Building America Special Research Project: High-R Walls Case Study Analysis
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1 building science.com 2009 Building Science Press All rights of reproduction in any form reserved. Building America Special Research Project: High-R Walls Case Study Analysis Research Report March 11, 2009 (Rev. June 8, 2011; Oct. 5, 2012) John Straube and Jonathan Smegal Abstract: Many concerns, including the rising cost of energy, climate change concerns, and demands for increased comfort, have lead to the desire for increased insulation levels in many new and existing buildings. More building codes are being modified to require higher levels of thermal control than ever before. This report considers a number of promising wall systems that can meet the requirement for better thermal control. Unlike previous studies, this one considers performance in a more realistic matter, including some true three-dimensional heat flow and the relative risk of moisture damage.
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5 A. Introduction 1. OBJECTIVE Building Science Corporation
6 2. SCOPE 3. APPROACH B. Analysis 1. WALL ASSEMBLIES REVIEWED 2. ANALYSIS CRITERIA Building Science Corporation
7 Table 1: Criteria comparison matrix 2.1 Heat flow analysis Building Science Corporation
8 Figure 1 : Plan view of wall section for Therm simulation Building Science Corporation
9 Figure 2: Top plate simulation with 8 of wall Figure 3 : Rim joist simulation with 8" of wall Figure 4 : Plan section of rim joist, floor joists, and fiberglass batt insulation Building Science Corporation
10 A fictitious material is then made in the Therm library that has the effective thermal properties of the insulation and floor joists and used in the section profile for modeling of the rim joist system (shown in red in Figure 3). Once the R- values are calculated for all three sections of a wall system, The Whole Wall R- value is calculated by taking the weighted average of the individual components as shown in the equation below. The total wall height from the bottom plate to the top plate is nine feet. One drawback of Therm is that it cannot accurately represent air leakage and insulation installation defects, both of which can significantly lower the effective R- value of the assembly by bypassing the insulation in the wall system. There are four main ways in which air leakage affects interact with the enclosure as shown in Figure 5. Figure 5 : Common Convective Heat Flow Paths in Enclosures One of the most common areas for air leakage is at the rim joist where fiberglass batts are often stuffed into the cavities between the ceiling joists. In houses that are constructed using this method it is quite common to feel air leakage through the assembly at the rim joist bypassing the insulation even without imposing a Building Science Corporation 6
11 Table 2 : Conductivity values used for two dimensional heat flow analysis Building Science Corporation
12 Figure 6 : Typical framing 16"o.c. - 9% framing factor Figure 7 : Actual average framing factor of 23% in standard construction Building Science Corporation
13 Table 3 : R-values for analyzed wall systems 2.2 Hygrothermal Analysis Building Science Corporation
14 Moisture Balance Figure 8 : Moisture balance Building Science Corporation
15 Wintertime Condensation Table 4 : Vapor control strategies and permeance values for Case 1 and 2 Building Science Corporation
16 Figure 9 : Winter time sheathing relative humidity for Case 1 and Case 2 Building Science Corporation
17 Figure 10 : Winter air leakage condensation potential for Case 1 and Case 2 Building Science Corporation
18 Figure 11 : Winter air leakage condensation potential for Case 1 and Case 9 Figure 12 : Winter time sheathing relative humidity for Case 3, Case 4, and Case 5 Building Science Corporation
19 Figure 13 : Winter air leakage condensation potential for Case 3, Case 4, and Case 5 Building Science Corporation
20 Figure 14 : Winter air leakage condensation potential for Case 4 and Case 10 Building Science Corporation
21 Figure 15 : Installation of high density spray foam in an Offset Framed Wall in a cold climate Building Science Corporation
22 Figure 16 : Winter time air leakage condensation potential for Case 5 and Case 11 Building Science Corporation
23 Figure 17 : Winter time sheathing relative humidity for Case 8 Building Science Corporation
24 Figure 18 : Winter air leakage condensation potential for Case Summer Inward Vapor Drives Building Science Corporation
25 Figure 19 : Inward vapor drive relative humidity of poly or GWB for Case 1, Case 2, and Case 9 Figure 20 : Inward vapor drive relative humidity of poly or GWB for Case 3, Case 4, and Case 5 Building Science Corporation
26 Figure 21 : Inward vapor drive relative humidity of poly or GWB for Case 4, and Case 10 Building Science Corporation
27 Figure 22 : Inward vapor drive relative humidity of poly or GWB for Case 8 Building Science Corporation
28 Figure 23 : Inward vapor drive relative humidity of poly or GWB for Cases 5, 8, and Wall Drying Building Science Corporation
29 Figure 24 : Drying Curves for Case 1 and Case 2 Figure 25 : Drying curves for Case 3, Case 4, and Case 5 Building Science Corporation
30 Figure 26 : Drying curves for Case 8 Figure 27 : Drying Curves for Case 4, and Case 10 with and without a poly vapor barrier Building Science Corporation
31 Figure 28 : Drying Curves for Case 5 and Case Enclosure Durability 2.4 Buildability Building Science Corporation
32 2.5 Material Use 2.6 Cost C. Results 1. CASE 1: STANDARD CONSTRUCTION PRACTICE Building Science Corporation
33 Figure 29 : Standard construction practice Thermal Control Building Science Corporation
34 Figure 30 : Therm modeling of Case 1-2x6 construction Table 5 : Summary of R-value results from Therm modeling for Case Moisture Control Building Science Corporation
