Meltem Özturan TP-CIS : Technical Perspectives of CIS

Transcription

1 Meltem Özturan 1 TP-CIS : Technical Perspectives of CIS Fundamentals of IT Infrastructure IT Infrastructure Components Evolution of IT Infrastructure Contemporary IT Infrastructure Trends 2 1

2 TP-CIS : IT Infrastructure Components Networking What is a Computer Network? A computer network is a group of computer systems and other computing hardware devices that are linked together through communication channels to facilitate communication and resource-sharing among a wide range of users. 3 TP-CIS : IT Infrastructure Components Networking Components of a Simple Computer Network Consists of computers, a network operating system residing on a dedicated server computer, cabling (wiring) connecting the devices, network interface cards (NIC), switches, and a router

3 TP-CIS : IT Infrastructure Components Networking Corporate Network Infrastructure Today s corporate network infrastructure is a collection of many different networks from the public switched telephone network, to the Internet, to corporate local area networks linking workgroups, departments, or office floors. 5 TP-CIS : IT Infrastructure Components Networking Key Digital Networking Technologies Client/Server Computing Distributed computing model Clients linked through network controlled by network server computer Server sets rules of communication for network and provides every client with an address so others can find it on the network Has largely replaced centralized mainframe computing The Internet: largest implementation of client/server computing 6 3

4 TP-CIS : IT Infrastructure Components Networking Key Digital Networking Technologies Packet Switching Data are grouped into small packets, which are transmitted independently over various communications channels and reassembled at their final destination. 7 TP-CIS : IT Infrastructure Components Networking Key Digital Networking Technologies TCP/IP Connectivity Connectivity between computers enabled by protocols which are rules that govern transmission of information between two points TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol Four layers: Application layer, Transport layer, Internet layer, Network interface layer 7-1bullettext.htm 8 4

5 TP-CIS : IT Infrastructure Components Networking Types of Network Digital versus analog signals Modem: translates digital signals into analog form Local-area networks (LANs) Ethernet is standard for physical medium Workgroup network model (peer-to-peer architecture) Windows domain network model Campus-area networks (CANs) Wide-area networks (WANs) Metropolitan-area networks (MANs) 9 TP-CIS : IT Infrastructure Components Networking Transmission Media & Transmission Speeds Transmission Media: Types: Twisted pair wire, coaxial cable, wireless Speeds: Wide range depending on software/hardware combination Transmission Speed Bps, Mbps: Rate of information transmitted Hertz: Number of cycles per second Bandwidth: Difference between highest and lowest frequencies on single channel 10 5

6 Services TP-CIS : IT Infrastructure Components IT services are professional services designed to facilitate the use of technology by enterprises and end users. Technology services provide specialized technologyoriented solutions by combining the processes and functions of software, hardware, networks, telecommunications and electronics. IT services are delivered according to business or enterprise requirements. IT service providers include Internet service providers (ISP), application service providers (ASP), cloud providers and developers. 11 Services TP-CIS : IT Infrastructure Components IT services include: Software development, integration and maintenance Hardware Networking integration, management and maintenance Information security (IS) IT management consultants Mobile services Web applications 12 6

7 TP-CIS : Evolution of IT Infrastructure General-purpose mainframe & minicomputer era: 1959 to present 1958 IBM first mainframes introduced 1965 Less expensive DEC minicomputers introduced 13 TP-CIS : Evolution of IT Infrastructure Personal computer era: 1981 to present 1981 Introduction of IBM PC Proliferation in 80s, 90s resulted in growth of personal software

8 TP-CIS : Evolution of IT Infrastructure Client/server era: 1983 to present Desktop clients networked to servers, with processing work split between clients and servers Network may be two-tiered or multitiered (N-tiered) Various types of servers (network, application, Web) 15 TP-CIS : Evolution of IT Infrastructure Enterprise computing era: 1992 to present Move toward integrating disparate networks, applications using Internet standards and enterprise applications

9 TP-CIS : Evolution of IT Infrastructure Cloud Computing: 2000 to present Refers to a model of computing where firms and individuals obtain computing power and software applications over the Internet or other network Fastest growing form of computing slide/ / 17 TP-CIS : Evolution of IT Infrastructure IT Drivers of Infrastructure Evolution Moore s law and microprocessing power Computing power doubles every 18 months Nanotechnology shrinks size of transistors to size comparable to size of a virus 4_06_01_archive.html 18 9

10 TP-CIS : Evolution of IT Infrastructure IT Drivers of Infrastructure Evolution Law of Mass Digital Storage The amount of data being stored each year doubles The cost of storing data declines xponentially 4_06_01_archive.html 19 TP-CIS : Evolution of IT Infrastructure IT Drivers of Infrastructure Evolution Metcalfe s Law and network economics Value or power of a network grows exponentially as a function of the number of network members As network members increase, more people want to use it (demand for network access increases) 20 10

