predctg the possble pcts of these optos o the se groups. hus the lyss c be descrbed by frstly detfyg the vlble optos secodly detfyg the possble pcts d thrdly explg the process of predctg the set of pcts resultg fro gve set of optos Optos Optos or decso vrbles re those spects of the trsport d ctvty systes whch c drectly be chged by the decso(s) of oe or ore dvduls or groups. It s therefore turl to dvde the vlble optos to two ctegores the frst cludes those relted to the trsport syste d the secod cludes those relted to the ctvty syste. 1) rsportto optos: rsportto optos re those decsos whch c ly fluece the trsport syste s perforce by chgg spects of the etwork techogy opertg polces d/or sttutol structures s folws: ) he etwork y be flueced (by the owers) through the geoetrc d structurl desg of dfferet lks tersectos d terls the etwork topogy d herrchy trffc sgls sgs rkgs prkg fcltes etc. b) echogcl optos y clude the use of electrc or solr power for vehcles the use of coters the troducto of ew rpd trst syste etc. c) Opertg polces y clude vehcle routg schedulg prcg ext d etry regultos fcl regultos lws ordces etc. d) Isttutol optos y clude the uber d types of sttutos the fuctos of dfferet sttutos the do of resposbltes chels of couctos coordto cotrol etc. 2) Actvty optos: Actvty optos re those decsos whch c ly fluece trsport ded d whch re geerl ot cotrolled by the decso kers of the trsport syste. People the socety hve wde rge of optos bout how whe d where they would coduct ther ctvtes. wo types of decso should be cosdered: ) g ter decsos: -he cto of resdece -Epyet -Scle d ptter of ctvtes hese decsos detere the sptl dstrbuto of soco-ecooc ctvtes d ld uses gve re. Wth ths cotext the ctul trsport ded wll be flueced by b) short ter decsos (trvel optos): -rp purpose -e of trps -Frequecy of trps -rp ode -rp route 2.6. Ipcts Ipcts re those spects of the trsportto d ctvty systes tht would be flueced by the pleetto of ltertve optos d would cosequetly flueced the sx jor groups of the syste: users opertors owers regultors goveret d the socety t lrge. I order to predct d evlute these pcts t s useful to ctegorze the ccordg to the ffected groups: 1) User pcts Users re ly flueced by the level of servce of the trsport syste d hece ther pcts vrbles would clude: - rvel te - rvel cost - Sfety - Cofort 2) Opertors pcts Opertors re ly cocered wth xzg ther shre of ded d/or ther et reveues d hece ther pct vrbles would clude: - he costs of severl resources cosued the op- Copyrght 2010 ScRes.

6 46 Mohd K. Hs. erto - Mtece d vestet of ther vehcle fleets - her shres of trsport deds 3) Owers pcts Owers re ly terested the usge d codto to ther frstructurl eleets d hece ther pcts would be reflected through the vestet tece d upgrdg costs whch re geerl fuctos of the usge of the trsport etwork. 4) Regultors pcts Regultors re ly terested the sfety spects of operto. 5) Socety pcts he pcts o the socety t lrge clude the effects cused by the physcl presece of trsport fcltes such s: - Nose - Polluto - Recto of resdets d ctvtes 6) Goveretl pcts Goveretl pcts wll deped upo whether the gve goveret sttuto s user opertor ower regultor or represetg the socety t lrge. It should be obvous tht the bove pcts wll geerl hve dfferetl effects o dfferet groups or eve subgroups of the bove sx jor oes. ht s soe wll g whle others y se Predcto Process As dcted erler the core of the lyss s the process of predctg the pcts of ltertve sets of optos. A cetrl spect of ths process s the predcto of equlbru fw ptter o the trsport syste resultg fro gve set of optos. Oce ths equlbru fw s predcted the dfferet pcts vrbles c be estted through set of pct odels. he predcto process y the be descrbed s folws: 1) Specfcto of the trsport syste optos estblshes perforce fuctos J. he fucto J dctes how the level of servce S vres s fucto of the trsport optos d the volue of fw V. ht s S = J (V) 2) Specfcto of the ctvty syste optos A estblshes ded fucto D. he fucto D dctes the volue of fw V s fucto of the ctvty optos A d the level of servce S tht s V = D (A S) 3) he fw ptter F cossts of the volue Vd the level of servce S o the dfferet eleets of the totl trsport syste. ht s F = (V S) 4) For gve set of optos * d A* the resultg equlbru fw ptter F* c be coputed by solvg the perforce d ded fucto. ht s S j( * V) F* ( V* S*) V D( A* S) 3. he Methodogcl Frework for Urb rsportto Systes Alyss Fgure 2 shows the copoets of the ethodogcl frework for urb trsportto systes lyss s rffc Cogesto Mgeet Syste (CMS) tht we wll devep ths reserch pper d whch depeds o the trsportto plg steps descrbed erler A Overvew hs frework c be descrbed s folw: 1) Soco-Ecooc Evroet Descrpto hs prt of the freworks represets the dgoses d the lyss of the soco-ecooc evroet chrcterstcs d fctors of the urb re tht should be cosdered the lyss d devepets of the trsportto syste. hese fctors y clude the populto dstrbuto coe cr owershp d ld use of the study re. I ths prt we c lso defe the trsportto probles tht should be ddressed d clerly d specfclly detered the syptos cuse d cosequeces for ech proble ddto to the objectves d gols tht should be stsfed by solvg these probles. he dfferet ltertve c be geerted through dfferet optos of the sx groups users opertors owers regultor goveret d socety t lrge s ext prts (b) d (c). A relted dt collecto should be perfored ths prt. 2) Users Chrcterstcs d Behvor hs prt represets the trsportto ded sde where there re for exple the folwg ltertves (optos or decso vrbles): - Resdece Loctos - Ecooc& Socl Actvtes Loctos - Frequecy of trp - Destto of rp - rp Purpose - rvel Mode -e of rp - Work Loctos - rp Route 3) Owers Opertors d Regultors Behvor hs prt represets the trsportto syste perforce sde where there re for exple the folwg ltertves (optos or decso vrbles): - Network Cofgurto (e.g. lks odes tersecto trffc sgls cto wtg res) - Ivestets d tece Polces for the trsportto etwork d fcltes Copyrght 2010 ScRes.