35 Constructability and Cost Other Considerations 1.2 Case 2: Advanced framing with insulated sheathing Building Science Corporation
36 Figure 31 : Advanced framing construction Thermal Control Building Science Corporation
37 Figure 32 : Therm modeling of Case 2 advanced framing with 1" XPS insulated sheathing Table 6 : Summary of R-value results from Therm modeling for Case Moisture Control Building Science Corporation
38 Constructability and Cost Other Considerations 1.3 Case 3: Interior 2x3 horizontal strapping Building Science Corporation
39 Figure 33 : 2x6 wall construction with interior strapping Thermal Control Building Science Corporation
40 Figure 34 : Therm analysis of horizontally strapped wall Table 7 : Calculated R-value of an interior horizontal strapped wall Moisture Control Building Science Corporation
41 Constructability and Cost Other Considerations 1.4 Case 4: Double Stud Building Science Corporation
42 Figure 35 : Double stud wall Thermal Control Building Science Corporation
43 Figure 36 : Therm model of the double stud wall Table 8 : Calculated R-value of a double stud wall Moisture Control Building Science Corporation
44 Constructability and Cost Other Considerations 1.5 Case 5: Truss Wall Building Science Corporation
45 Figure 37 : Truss wall construction Thermal Control Building Science Corporation
46 Figure 38 : Therm results of the truss wall Table 9 : Calculated R-value for truss wall Moisture Control Building Science Corporation
47 Constructability and Cost Other Considerations 1.6 Case 6: Structural Insulated Panel Systems (SIPs) Figure 39 : SIPs wall construction Building Science Corporation
48 Thermal Control Figure 40 : Therm results of SIPs panel analysis Table 10 : Calculated R-value for a Sips wall system Moisture Control Building Science Corporation
49 Constructability and Cost Other Considerations 1.7 Case 7: Insulated Concrete Forms (ICFs) Building Science Corporation
50 Figure 41 : ICF wall construction Thermal Control Building Science Corporation
51 Figure 42 : Nine inch foam ICF with five inches of EPS Figure 43 : Fifteen inch foam ICF with five inches of EPS Moisture Control Constructability and Cost Other Considerations Building Science Corporation
52 1.8 Case 8: Advanced framing with spray foam Figure 44 : 2x6 wall construction with spray foam insulation Thermal Control Building Science Corporation
53 Figure 45 : Therm modeling of spray foam wall and rim joist Table 11 : Therm results of spray foam insulation analysis Moisture Control Building Science Corporation
54 Constructability and Cost Other Considerations 1.9 Case 9: Hybrid Wall Insulation Flash and Fill Building Science Corporation
55 Figure 46 : Hybrid wall construction with 2" spray foam and fibrous fill Thermal Control Building Science Corporation
56 Figure 47 : Therm analysis of hybrid wall system Table 12 : Calculated R-value for a hybrid wall system Moisture Control Constructability and Cost Other Considerations Building Science Corporation
57 1.10 Case 10: Double Stud Wall with Spray Foam Figure 48 : Double stud wall with 2" of spray foam and cellulose fill Thermal Control Building Science Corporation
58 Figure 49 : Therm analysis of double stud wall construction with spray foam Table 13 : Calculated whole wall R-value for a double stud wall system with 2 spray foam Moisture Control Constructability and Cost Building Science Corporation
59 Other Considerations 1.11 Case 11: Offset Frame Wall with Exterior Spray Foam Building Science Corporation
60 Figure 50 : Offset frame wall construction with exterior spray foam Thermal Control Building Science Corporation
61 Figure 51 : Therm analysis of an offset truss wall with exterior spray foam Table 14 : Calculated whole wall R-value for an offset framed wall with exterior spray foam Moisture Control Constructability and Cost Building Science Corporation
62 Other Considerations 1.12 Case 12: Exterior Insulation Finish System (EIFS) Building Science Corporation
63 Figure 52 : Wall construction using the EIFS cladding system Thermal Control Building Science Corporation
64 Figure 53 : Thermal analysis of an EIFS wall system Table 15 : Calculated whole wall R-value for a EIFS wall system with 4 of EPS Moisture Control Constructability and Cost Other Considerations Building Science Corporation
65 D. Conclusions Table 16 : Summary of all calculated R-values Building Science Corporation
66 Table 17 : Hours of potential winter time air leakage condensation Building Science Corporation
67 Table 18 : Wall Comparison Chart Building Science Corporation
68 Building Science Corporation
69 E. Works Cited Building Science Corporation
70 Building America Special Research Project: High-R Walls Case Study Analysis About this Report This report was prepared with the cooperation of the U.S. Department of Energy s, Building America Program. Direct all correspondence to: Building Science Corporation, 30 Forest Street,. Limits of Liability and Disclaimer of Warranty: Building Science documents are intended for professionals. The author and the publisher of this article have used their best efforts to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. The author and publisher make no warranty of any kind, expressed or implied, with regard to the information contained in this article. The information presented in this article must be used with care by professionals who understand the implications of what they are doing. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional shall be sought. The author and publisher shall not be liable in the event of incidental or consequential damages in connection with, or arising from, the use of the information contained within this Building Science document.
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