11 TP-CIS : Evolution of IT Infrastructure IT Drivers of Infrastructure Evolution Declining communication costs and the Internet An estimated 1.5 billion people worldwide have Internet access Communication costs fall toward a very small number om/uploads/2/2/9/3/ /laudon_ybs12 _ppt05t.pdf 21 TP-CIS : Evolution of IT Infrastructure IT Drivers of Infrastructure Evolution Standards and network effects IT standards: Specifications that establish the compatibility of products and the ability to communicate in a network Unleash powerful economies of scale and result in price declines as manufacturers focus on the products built to a single standard 22 11

12 TP-CIS : Contemporary IT Infrastructure Trends Hardware Trends The emerging mobile digital platform Cell phones, smartphones Netbooks Tablets Networked e-readers a.com/what-we-do/selectplatform/ 23 TP-CIS : Contemporary IT Infrastructure Trends Hardware Trends Grid computing Connects geographically remote computers into a single network to combine processing power and create virtual supercomputer Provides cost savings, speed, agility audhary2/grid-computing-ppt ?next_slideshow=

13 TP-CIS : Contemporary IT Infrastructure Trends Hardware Trends Virtualization Allows single physical resource to act as multiple resources Reduces hardware and power expenditures Facilitates hardware centralization lerimiz/it-konsolidasyon--- sanallastirma/k TP-CIS : Contemporary IT Infrastructure Trends Hardware Trends Cloud computing On-demand (utility) computing services obtained over network Infrastructure as a service Platform as a service Software as a service Cloud can be public or private Allows companies to minimize IT investments Drawbacks: Concerns of security, reliability

14 TP-CIS : Contemporary IT Infrastructure Trends Hardware Trends Green computing Practices and technologies for manufacturing, using, disposing of computing and networking hardware t/shakirwazeer/greencomputing TP-CIS : Contemporary IT Infrastructure Trends Hardware Trends Autonomic computing Industry-wide effort to develop systems that can configure, heal themselves when broken, and protect themselves from outside intruders Similar to self-updating antivirus software search.html 28 14

15 TP-CIS : Contemporary IT Infrastructure Trends Hardware Trends High performance, power-saving processors Multi-core processors mercial-servers- Workstations/DSEBD16SA S/ 29 TP-CIS : Contemporary IT Infrastructure Trends Software Trends Linux and open-source software Open-source software: Produced by community of programmers, free and modifiable by user Linux: Open-source software OS 30 15

16 TP-CIS : Contemporary IT Infrastructure Trends Software Trends Software for the Web Java: Object-oriented programming language Operating system, processor-independent Ajax Asynchronous JavaScript and XML Allows client and server to exchange small pieces of data without requiring the page to be reloaded 31 TP-CIS : Contemporary IT Infrastructure Trends Software Trends Web Services Software components that exchange information using Web standards and languages XML: Extensible Markup Language More powerful and flexible than HTML Tagging allows computers to process data automatically SOAP: Simple Object Access Protocol Rules for structuring messages enabling applications to pass data and instructions 32 16

17 TP-CIS : Contemporary IT Infrastructure Trends Software Trends Web Services WSDL: Web Services Description Language Framework for describing Web service and capabilities UDDI: Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration Directory for locating Web services 33 TP-CIS : Contemporary IT Infrastructure Trends Software Trends SOA: Service-oriented architecture Set of self-contained services that communicate with each other to create a working software application Software developers reuse these services in other combinations to assemble other applications as needed 34 17

18 TP-CIS : Contemporary IT Infrastructure Trends Software Trends Software outsourcing and cloud services Three external sources for software 1. Software packages and enterprise software 2. Software outsourcing (domestic or offshore) 3. Cloud-based software services Mashups Combinations of two or more online applications, such as combining mapping software (Google Maps) with local content 35 TP-CIS : Contemporary IT Infrastructure Trends Software Trends Software outsourcing and cloud services Apps Small pieces of software that run on the Internet, on your computer, or on your cell phone Generally delivered over the Internet 36 18

19 TP-CIS : Contemporary IT Infrastructure Trends Software Trends Dealing with platform and infrastructure change As firms shrink or grow, IT needs to be flexible and scalable Scalability Ability to expand to serve larger numbers of users For mobile computing and cloud computing New policies and procedures for managing these new platforms Contractual agreements with firms running clouds and distributing software required 37 TP-CIS : IT Infrastructure Components CourseWork For each component of IT Infrastructure, considering its evolution and its drivers, imagine and discuss what might happen in the near future