7 Mohd K. Hs Vehcle fleets chrcterstcs - Routg schedulg d prcg polces - Lws regultos d cotrols - Isttutos 4) rsport Ded As result of cobto of ltertves (optos) of users chrcterstcs d behvorl prt (b) set trsport ded fuctos ( fct set of trsportto ded odels) c be defed. hese ded fuctos wll be fuctos of user behvor d syste s perforce. 5) rsportto Syste Perforce As result of cobto of ltertves (optos) of owers opertors d regultors behvor prt (c) set trsport perforce fuctos ( fct set of trsportto perforce odels) c be defed. hese perforce fuctos wll be fuctos of trsportto supply d trsportto ded. A cobto of ltertves fro prt (b) d prt (c) together s cosdered coplete scero (ltertve) tht would deveped (geerted) to solve the proble uder cosderto prt (). hs s cosdered s step (b) trsportto plg steps. Prts (d) d (e) requred buldg trsportto ded d perforce odels d clbrtg these odels usg the dt collected prt (). hs s cosdered s prt of step (c) trsportto plg steps. 6) rsportto Network Equlbru o lyss y copleted scero (ltertve) geerted by prt (b) d (c) equlbru betwee the bult d clbrted trsportto ded odels (V = D(AS)) d trsportto perforce odels (S = J (V) should be perfored. he output of ths equlbru process s the trffc ptter (F = (VS)) tht c be used estte the pcts of the gve scero o users owers opertors regultors d socety t lrge (see prt (g) ext). Prt (d) represets geerl the ctvty syste Awhle prt (e) represets geerl the trsportto syste t terctg together to produce the trffc ptter F. hs represets Relto I Fgure 2. hs prt represets prt of step (c) trsportto plg steps. o copute ths equlbru we wll expl the ext subsecto detl our MSEM odel ethodogy. 7) Ipcts o Users Owers Opertors Regultors Goveret d Socety t lrge he trffc ptter result fro prt (f) c be used dfferet pct odels tht should be deveped for the sx groups: Users owers opertors regultors goveret d socety t lrge (see Secto 1.3 prt (e)). hs copletes step (c) trsportto plg steps. 8) Evluto d Choce As result of the pcts o the sx groups prt (g) ech ltertve c be evluted usg specfed evluto crter d the best ltertve (scero) should be chose. (Step (d) trsportto plg steps) 9) Ipleetto It s se s step (e) trsportto plg steps. he trffc ptter F tht used the ltertves evluto choce d pleetto wll cuse ch- gesover te ctvty syste A through prt (b) ths represets Relto II Fgure 1. hs trffc ptter wll lso cuse chges over te trsportto syste through prt (c) ths represets Relto III Fgure he Multclss Sulteous rsportto Equlbru Model (MSEM) Sgle clss trvel forecstg odels ssue tht ll trvelers re slr ther trvel-decso chrcterstcs such s ther oey-vlue of the te d ther sestvty to trvel tes choosg ther org destto d ode of trvel etc. o obt ore relstc odels trvelers re ofte dvded to clsses ether by soco-ecooc ttrbutes (e.g. coe level cr vlblty etc.) or by the purpose (e.g. hoe-bsed-work o-hoe-bsed-work hoe-bsed-shoppg etc.) of ther trvel ssug tht trvel-decso chrcterstcs re the se wth ech clss but dffer og clsses. However the devepet of ths cocept of ultple clsses creses the thetcl coplexty of trvel forecstg odels. I 1986 reserchers Chle beg to pleet ultclss cobed odels ephszg route choces cogested trst etwork wth severl cobtos of trst odes s foud Stgo [37]. hs reserch led to the devepet of ESRAUS d relted softwre whch hs bee extesvely ppled to Stgo s well s other Chle ctes. Fr Wu d He [38] proposed vrt of ESRAUS teded to be ore effcet coputtolly. All exstg ultclss cobed odels cludg ESRAUS cosder tht the totl orgtg d tertg fws re kow.e. the trp geerto step of trsportto plg process s exogeous to the cobed predcto process. hs defcecy s ccouted the SEM odel whch s the oly odel tht cobed the trp geerto the predcto process but t s ot ultclss odel. hs ecourge Hs d Dsht [36] to expd SEM odel to be ultple user clsses odel ters of soco-ecooc group trp purpose s well s pure d cobed trsportto odes terctg over physclly uque etwork. he deveped Multclss Sulteous rsportto Equlbru Model (MSEM) wll lso cobe explctly the deprture te s oe of the copoets of the predcto process for the frst te d wll be cosdered s ew geerto of ew Cse 6 of the ultclss odel clssfcto of Boyce d Br-Ger [39]. he MSEM wll clude ll the fetures of ESRAUS ddto to the other fetures etoed bove d ore flexble struc- Copyrght 2010 ScRes.

8 48 Mohd K. Hs. ture for ded odels where the trp geerto c deped upo the syste s perforce through ccessblty esure tht s bsed o the rdo utlty theory of users behvor (sted of beg fxed s ESRAUS) trp dstrbuto s gve by ore behvorlly rcher Multol Logt (MNL) odel bsed o the rdo utlty theory (sted of beg gve by etropy xzto odel ESRAUS) d odl splt d deprture te re gve by Multol Logt (MNL) odels bsed o the rdo utlty theory (sted of herrchcl Logt for odl splt oly ES- RAUS). he MSEM s forulted s Vrtol Iequlty proble d dgolzto (relxto) lgorth s proposed to solve t. he MSEM wll clude ll the fetures of ESRAUS perforce through ccessblty esure tht s bsed o the rdo utlty theory of users behvor (sted of beg fxed s ESRAUS) trp dstrbuto s gve by ore behvorlly rcher Multol Logt (MNL) odel bsed o the rdo utlty theory (sted of be- g gve by etropy xzto odel ES- RAUS) d odl splt d deprture te re gve by Multol Logt (MNL) odels bsed o the rdo utlty theory (sted of herrchcl Logt for odl splt oly ESRAUS). he MSEM s forulted s Vrtol Iequlty proble d dgolzto (relxto) lgorth s proposed to solve t MSEM Modelg Notto Let G = (N A)be ultodl etwork cosstg of set of N odes d set of A lks tht c represet y ode of trsport urb re. hese odes c be grouped to dfferet ests tht could be ultple pure d cobed (cobto of pure) odes. A typcl user of clss l wth trp purpose o trvelg fro gve org t specfc deprture te perod t to y destto j tht s ccessble fro c use y of these odes for hs jourey. We wll use the folwg otto for the ultclss odels: Fgure 2. A Frework for Urb rsportto Syste Alyss s CMS. Copyrght 2010 ScRes.

