Hybrid Capacitors in Energy Applications

Transcription

1 Hybrid Capacitors in Energy Applications David A. Evans Evans Capacitor Company 72 Boyd Avenue East Providence, RI Presented to the CARTS 2013 March 26, 2013, Houston, TX

2 Hybrid Capacitor Map BATTERY MORE ENERGY EC.DLC MORE POWER ELECTROLYTIC CAP HYBRID HYBRID Li-C Pb-C RuO 2 -Ta 2 O 5

3 Ragone Diagram Lithium Ion Capacitor

4 Electric Double Layer Source: B.E. Conway, Electrochemical Supercapacitors Exists at every charged electrolyte interface Equivalent charge separation about the size of a solvent molecule Maximum cell voltage < solvent breakdown voltage Small separation results in high series capacitance Can often be ignored in calculation of cell capacitance

5 Faradaic Charging SOLVENT SOLVENT CATION ANION CATHODE ANODE RuO 2 + 2H + +2e -! Ru(OH) 2 PbSO 4 + 2H 2 O! PbO 2 + HSO H + + 2e - Li 4 Ti 5 O Li + + 3e -! Li 7 Ti 5 O 12

6 Electrolytic Capacitor C = ke 0 A/t Equivalent dielectric charge separation about 1 nm / volt k = 27 for tantalum oxide, 9.3 for aluminum oxide Series EDL ever present while electrode is charged

7 Hybrid Tantalum Capacitor One electrode stores charge faradaically in a reversible reaction involving the electrolyte. The other electrode stores charge electrostatically. Faradaic Electrode RuO 2 on Ta foil RuO 2 +e - + H +! RuO OH Low voltage charge storage Electrostatic Electrode Ta 2 O 5 on Ta pellet C = k A/t E =! CV 2 High voltage charge storage

8 Electrochemical Capacitors Device Charge Type Cell Voltage Energy Density A. Electrolytic Capacitor Electrostatic High Low B. Double Layer Capacitor Electrostatic Low High C. Pseudocapacitor Faradaic Low High D. Hybrid Electrolytic Hybrid High Med. E. Hybrid Electrochemical Hybrid Med. Very High

9 Tantalum Hybrid Capacitors

10 Tantalum Hybrid Capacitor

11 TDD Z (ohms) Zreal Zimag Capacitance (F) Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz) Power Energy P = E I = V 2 /R E =! C V 2 Pmax = V r2 /4R Pmax " 1/R energy is proportional to capacitance at rated voltage

12 Volumetric comparison of capacitors RE TDD Energy (Wh/l) Pow er (kw/l)

13 Modified Diagram

14 TDD3125 at various temperatures capacitance (F) /R (ohm -1 )

15 Performance over temperature TDD3063 THS3063 THQ3063 TDD3063 THS3063 THQ ESR (ohms) Capacitance (F) Temperature ( C) Temperature ( C) All parts show marked increase in ESR at temperatures < -20

16 Apache with Arrowhead System

17 Arrowhead Night Vision System

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19 Arrowhead Night Vision System

20 THQ uF at 125V Source: Analog Modules Inc.

21 E-2D Hawkeye THS

22 TDD3080 into 0.1 ohm Load Circuit R tot = R load + R switch = ohms Load Profile 320A peak 1kHz, 10% duty Capacitor Performance Rise time 35us Runs continuous duty with active cooling on capacitor and switch. Higher current exceeds switch capacity

23 High Temperature HC Caps Part Number C (uf) Vr 85 Vr 200 HC2D075941HT HC2B060331HT HC2A100330HT

24 !"#$%&'()*#% +",% -%./01 +2% -% % +"5*%678*%!"#$%&%'%'!() '%%µ*) +%,) #&,) $)-('.)!"#$%/&&0%!() &0µ*) 1&,) +/,) $)-('.)!"#$'%%++%!() ++µ*) 0%,) &%,) $)-('.)!"2%/&'''!() ''%µ*) &%,) 1&,) 2)-(#.)!"2'%%03%!() 03µ*) /%,) 0%,) 2)-(#.)!"#2%&%1/'!() 1/%µ*) +%,) #&,) 2)-(#.)!"#2%0%++'!() ++%µ*) +0,) +%,) 2)-(#.)!"#2%/&##'!() ##%µ*) 1&,) +/,) 2)-(#.)!"#2'%%'&'!() '&%µ*) 0%,) &%,) 2)-(#.)!"4%&%03'!() 03%µ*) +&,) +%,) 4)-(1.)!"4%0%&0'!() &0%µ*) 1#,) +0,) 4)-(1.)!"4%/&1/'!() 1/%µ*) &%,) 1&,) 4)-(1.)!"4'%%##'!() ##%µ*) /%,) 0%,) 4)-(1.)!"4'#&'&'!() '&%µ*) 3&,) /&,) 4)-(1.)!"#4%&%'&#!() '&%%µ*) +%,) #&,) 4)-(1.)!"#4%0%'##!() '#%%µ*) +0,) +%,) 4)-(1.)!"#4%/&51'!() 51%µ*) 1&,) +/,) 4)-(1.)!"#4'%%1/'!() 1/%µ*) 0%,) &%,) 4)-(1.)!"#4'#&++'!() ++%µ*) /&,) 0#,) 4)-(1.)

