Data Center Networking
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1 Data Center Networking (ENCS 691K Chapter 6) Roch Glitho, PhD Associate Professor and Canada Research Chair My URL -
2 Data Center Networking Basics Challenges and traditional protocols
3 Data Center Networking - Basics Concepts Data Center Topology Data Center Virtualization
4 References 1. MD. Bari et al., Data Center Networking Virtualization: A Survey, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, Vol.15, No2, Second Quarter 2013
5 Concepts
6 Data Center Consists of: Servers (Physical machines) Storage Network devices (switch, router, cables) Power distribution systems Cooling systems
7 Data Center Network Communications infrastructure Could be described by: Topology Routing / switching equipment Protocols
8 Data Center Network Data Center Network vs. ISP Networks: Number of nodes ISPs backbones (hundreds) 487 for AT&T Ref. 1 Data centers (thousands) Google (12 000) Ref. 1 Topology Topology with specific properties are used for data center in order to allow topology specific routing optimization
9 Data Center Network Topology
10 Conventional Topology Three layers: Access layer with Top of the Rack (ToR) switches Aggregation layer Core layer
11 Conventional Topology (REf1)
12 Conventional Topology Specific case: Flat layer 2 topology: Only layer 2 switches
13 Clos Topology Hierarchical / staged/layered: Each switch in a stage is connected to all the switches in the next stage Key benefit: Extensive path diversity
14 Clos Topology (Ref. 1)
15 Clos Topology Specific case: Fat tree Built in a tree like structure
16 Clos Topology Fat tree (Ref. 1)
17 Data Center Virtualization
18 Virtualized Data Center Data center with some or all the hardware virtualized Servers (Physical machines) Storage Network devices (switch, router) Power distribution systems Cooling systems
19 Virtual Data Center Collection of virtual resources, e.g. Virtual machine Virtual switches Virtual links
20 Virtual Data Center (Ref. 1)
21 Data Center Networking: Challenges and Traditional Protocols Data Center Networking Challenges Traditional Transport Protocols (Beyond TCP / UDP) Traditional Transport Protocols vs. Challenges
22 Data Center Networking Challenges
23 References 1. K. Kant, Towards a Virtualized Data Center Transport Protocol, Infocom Workshop, M Alizadeh, Data Center TCP, ACM Sigcom 2011
24 Data Center Networking Challenges Why is it necessary to re-think networking in cloud data center settings? Very high data rates (e.g. 100 Gb/sec Ethernet) TCP can hardly cope with 10 GB/sec New techniques are needed to make TCP cope, e.g. Hardware acceleration Need for QoS mechanisms A single MAC pipe can carry data with different QoS requirements
25 Data Center Networking Challenges Why is it necessary to re-think networking in cloud data center settings? Wide range of physical layer Wired Wireless Optical Emerging PHY/MAC layers, e.g. Ultra Wide Band Huge amount of data over a short distance
26 Data Center Networking Challenges Why is it necessary to re-think networking in cloud data center settings? Multiple level virtualization and cluster enabled applications Real time applications / soft real time applications vs. other applications
27 Data Center Networking Challenges An illustration: Soft real time applications, e.g. Web search Advertisement Retail
28 Data Center Networking Challenges Partition / Aggregate pattern. reque st
29 Data Center Networking Challenges An illustration: Examples of requirements: Low latency High burst tolerance Important: Many other applications with conflicting requirements reside in the same data center
30 Data Center Networking Challenges Let us focus on transport layer protocols requirements High data rate support (Up to 100 GB/s) User Level Protocol Indicator Support QoS friendly Virtual cluster support Data center flow / cong. Control High availability Compatibility with TCP/IP base Protection against DoS
31 On Transport Layer
32 Traditional Transport Layers (Beyond TCP / UDP)
33 Transport Layer Basics 1 - Protocol layering 2 - Transport layer basics
34 Layered Architectures Figure 1.13 (Reference [1] )
35 Layered Architectures Figure 1.15 (Reference [1] )
36 Cross Layered Architecture Definition of cross layer design Violation of the principles of layered protocol architectures Examples Allowing communications between non adjacent layers Sharing variables between layers Designing protocols that span several layers
37 On The Transport Layer Application Transport Layer (e.g. TCP, UDP, SCTP) IP Link layer Physical layer