9 Mohd K. Hs. 49 G = (NA) A ultodl etwork cosstg of set of N odes d set of A lks L = User clss (e.g. coe level cr vlblty etc.) L = Set of ll user clsses O = rp purpose (e.g. hoe-bsed-work hoe-bsed-shoppg etc.) O = Set of ll trp purpose I = Set of org odes for user clss l d trp purpose o = A org ode the set I for user clss l wth trp purpose o D = Set of destto odes tht re ccessble fro gve org for user clss l wth trp purpose o j = A destto ode the set D for user clss l wth trp purpose o R = Set of org-destto prs for user clss l wth trp purpose o.e. the set of ll orgs I d desttos j D M = Ay trsportto ode the urb re = Nest of trsportto odes tht hs specfc chrcterstcs (e.g. pure odes cludg prvte d publc or cobed odes) tht re vlble for user clss l wth trp purpose o trvel betwee org-destto prs = Set of ll ests of odes tht re vlble for user clss l wth trp purpose o trvel betwee org-destto prs M = Set of ll trsportto odes the est for user clss l wth trp purpose o trvel betwee org-destto prs t = Deprture te perod for user clss l wth trp purpose o usg ode the est to trvel betwee org-destto prs K = e horzo of the deprture te perods t for users of clss l wth trp purpose o usg ode betwee org-destto prs p = A sple (.e. o ode repeted) ultodl pth (.e. t y clude lks wth cobed odes ) the ultodl etwork ( N A) t P = Set of sple pths for trvel fro the org ode to destto ode j the ultodl etwork ( N A) for users of clss l wth trp purpose o deprt t te t K usg ode M fro the est of odes. = A lk the set A the ultodl t u = the perceved u (geerlzed) cost of trvel for users of clss l wth trp purpose o deprt t te t usg ode the est fro the org ode to destto ode j the set D S = the ccessblty of org I s perceved fro user of clss l wth trp purpose o trvelg fro tht org G = the uber of trps geerted fro org for users of clss l wth trp purpose o th A = the vlue of the w soco-ecooc vrble wj tht flueces trp ttrcto t destto j for users of clss l wth trp purpose o th g ( A ) = gve fucto specfyg how the w w wj soco-ecooc vrble A flueces trp ttrcto wj t destto j for users of clss l wth trp purpose o d A = coposte esure of the effect tht socoj ecooc vrbles whch re exogeous to the trsport syste hve o trp ttrcto t destto j for users of clss l wth trp purpose o. d for w W re coeffcets to w be estted where 0. E = the vlue of the th soco-ecooc vrble tht flueces the uber of trps geerted fro org for users of clss l wth trp purpose o q E = gve fucto specfyg how the th soco-ecooc vrble E flueces the uber of trps geerted fro org for users of clss l wth trp purpose o d E = coposte esure of the effect the soco ecooc vrbles whch re exogeous to the trsport syste hve o the uber of trps geerted fro org for users of clss l wth trp purpose o d for re coeffcets to ω be estted ll o O t = the uber trps of users of clss l wth trp purpose o trvelg fro the org ode I to the destto ode j D d whose lredy chose the ode of trsport M fro the est of odes d strt ther trp t the te t K = the uber trps of users of clss l wth trp purpose o trvelg fro the org ode I to the destto ode j D d whose lredy chose the ode of trsport M fro the est of odes. = the uber trps of users of clss l wth trp purpose o trvelg fro the org ode I to the destto ode j D d whose lredy chose the Copyrght 2010 ScRes.

10 50 Mohd K. Hs. est of odes. = the uber trps of users of clss l wth trp purpose o trvelg fro the org ode I to the destto ode j D Model Assuptos d Structure 1) rvel cost fuctos I sgle clss odels re ofte seprble d syetrc lwg for covex optzto forulto. I ultclss odels trvel costs of oe clss re ffected by decsos of other clsses; hece the cost structure s ot seprble d geerl t s ot syetrc d does ot lw covex optzto forulto. We ssue the folwg: ) For ech lk A the lk cost fucto t C t K M R l L oo wll deped geerl upo the fw over ll lks the vector f the ultodl etwork (N A) for ll user clss l L trp propose oo trsport ode est trsport ode M d deprture te perod t K tht s f where C t t l o l o C C () f tk M R ll oo t l o ( f : A t K M R l L oo) We wll lso ssue tht the perceved cost of trvel t o y ultodl route (pth) p P s the su of trvel costs o the lks tht coprse tht pth tht s: C () f pp tk t t t t l o p p A M \ R ll oo 1 f lk begs to pth t p p 0 otherwse t l o p P t K M R l L o O 2) he Jcob C() f of the lk cost fuctos t l o l o Cf () ( C () f : tk M R ll oo) s syetrc he fucto for specfcto of the lk cost fucto (1) depeds o the pplcto of the odel d how well ths lk cost fucto represets the trsport syste supply the urb re of the study. For exple f we cosder oly three ests of trsport odes l o (1) (2) ed d d defe the s folws: s pure prvte trsportto odes (e.g. cr 1 tx etc.) 2 s pure publc trsportto odes (e.g. bus subwy etro etc.) c s cobed trsportto odes (e.g. 3 cr/etro bus/etro etc.) d used the specfed lk c cost fuctos for ech of the odes d tht used ESRAUS [37] ts pplcto to Chle cty Stgo MSEM odel wll hve ll the dvtges of ESRAUS fro the trsport syste supply sde represetto especlly the cpcty costrts for vehcles of ll publc trsport odes ddto to the dvtges of MSEM odel over the ESRAUS fro the trsport syste ded sde. t ht s the lk s verge opertg cost C (opertg te or geerlzed cost) for users of clss l wth trp purpose o of prvte trsportto ode (e.g. cr tx etc.) deprt fro hs org t te t. hs s fucto of the suto of vehcle fws over ll prvte trsportto odes user clsses d trp purposes ( f t ) s well s the fxed fw of publc trsportto vehcles ( F ) o lk t te perod t ll t esured equvlet vehcles (e.g. p.c.u.): t t t t C C ( f F ) (3) l o Although the Jcob of the cost fuctos vector s ot dgol t does tur out to be syetrcl gve the fuctol for supposed for cost fuctos C (every vehcle fro whchever user clss trp purpose d prvte trsportto ode produces the se pct o cogesto). Nevertheless ths syetry of the cost fuctos for prvte odes whch s splfcto could be relxed wthout chgg the proble forulto d ts soluto lgorth. If ore geerl cost fuctos re used cosderg for stce tht dfferet clsses of users of prvte odes produce dfferet pcts o rod cogesto the Jcob of these cost fuctos wll be syetrc just lke the oe ssocted to the publc trsport cost fuctos. he the cobed proble s syetrc depedet of the prtculr chrcterstcs of the cost fuctos for prvte odes. For every pure publc trsportto ode the pure servce etworks c be defed s G ( N S ) where N s the set of odes ( N N for groud servces tht use the rod etwork such s buses d N N where N N for depedet publc trsportto servces (e.g. etro)) d S s the set of trst lks (route sectos) tht beg to ode. Copyrght 2010 ScRes.