25 Axial Leaded Tantalum Hybrid Capacitor

26 DGA Focused DGA Focused Gamma Gamma Tool Tool Photo courtesy of CBG Corp Photo courtesy of CBG Corp.

27 Motor controller for down-hole use Instrumentel have been tasked with creating a high temperature motor controller circuit for a down well application. The motor controller is capable of driving a number of motor variants, including AC resolvers, although for this application it will control a DC motor." The controller will be able to with stand down-hole environments. MWD Environment ratings: Shock Limit 1000g, 0.5ms Vibration Limit, 20G RMS random Hz, at 175 C. Photo courtesy of Instrumentel Limited The motors for this application require a high drive current, and the Evans capacitor was chosen for its high energy density, lifetime, and voltage capability.

28 HEAT EVM Photo courtesy of Texas Instruments The location of these decoupling capacitors becomes even more critical in high temperature operations since, in addition to the higher costs, larger valued capacitors become the life limiting component in many high temperature systems. Most capacitor types have falling capacitance values and increasing IR values as the ambient temperature increases which present trade offs when working with capacitors at elevated temperatures. The Harsh Environment Acquisition Terminal Evaluation Module uses a nominal number of capacitors and value of capacitance.

29 HEAT EVM Photo courtesy of Texas Instruments

30 HEAT EVM Photo Courtesy of Texas Instruments

31 HC2D100 Life Test at 200 C!"#$%&' ( )*+'',!''º-$./01$21345$6',$76'8$,9:!"#$%&' ( )*+'',!''º-$./01$21345$6',$76'8$,9: &!! %! %!! $!!''-$6',$#-.$7(?: $!! #!! )*+ ),-.*/!6-$+'',$#-.$7(?: #! '() '*+,(- "!! "!!! #!! %!! '!! (!! "!!! ;<=93$<>$4134!! "!! #!! $!! %!! &!!! ;<=93$<>$4134

32 HC2D100 Life Test at 200 C!"#$%&' ( )*+'',!''º-$./01$21345$6',$76'8$,9:!"#$%&' ( )*+'',!''º-$./01$21345$6',$76'8$,9: &"" '"!!%"!"&!6-$-?@$7():!$"!!" ()* )+,-)., (/0!6-$?@A$7B:!"%!"$ ()* )+,-).,!#"!"#!"" " #""!"" $"" %"" '"""!"!! #!! $!! %!! &!! '!!! ;<=93$<>$4134 ;<=93$<>$4134

33 HC2D100 Life Test at 200 C!"#$%#&'( ) *+,((-#.!((º/0#1(-#2345#%567!"#$%#&'( ) *+,((-#.!((º/0#1(-#2345#%567 &!!! '!!"! %!! &!"!./2#<)=>#?!((º/ $!! #!! '()*+,-)./* '()*+,-).01 *+,-)./* *+,-).01./2#<)=>#?!@º/ %!"! $!"! ()*+,-.*/0+ ()*+,-.*/12 +,-.*/0+ +,-.*/12 "!! #!"!!! "!! #!! $!! %!! &!!! $89:6#8;#7567!"!! #!! $!! %!! &!! '!!! $89:6#8;#7567

34 HC2D100 Life Test at 200 C!"#$%#&'( ) *+,((-#.!(( /0#1(-#2345#%567!"#$%#&'( ) *+,((-#.!((º/0#1(-#2345#%567 "## '#"! %"# '!"! /<=#>)*?#@!A / %## $"# )*+,-./+012 )*+,-./+34),-./+012,-./+34) A#B!Cº/ &"! %"! $"! ()*+,-.*/01 ()*+,-.*2/3 +,-.*/01 +,-.*2/3 $## #"!!"# #!## %## &## '## (### $89:6#8;#7567!"!! #!! $!! %!! &!! '!!! $89:6#8;#7567

35 HCB100 Self Discharge dv/dt HCB100 Leakage Current I = C dv/dt Voltage !" # $!# % $!& # $ "%%$ Leakage Current (ua) 1 0.1!" # $!# % $!& # $ "%%$ Time (h) Voltage HCB100 Life Life = Q/I Life 10!" # $!# % $!& # $ "%%$ Voltage

36 THQ1050 Self Discharge THQ1050 Leakage Current I = C dv/dt Voltage Leakage Current (ua) Time (h) Voltage THQ1050 Life Life = Q/I 100 Life (years) Voltage

37 THQA2 at 230 Photo courtesy of Petromar Technologies

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39 10 Capacitor Development THQ3063 THS3063 TDD THQ3063 THS3063 TDD z' (ohms) Capacitance (F) Frequency (Hz) THQ3 (1999) THS3 (2004) TDD3 (2011) Half the resistance and better frequency response Hermetic seal Excellent heat transfer Frequency (Hz)

40 Summary Hybrid capacitors combining a faradaic with an electrostatic electrode have a combination of characteristics that improve performance. Wet tantalum hybrid capacitors suitable for high temperatures were developed. Life test results at 1000 hours at 200 C and 50% rated voltage predict life > 2000 hours for HC2D100HT. A method using simple measurements for predicting life based on leakage current at voltage and temperature was described.