11 Mohd K. Hs. 51 he geerlzed te (cost) fuctos of the publc trsportto lks cosderg the vehcle cpcty costrts s De Ce d Ferádez [40] (su of trvel te wtg te trsfer te fre etc.) deped o the vehcle fw over the rod etwork s well s the psseger fw the exstg servces s folws: C ( f F B ) ( t t t t t P s st AR l o t t t t t t t V V s s ( AR) ( P ) s WAI t t d ( CAP) s s t C s Where : Averge or geerlzed cost o lk s for users of clss l wth trp purpose o of publc trsportto ode (e.g. bus subwy etc.) t te perod t. ( P ) t : Fre ultpler for users of clss l wth trp AR purpose o of publc trsportto ode t te perod t. ( AR ) t : Fre relted to publc trsportto lk s of s ode t te perod t. ( P ) t : Wtg te ultpler for users of clss l WAI wth trp purpose o of publc trsportto ode t te perod t. t t t : Clbrto preters of wtg te fucto for publc trsportto ode t te perod t. t d : Vehcle frequecy of publc trsportto ode s over the pubc trsportto lk s t te perod t. ( CAP ) t : Cpcty of publc trsportto lk s of s ode t te perod t. V : Psseger fw of clss l wth trp purpose o t s begg to publc trsportto ode t te perod t d whch use publc trsportto lk s. t V t : psseger fw tht copetes wth V for the s s cpcty of trst les begg to B s (fw wth the se trp purpose user clss ode d te perod t tht beg to other publc trsportto lks tht copete or reduce the B s le s cpcty plus fw fro other purposes clsses odes d te perods tht lso copete for the B s les cpcty). It s esly see ths cse tht the Jcob of the cost fucto vector s o-dgol d syetrc. I ddto the odel cosders the exstece of cobed odes for exple cr/etro (prvte trsportto/ publc trsportto) or bus/etro (publc trsportto/publc trsportto). I ech cse the uo of the pure ode etworks tht copose the fors the cobed ode etwork. he cobed odes ( ) c re ) (4) cosdered to be fored by two publc trsportto odes. Nevertheless t s portt to stress tht ths does ot lt the odel s geerl use sce there s o proble represetg cobed odes such s cr-publc trsportto (s the pplcto of ES- RAUS for the cty of Stgo cosders cobed odes lke cr drver-etro d cr psseger-etro). b) rp Geerto (G) Folwg the se le of thought of Sfwt d Mgt [41] the ccessblty S of org I s perceved fro user of clss l wth trp purpose o trvelg fro tht org c be defed s folws: t S E x x x x j D M t K I l L o O where E = the expectto opertor. t S x 0l exp ( θ u A ) j jd M t K (5) I l L oo he uber of trps geerted fro org for users of clss l wth trp purpose o by: G 1 G S q ( E ) I l L o O c be expressed G S E I ll o O (6) E Slr to A s ssued to be fxed costt j durg the te perod requred to cheve short-ru equlbru d G depeds solely o the syste s perforce s esured by the ccessblty vrble. S c) rp Dstrbuto Nest/Mode Splt d Deprture e Logt Models (D/MS/D) Folwg the se le of thought of Sfwt d Mgt [41] Oppehe [42] d R d Boyce [43] our dstrbuto est/ode d deprture te Logt odels c be gve by: t exp( θ u A ) j M t K G t exp( θ u A j jd M t K R l L o O t exp( θ u A ) j M t K t exp( θ u A j M K R ll oo ) (7) ) (8) Copyrght 2010 ScRes.

12 52 Mohd K. Hs. t exp( θ u A ) j tk t j M tk exp( θ u A ) M R ll oo t exp( u A ) j exp( θ u A ) t t j tk t K M (10) R l L o O d) rp Assget (A) Bsed o the prevous choces ssupto the gve user wll choose hs or her route ccordg to Wrdrop s user equlbru prcple. ht s for ll users of clss l wth trp purpose o trvelg fro the org ode I to the destto ode j D d whose lredy chose the ode of trsport M fro the est of odes d strt ther trp t the te t K the perceved geerlzed costs o ll used ultodl pths betwee the gve org-destto pr re equl d ot grter th those o uused pths. hs gves the folwg equlbru codtos: t t f 0 t u h p Cp t t u f h 0 p t p P t K M (11) R l L o O where f t t t p p ll oo R ppt A t K M R l L o O Vrtol Iequlty Forulto for MEM Becuse of the syetry of the lk cost fuctos MSEM cot be cst s equvlet optzto progr s SEM. Isted t c be forulted s the folwg vrtol equlty (VI). * * * * C ( f ) ( f f ) U ( ) ( ) 0 (12) fesble f where f : vector of fw o lks of the ultodl etwork * f : vector of equlbru fw o lks of the ultodl etwork : vector of trps betwee org-destto prs of the ultodl etwork ( : I ll oo) h (9) * : vector of equlbru trps betwee org - destto prs of the ultodl etwork * Cf ( ): colu-vector of etwork lk's cost fuctos (wth o-dgol d syetrc Jcob) * U ( ) : colu-vector of verse ded fuctos (wth o-dgol d syetrc Jcob) U ( u : I ll o O) he VI proble (12) s Equvlet to MSEM (see for exple Sth [4445] d Dferos [46] for forl proof of equvlecy betwee VI d trffc equlbru) d c be solved by the relxto (dgolzto) lgorth (see for exple Dferos [47] Fr d Spess [48] Mhss d Mouskos [49] d Sheff [50]) At ech terto of the dgolzto lgorth the t cost fuctos C of (1) result dgolzed cost fucto Cˆ t whch deped oly o ther ow fws t f d the folwg VI should be solved: ˆ ( * ) ( * ) ( * ) ( * ) Cf f f U 0 fesble f (13) hs VI c be forulted s the folwg Equvlet Optzto Progr (ECP): s.t. M Z( Sf ) ll oo I j D M t K f t t 1 A 0 ll oo I ˆ C ( x) dx [ ( S ) 2 S ( S E )l( S E )] 1 t t [ l( ) ll oo I j D M t K A jd t t j S ] E I l L oo I jd ll o O M I jd ll o O t I jd tk M ll oo 2 Copyrght 2010 ScRes.

13 Mohd K. Hs. 53 S 0 0 t t h I ppt j D t K M ll oo I l L oo 0 I j D l L oo 0 I j D l L oo I j D M ll oo t t t p p ll oo R p P t R l L o O p t 0 I jd t K M l L oo t h 0 I jd p t K M l L oo pp where f t A t K M Exstece covexty d uqueess of ECP proble s well s equvlece betwee MSEM d ECP c be folwed s those of Sfwt d Mgt [41]. he Logt Dstrbuto of rps (LD) lgorth tht deveped by Sfwt d Brdeeyer [51] c be odfed s Multclss Logt Dstrbuto of rps (MLD) lgorth to solve the bove ECP. For ore detls bout the MSEM ethodogy see Hs d Dsht [36] Dt Collecto Requreets h o pply the MSEM to y urb trsportto etwork we eed the folwg dt collecto: 1) Household Survey rps d by ll household ebers by ll odes of trsport both wth the study re d levg/rrvg to the re durg the survey perod Persol d household chrcterstcs d detfcto - Hed of household wfe so etc. - Sex ge possesso of drvg lcese educto level d occupto Soco-ecooc forto: coe cr owershp fly sze rp dt: org destto purpose strt d edg tes ode used out of oey pd for the trp d so o 2) rffc Couts A ctul observed trffc couts specfc ctos the cty rod d hghwys should be collected for t dfferet te of the dy (specfclly the pek hour) dfferet dy of the week d for dfferet kd of vehcles types. 3) Rodsde Itervews hese provde useful forto bout trps ot regstered the household survey (.e. exterl-exterl cordo survey). It volves skg sple of drvers d pssegers of vehcles (e.g. crs publc trsport goods vehcles) crossg rodsde stto lted set of questos; these clude t lest org destto d trp purpose. 4) Network vetory ) Rod etwork he folwg lk ttrbutes for ech lk: 1- Fro ode d o ode 2- Legth 3- Its trvel speeds-ether free-fw speeds or observed vlue for gve fw level 4-he cpcty of the lk 5- ype of rod (e.g. expresswy truk rod cl street) 6- Rod wdth or uber of les or both 7- A dcto of the presece or otherwse of bus les or prohbtos of use by cert vehcles (e.g. Lorres) 8- Bed turs or turs to be udertke oly whe sutble gps the opposg trffc becoe vlble 9- ype of jucto d jucto detls cludg sgl tgs 10- Storge cpcty for queues d ther presece t the strt of sgl b) rst etwork 1. Les 2. Fres 3. Frequecy 4. rvel te esureets 5) Ld use vetory ) Resdetl zoes (housg desty) b) Coercl d dustrl zoes (by type of estblshet) c) Prkg spces 6) Cordo Surveys hese provde useful forto bout exterlexterl d exterl-terl trps. her objectve s to detere the uber of trps tht eter leve d/or cross the cordoed re thus helpg to coplete the forto cog fro the household O-D survey. 7) Scree-Le Surveys Scree les dvde the re to lrge turl zoes Copyrght 2010 ScRes.

14 54 Mohd K. Hs. (e.g. t both sdes rver or otorwy) wth few crossg pots betwee the. he procedure s gous to tht of cordo survey d the dt lso serve to fll gps d vldte the forto cog fro the household d cordo surveys. 8) Soco-ecooc dt th o copute E the vlue of the soco-ecooc vrble tht flueces the uber of trps geerted fro org for users of clss l wth trp purpose o the Soco ecooc dt for ech org could be populto coe cr owershp.etc. o copute th A the vlue of the w soco-ecowj oc vrble tht flueces trp ttrcto t destto j for users of clss l wth trp purpose o he socoecooc dt for destto ode j could be the groud for re of the ld use type of destto j epyet sze..etc. 3.4 Alyss d Evluto of Effectve Solutos for Pek-perod rffc Cogesto Pek-perod trffc cogesto occurs whe trvel ded exceeds the exstg rod syste cpcty Sdr Rosebo [52]. here re two bsclly lter tvesolutos: I Chge ded (Users Chrcterstcs d Behvor Fgure 2) to eet syste cpblty II Chge syste cpcty (Owers Opertors d Regultors Behvor Fgure 2) to eet ded. he ded for rod syste cpcty y be chged by: ) Reducg the uber of vehcles used to eet the exstg trvel ded by cresg vehcle occupcy. b) Reoretg trvel to off-pek perods. c) Reoretg trvel to less cogested ltertve routes. d) Reducg the totl ded for trvel tself. Syste cpcty tself c be chged by: ) Costructg ddtol rodwy ether ddg les to exstg routes or provdg ew routes or ew trsportto odes. b) Icresg the cpcty of the exstg rod frstructure by egeerg techques tht prove trffc fw. Sdr Rosebo [52] shows tht 22 techques (see ble 1) whch ppered to hve the potetl to reduce or redstrbute ded were fell to four jor ctegores of pproches: ) socl pproches whch seek to llevte cogesto utlzg techques tht chge socl behvor or persol terctos b) soco-ecooc pproches whch utlze techques tht duce fvorble trvel chges by pultg brodly defed ecooc peltes d cetves c) soco-techcl pproches whch utlze techogy resources to odfy socl d ecooc behvor wys tht ulttely reduce cogesto d) techcl pproches whch use techcl devces to odfy drectly dysfuctol trvel behvor t the edte cogesto ste or source. hese wety two techques were grouped uder these four jor pproches cover wde rge of socl behvorl d ecooc cetves t ws extreely dffcult to ke coprsos og the. hs dffculty ws heghteed becuse these techques ffected pek-perod trffc cogesto drectly d drectly dfferet wys. Sdr Rosebo [46] llustrted the dfferg pcts of these techques prctce where ost of the o-egeerg techques cosdered to be pplcble to Pek-Perod trffc cogesto were ot desged wth the reducto of pek perod trffc cogesto s ther prry gol; the reducto of trffc cogesto ws usully cosdered to be secodry or drect pct of ther pleetto. For such techques to sgfctly ffect trffc cogesto they ust hve frst successfully et soe other gol-ther prry gol. However t ws ofte dffcult to get project gols clerly rtculted d the reltoshp betwee those gols d trffc cogesto detfed. Bsed o ths lyss (see Sdr Rosebo [46]) the study te evluted 17 of these techques s both effectve d fesble U. S. sttutol cotext. However oe of these 17 offered ore th rgl reductos pek-perod trffc cogesto whe ppled dvdully. Soe techques ffected so sll percet- ge of trvelers tht reductos cogesto would ot be dscerble. Other techques prosed sgfct cogesto reductos theory but dd ot relze tht prose prctce. It ws cocluded tht y techques could be pleeted together wth the potetl for fr greter cobed effectveess. A lyss ws perfored to detere how best to "pckge" or jotly pleet prosg techques to optze ther cobed effectveess. It ws foud tht ll prosg techques could ot be ppled together becuse of coflcts ther pct. hs lyss suggested eght sple "pckges" or cobtos of utully supportve techques. hese eght pckges were subjected to evlutos slr to those perfored for dvdul techques; whle the pckges re erely exples of potetl cobtos the evluto ethodogy epyed should be of cotug use to cl trsportto plers. he devepet of the pckgg cocept s cosstet wth the devepet of the rsportto Syste Mgeet (SM) cocept the U.S. he coclusos of the study should lso hve ert for etropolt res cosderg geet schees. hey re: - Prosg cogesto reducto techques or pckges ust be ppled to the pproprte cogesto stu- Copyrght 2010 ScRes.

15 Mohd K. Hs. 55 tos. - Prosg techques hve ot bee successful e sgfctly ffectg pek-perod trffc cogesto - All prosg techques cot be pleeted together becuse soe serously coflct wth oe d - Prosg cogesto reducto techques y hve serous socl ecooc d physcl sde-effects whch ust be recogzed pror to pleetto he bove study sury shows the gudeles bsed o eprcl results tht c be helpful for cty pler trffc egeers or trsportto uthortes' decso kers. But how we help these people to perfor these lyss d gudeles soe systetc or eve tellget wy? 4. he Archtecture of the Itellget Decso Support Syste for rffc Cogesto Mgeet Syste he rchtecture d the forto fw show Fgure 3 represet hgh level blueprt for the pleetto of the frework for Itellget Decso Support syste rffc Cogesto Mgeet Syste. he frework s derved d guded by the ethodogcl frework for urb trsportto syste lyss preseted Secto 3 d depcted Fgure 2 d the dopto of the copoets of the Decso Support Syste (DSS) s guded by stdrd DSS textbook such s urb et l. [53]. A fourth copoet the scero geet ws dded to pckge the fuctolly requred by sceros creto storge retrevl lyss evluto d reportg. A Itellget Aget for supportg scero creto s lso cluded the fre- work. Fgure 3 shows the copoets of the DSS ther terctos (dt d cotrol fws) wth the rsportto Object Repostory wth ech other d wth the User Iterfce Mgeet Subsyste (UIMS) drectly or drectly. I the folwg secto we brefly descrbe ech of these copoets Urb rsportto Object Repostory (UOR) he Urb rsportto Object Repostory (UOR) s object oreted repostory storg vrous trsportto objects such s odes lks d zoes for ultodl urb etworks; equlbru odels; pct odels sceros d user terfces tht re ged by the four subsystes dscussed belw. he four UOR object stores re dstct but re tegrted. hese re: 1) Urb rsportto GIS-Dt Store: hs object store cots two dstct copoets: \ ble 1. Four Approches Ad 22 echques Reducto of Pek Perod rffc Cogesto. Socl Approches - Stggered Work Hours - Shorteed Work Weeks Soco-Ecooc Approches Prcg d Regultory Mechss - Rod Prcg - Prkg Cotrols - Restrctg Access -rffc Cells - Auto-Free Zoes wth Fcltes for Pedestrs Ld Use Plg -New ows -Pled Coutes -Pled Neghborhoods -Zog d Buldg Codes Mrketg -Icetves to Off-Pek rvel d Usge of Fcltes -Icetves to Mss rst Usge -Crpoolg d Other Fors of Rde-Shrg Approches Soco-echcl Approches -Couctos Leu of rvel echcl Approches rffc Egeerg echques -Freewy Survellce d Cotrol -rffc Sulto Models -Mxu Use of Exstg Fcltes rst Opertos -Exteded Are Servces -Prorty Systes: Expresswys d Freewys -Prorty Systes: Arterls Crculto Systes Vehcle Desg Fctors ) GIS Object Bse: Cots vrous GIS Objects. b) rsportto Dt Wrehouse (DW). DW s ultdesol object-oreted ovoltle tegrted dtbse cotg vrous curret d hstorcl dt bout the trsportto Objects (Io [54]). he DW d GIS Objects re populted by the Extrct rsfor d Lodg (EL) copoet of Dt Mgeet subsyste (DMS) etoed belw. 2) Urb rsportto Model Bse: cots vrous trsportto equlbru d pct odels. 3) Sceros Bse: cots vrous sceros objects tht re creted over tes. 4) User Iterfce Bse: cots vrous user terfce (UI) objects creted over te Dt Mgeet Subsyste (DMS) he dt geet subsyste (DMS) s resposble for the dt dstrto such s creto storge retrevl of ode object lks object d zoe object for dfferet odl etwork. DMS ges the Urb rsportto GIS-Dt Store whch cot two dstct but tegrted dt bses: ) GIS dtbse cot the sptl dt; b) trsportto dt wrehouse etoed bove. Copyrght 2010 ScRes.

16 56 Mohd K. Hs Extrct rsfor d Lod (EL) Copoet EL copoet of the DMS extrcts dt fro ultple sources clese the d trsfor the dt fro ts orgl to for tht could be plce DW guded by the etdt d the d the dt to the DW. he purpose of EL s to populte DW wth tegrted d clesed dt requred by the trsportto objects gthered fro three sources the soco-ecooc the ded dt d the supply dt Model Mgeet Subsyste (MMS) MMS s resposble for the creto storge retrevl of the trsportto object odels whch re stored the Model Object Bse (MOB) for utlzto or reuse. wo types of odels re ged by MMS. hese re: ) he rsportto Network Equlbru Models (MSEM) b) Ipcts Models: such s pct o Users pct o opertors pct o owers pct o socety d pct o goveret dscussed erler Secto Scero Mgeet Subsyste (SMS) Much lke MMS SMS s resposble for the creto storge retrevl lyss evluto of sceros. A portt prt of SMS s the pct evluto copoet tht ssesses the pct odels d presets the ssesset results to the SMS. Objects re stored Scero Object Bse (SOB) for future utlzto or reuse by SMS d Itellget Scero Creto Assstce Aget (ISCAA) descrbed belw. SMS retreves prevously creted sceros d pss the to the User Iterfce Mgeet Subsyste (UIMS) s tl sceros o whch further wht-f lyss could be perfored Itellget Scero Creto Assstce Aget (ISCAA) he coplexty of cretg the rght scero or retrevg the rght scero fro the prevous creted oes stored the scero bse s coplex process requres hu expertse whch s scrce. A tellget copoet wth the DSS frework tht would ok t the hstorcl scero objects d ssst d gude the decso ker choosg the best ltertves fro ths pool of hstorcl scero object to be cluded the tl scero setup s extreely vluble. A soluto for ths proble s to crete Itellget Scero Creto. Assstce Aget (ISCAA) tht would ecode d ecpsultes the expertse for scero creto d would provde the ecessry ssstce for cretg the rght scero. ISCAA would be hybrd tellget get cotg ultple coputtol tellget tools (such s ANN Rough Set Fuzzy Logc etc.) s well s set of scero creto rules User Iterfce Mgeet Subsyste (UIMS) he UIMS pckges d ges the fuctoltes requre for cretg dt-rch tesve (ps grphs text d structured dt) wth vrous vsulzto cpbltes user terfce. Sce he DSS s to be used by users wth vrous roles (rsportto Plers rsportto Egeers rsportto Decso Mkers or rffc Adstrtors) the coplexty volves dyclly cretg the rght grphcl user terfce (GUI) for the rght role les wth the fuctolty of UIMS. For exple the trsportto pler s resposble for cretg odels d cpturg the rght dt for those odels s such he/she would drectly terct wth Model Mgeet d Dt Mgeet d s such the GUI for ths role would cofgure tht would lw for tht oly. O the other hd the trsportto decso ker role dels wth sceros d s such the UIMS would crete the proper GUI lwg vrous scero relted ctvtes such s scero creto retrevl storge d executo d presetg the result dshbord vew lwg for coprehesve t--glce GIS-Bsed grphcl vew of the soluto geerted. UIMS lso provdes vrous lyss tools such s wht-f lyss sestvty lyss reportg the result of pct evluto d provdg vrous Ad hoc queres d reports. he Grphcl Iterfce Objects tht re creted re stored s UI Objects the UOR d ged by UIMS. All copoets of CMS c be dpted through the Users Chrcterstcs d Behvor (Actvty Syste Optos) d Owers; Opertors; d Regultors Behvor (rsportto Syste Optos) Fgure 2 ddto to y rodwy cpcty expso through the rsportto Syste Optos. I other word our frework Fgure 2 c be dpted to y of the sgle 22 techques tble oe or y cobtos (pckges) of these techques but the evlutg d recoedg ltertve strteges for CMS wll be doe through the results of the totl evluto of Ipct Models (the postve d egtve prts) o Users Owers Opertors Regultors Goveret d Socety t lrge for ech ltertve or pckges of ltertos. All the ltertve c be reflected through the MSEM odel ded d perforce (lk cost fuctos) preters d soco-ecooc d ld use vrbles. 5. Sury Cocluso d Future Reserch 5.1. Sury rffc cogesto s very coplcted proble tht Copyrght 2010 ScRes.

17 Mohd K. Hs. 57 ffects the socl ecooc d devepet spects of y coutres roud the world. he reltoshp betwee the trffc cogesto proble d socoecooc chrcterstcs of trp kers d the rpd crese of urbzto of the ld use ke the proble becoes uch ore coplcted d clls of urget soluto. My techques for solvg ths proble were suggested strtg fro eprcl studes for sgle techque or pckges of techques to dvced rsportto Syste Mgeet (SM) d flly to Cogesto Syste Mgeet (CSM). Most of these techques tred to xze the utlzto of the exstg trsport syste (Rods Hghwys d rst systes) by cert geet techques pror to y expso or ddto to the trsport syste. US Federl trsportto legslto requres Metropolt Plg Orgztos (MPO) to devep d pleet CMS s prt of the etropolt trsportto plg process [22]. Most of MPOs use trdtol trsportto plg odelg pproch d coercl speclzed softwre s prt of ths process to evlute trffc relve d the legth d cost for deferet ltertve solutos pror to subttg ther recoedtos. hs process requres hghly educted tred d expert persoel trsportto plg d egeerg feld. It would lso requre very user fredly trsportto plg softwre tht cludes stte of the rt trsportto etwork equlbru odels. Models tht re sgfctly ore dvced th the trdtol four steps sequetl. Models tht cobe sgle clss rp Geerto- rp Dstrbuto- Modl Splt-rp Assget (G-D-MS-A) [41] or ultclss cobed odel [36] tht cobe G-D- MS- A ddto to Deprture e for dfferet clss of trveler deped o coe cr owershp trp purpose etc. As Boyce [55] sys cobed or tegrted odels of org-destto ode route d te perod choce c be pleeted d solved wth prcttoer softwre systes such s CUBE EMME/2 PV Vso QRS II SAURN or rscad f the trvel forecster hs detled uderstdg of the odels d the soluto lgorth. Ogog dscussos wth prcttoers revel tht few prcttoers hve ths requste expertse. he observed blty of y prcttoers to solve the sequetl procedure wth feedbck coverget er s oe dcto of ths dle. A ltertve pproch s to desg softwre syste whch drectly solves such tegrted odel cludg provdg uber of optos to the user. hs pproch ws tke by the Chle softwre vedor MC the devepet of ts product ESRAUS. he dstcto betwee these two softwre devepet phsophes y be ore subtle th s geerlly pprected. he forer pproch offers the forecster tool kt wth whch to buld odel. he the prcttoer ust cqure the expertse to use t ucert d rduous process wth y ptflls. he ltter provdes ced odel d lgorth for solvg t. Whe preseted wth descrpto of ESRAUS typcl user s coet s hs s terestg but I do t kow how we would use t to solve our odel. hs coet y offer clue to the dle of vstly upgrdg or revolutozg prctce whch presubly s oe of the s of cdecs s well s softwre vedors. Would stdrd set of odels wth uerous user optos provde ore effectve pthwy to provg trvel forecstg prctce th tteptg to upgrde prctce odel by odel? Certly ths opto s worth cosderg so g s severl of the vedors c effectvely prtcpte the softwre rket Coclusos he coclusos of ths reserch pper c be surzed s folws: 1) I ths reserch pper t ws possble to tegrte ll of the bove requreets ufed frework of lyses tht cpture the cocept of the tercto of the trsport syste wth the ctvty syste oe rsportto Syste Alyss (SA) pproched. Devepg ths SA frework s CMS wth Itellget Decso Support Syste (IDSS) tht c be useful decso support tool for trsportto plers d trsportto decso kers for the lyss d evluto of strtegc trsportto pls clude trsportto projects d polces d utlzg the stt of the rt of the Multclss rsportto Equlbru Model MSEM [36] wth esy to use evroet tht would elte or reduce the ecessty for hghly educted d tred trsportto speclsts d decso kers s the corerstoe of ths pper. 2) he pper presets y trsportto cocepts d tegrte ll of the such coprehesve frework tht s esy to folw d udetectble for prcttoers trsportto plers trsportto Egeers or trsportto decso kers. 3) he Itellget Scero Creto Assstce Aget (ISCAA) d the Scero Mgeet Subsyste (SMS) copoets of the IDSS rchtecture wll be the ost portt copoets tht wll reduce the eed of the expertse d hgh educto level of the trsportto plers d trsportto egeers or y trsportto decso kers. hs IDSS wll reduce the gp betwee the prcttoers d softwre vedors d crese the usblty of the ost sophstcted d ore behvorlly relevt Multclss rsportto Equlbru Model lke MSEM Future Reserch he uthor strted devepet of dt collecto pro- Copyrght 2010 ScRes.

18 58 Mohd K. Hs. Fgure 3. he Archtecture d Iforto Fw of the Itellget Decso Support Syste for Urb rsportto Systes Alyss s CMS. gr for St Lous Rego re durg hs sbbtcl yer t Uversty of Mssour t St Lous. hese dt wll be used the clbrto d vldto process for SEM MSEM d ESRAUS odels for future coprsos og these odels. he results of these coprsos wll be reported upcog ppers he devepet of prototype derved fro the frework descrbed ths pper s lso uder wy. he result of the experetto wth the prototype ters of ts usblty degree of ese d ts effectveess provdg optu solutos/sceros to trsportto d decso kers wll be reported upcog ppers. 6. Ackowledgeets he uthor wsh to thk the Reserch Adstrto (RA) Kuwt Uversty for grtg the fcl ssstce d sposorg ths reserch. hs reserch s supported by Kuwt Uversty Reserch Grt No. [IQ04/04]. 7. Refereces [1] E. F. Ogubodede rsport Mgeet echques of Rpdly Chgg Urb Ld Use he Cse of Akure Itertol Jourl of Evroet d Devepet Vol. 1 No pp [2] E. S. Mlls Studes the Structure of the Urb Ecooy he Johs Hopks Press Bltore [3] D. C. Gzs Optu Cotrol of Syste of Oversturted Itersectos Opertos Reserch Vol pp [4] R. L. Gordo A echque for Cotrol of rffc t Crtcl Itersectos rsportto Scece Vol pp [5] D. Logley A Cotrol Strtegy for Cogested Coputer Cotrolled rffc Network rsportto Re- Copyrght 2010 ScRes.

19 Mohd K. Hs. 59 serch Vol pp [6] L. J. Pgtro W. R. McShe K. W. Crowley B. Lee d. W. Csey rffc cotrol over sturted codtos NCHRP Report No [7] N. H. Grter C. Sttds d P. J. roff Devepet of Advced rffc Sgl Cotrol Strteges for Itellget rsportto Systes: Multlevel Desg rsportto Reserch Record Vol pp [8] D. J. Qu A revew of queue geet strteges rffc Egeerg d Cotrol Vol. 33 No pp [9] A. K. Rth A Cotrol Strtegy for Hgh rffc Desty Sector rsportto Reserch B Vol. 22 No pp [10] A. K. Rth rffc eterg: A Effectveess Study rsportto Qurterly Vol. 45 No pp [11]. S. Reddy E. Mdhu d J. V. R. Reddy SM Actos to Iprove the rffc Opertos-A Cse Study ACE Vol pp [12] J. V. R. Reddy Applcto of SM Actos-A Cse Study o Mthur Rod Delh Mster s hess Uversty of Brod Vdodr [13] J. M. hoso Reflectos o the Ecoocs of rffc cogesto Jourl of rsport Ecoocs d Polcy Vol.32 No pp [14] Adefollu rffc Mgeet d Ehced Urb Evroet Nger: A Dscusso I: E. O. Adey d I. B. Bell-I Ed. Op Ct [15] S. O. Oyefesob Mesures to Iprove rffc Fw d Reduce Rod Accdets Nger I: S. O. Okoy d K. F. Eke Ed. rsportto Nger. Ntol Devepet Proceedgs of Ntol Coferece Ibd July 1977 pp [16] J. M. A. Oroke rffc Educto d Fw Ibd Cty I: S. O. Okoy d N. F. Ek Ed. Op. Cted [17] M. A. Keedy d K. Wlter SM Mesures for Mjor Actvty Ceters rsportto Egeerg Jourl Vol. 105 No pp [18] E. Ldqust Assessg Effectveess Mesures the ISEA Mgeet Systes Southwest Rego Uversty rsportto Ceter exs rsportto Isttute College Stto exs [19] gol%20rsportto %20Pl%20Secto/Fl-S [20] gstmgt.pdf [21] [22] [23] S. Ossowsk J. Herdez M. Belote A. Ferdez A. Grcı-Serro J. Pe rez-de-l-cruz J. Serro d F. rguero Decso Support for rffc Mgeet Bsed o Orgztol d Couctve Multget Abstrctos rsportto Reserch Prt C Vol pp [24] S. Frech Decso Alyss d Decso Support Systes Uversty of Mchester Mchester [25] M. Slver Systes tht Support Decso Mkers Joh Wley Berl [26] M. Kle d L. Methle Kowledge-Bsed Decso Support Systes Joh Wley Berl [27] J. Herdez d J. Serro Evroetl Eergecy Mgeet Supported by Kowledge Modellg echques AI Couctos Vol. 14 No pp [28] J. Herdez d J. Serro Reflectve Kowledge Models to Support Advced HCI for Decso Mgeet Expert Systes wth Applctos Vol. 19 No pp [29] I. Vlhvs N. Bssldes I. kellrou M. Mol S. Ossowsk I. Futo Z. Psztor J. Szered I. Velbtsky S. Yershov d I. Netes Experet A Itellget ult-get Syste for WAN Mgeet IEEE Itellget Systes Vol. 16 No p. 62. [30] J. Cue S. Ossowsk Dstrbuted odels for decso support I: Wess Ed. MI Press Cbrdge 1999 pp [31] S. Ossowsk J. Herdez C. Igless d A. Ferdez Egeerg Aget Systes for Decso Support I:. Zboell Eds. Egeerg Socetes Aget World III Sprger Berl 2002 pp [32] C. Igless M. Gro Ayestr d J. Goz lez A Survey of Aget-Oreted Methodoges Itellget Agets V Sprger Berl 1999 pp [33] K. Ho D M. Wkoff Coprg get-oreted ethodoges I: Gorg et l. Eds. Aget-Oreted Iforto Systes Sprger Berl 2003 pp [34] C. W. Holspple Decso Support Systes. Ecycped of Iforto Systes Vol pp [35] H. L. Zhg Aget-Bsed Ope Coectvty for Decso Support Systes Ph.D. hess School of Coputer Scece d Mthetcs Vctor Uversty [36] M. K. Hs d H. M. Dsht A Multclss Sulteous rsportto Equlbru Model Networks d Sptl Ecoocs Vol. 7 No pp [37] J. De Ce J. E. Ferdez V. Dekock A. Soto d. L.Fresz ESRAUS: A Coputer Pckge for Solvg Supply-Ded Equlbru Proble o Multodl urb rsportto Networks wth Multple User clsses he Aul Meetg of the rsportto Reserch Bord Wshgto DC [38] M. Fr J. H. Wu d S. He A Mult-Clss Mult-Mode Vrble Ded Network Equlbru Model wth Herrchcl Logt Structures I: Curret reds M. Gedreu d P. Mrcotte Eds. Dordrecht 2002 pp [39] D. E. Boyce H. Br-Ger Multclss Cobed Models Copyrght 2010 ScRes.

20 60 Mohd K. Hs. for Urb rvel Forecstg Networks d Sptl Ecoocs Vol pp [40] J. De Ce d J. E. Ferdez rst Assget for Cogested Publc rsport Systes: A Equlbru Model rsportto Scece Vol. 27 No pp [41] K. N. A. Sfwt d. L. Mgt A Cobed rp Geerto rp Dstrbuto Modl Splt d rffc Assget Model rsportto Scece Vol. 22 No pp [42] N. Oppehe Urb rvel Ded Modelg: Fro Idvdul Choces to Geerl Equlbru Joh Wley d Sos New York [43] B. R d D. E. Boyce Modelg Dyc rsportto Networks Sprger-Verlg Berl [44] M. J. Sth he Exstece Uqueess d Stblty of rffc Equlbr rsportto Reserch B Vol pp [45] M. J. Sth he Exstece d Clculto of rffc Equlbr rsportto Reserch B Vol pp [46] S. C. Dferos A Itertve Schee for Vrtol Iequltes Mthetcl Progrg Vol pp [47] S. C. Dferos Relxto Algorth for the Geerl Asyetrc rffc Equlbru Proble rsportto Scece Vol. 16 No pp [48] M. Fr d H. Spess he Covergece of Dgolzto Algorths for Asyetrc Network Equlbru Probles rsportto Reserch B Vol pp [49] H. S. Mhss d K. C. Mouskos Soe Nuercl Results o the Dgolzto Network Assget Algorth wth Asyetrc Iterctos betwee Crs d rucks rsportto Reserch B Vol pp [50] Y. Sheff Urb rsportto Networks: Equlbru Alyss wth Mthetcl Progrg Methods Pretce-Hll Eglewoods Clffs [51] K. N. A. Sfwt d B. Brdeeyer Proof of Gbl Covergece of Effcet Algorth for Predctg rp Geerto rp Dstrbuto Modl Splt d rffc Assget Sulteously o Lrge-Scle Networks Itertol Jourl of Coputer d Mthetcs wth Applctos Vol. 16 No pp [52] S. Rosebo Pek-Perod rffc Cogesto: A Stte-Of-he-Art Alyss Ad Evluto Of Effectve Solutos rsportto Vol pp [53]. Efr et l. Decso Support d Busess Itellgece Systes 8th Edto Perso Pretce Hll New Jersey [54] W. Io Buldg the Dt Wrehouse 4th Edto Wley New York [55] D. Boyce Forecstg rvel o Cogested Urb rsportto Networks: Revew d Prospects for Network Equlbru Models Networks d Sptl Ecoocs Vol pp Copyrght 2010 ScRes.