38 On The Transport Layer Provide service to application layer by using the service provided by network layer Hide physical network Hide processing complexity Hide different network technologies and architectures Provides host-to-host transport
39 On The Transport Layer Addressing Connection Establishment Connection Release Flow Control Error Detection and Crash Recovery
40 The Other Transport Protocols 1 - Motivations and taxonomy 2 - SCTP 3 - DCCP
41 References 1, IETF RFC 3550, RTP / RTCP 2. A. Caro et al., SCTP: A Proposed Standard for Robust Internet Data Transport, IEEE Computer November S. Fu and M. Atiquzzaman, SCTP: State of the Art in Research, Products and Technical Challenges, IEEE Communications Magazine, April P. Natarajan et al., SCTP: What, Why and How? IEEE Internet Computing, September / October Y-C Lai, DCCP: Transport Protocol with Congestion Control and Unreliability, IEEE Internet Computing, September / October 2008
42 Motivations and Taxonomy Key characteristics of TCP Reliability Three way handshake connection Re-transmission Congestion control Windows Transmission rate reduction Uni-homing
43 Motivations and Taxonomy Key characteristics of UDP No reliability No congestion control Uni-homing
44 Motivations and Taxonomy The one size (either TCP or UDP) fits all philosophy does not always work What about Applications requiring reliability but real time delivery (i.e. no retransmission)? Interactive audio/video (e.g. conferencing) Applications requiring more reliability than what is provided by TCP? Multimedia session signalling Applications requiring real time delivery, low reliability, but congestion control? Multi party games
45 Motivations and Taxonomy Two possible approaches Build a new transport protocol that complements / runs on top of existing transport protocols (e.g. UDP) RTP/RTCP on top of UDP and application using RTP/RTCP Build a new transport protocol from scratch (i.e. runs on top of IP) SCTP DCCP
46 Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) Designed in early 2000s to carry multimedia session signaling traffic over IP, then subsequently extended to meet the needs of a wider range of application - Design goals much more stringent than TCP design goals (e.g. redundancy, higher reliability) - Offer much more than TCP - A sample of additional features - Four way handshake association instead of three way handshake connection - Multi-homing instead of uni-homing - Multi-streaming instead of uni-streaming
47 Stream Control Transmission Protocol.
48 Four way handshake Why? - Key reason: Make SCTP resilient to denial of service (DOS) attacks, a feature missing in TCP SCTP TCP
49 Multi-homing Why? - Key reason: Make SCTP resilient in resource failures, a feature missing in TCP (High availability) - Multi-homed host: Host accessible via multiple IP addresses - Use cases - Subscription to multiple ISP to ensure service continuity when of the ISP fails - Mission critical systems relying on redundancy - Load balancing
50 Multi-homing Why? - Key reason: Make SCTP resilient in resource failures, a feature missing in TCP - Multi-homing with SCTP (only for redundancy) - Multi-homed host binds to several IP addresses during associations unlike TCP which binds to a single IP address - Retransmitted data is sent to an alternate IP address - Continued failure to reach primary address leads to the conclusion that primary address has failed and all traffic goes to alternate address
51 Multi-streaming
52 Data Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP) One of the most recent transport protocols (Second half of the 2000s) - Primary goal: - Delivery of real time media (somehow similar to the goal assigned to RTP / RTCP) - Build on the experience acquired in protocol design / deployment since the design of RTP / RTCP (ie. Early 1990s) - Some examples of improvements: - Congestion control incorporated in the transport protocol (unlike RTP/RTCP) - Possibility to avoid DoS
53 Overall view - Three way handshake connection like TCP - In-built possibility to use cookies during response phase to avoid DoS - A connection can be seen as two half-connections (i.e. unidirectional connections) - Possibility for a receiver to send only ACK - Reliable connection establishment and feature negotiation - Unreliable data transfer (no retransmission) - Feature negotiation
54 The protocol states Client Server (0) No connection CLOSED LISTEN (1) Initiation REQUEST DCCP-Request --> <-- DCCP-Response RESPOND PARTOPEN DCCP-Ack or DCCP-DataAck --> (2) Data transfer OPEN <-- DCCP-Data, Ack, DataAck --> OPEN (3) Termination <-- DCCP-CloseReq CLOSEREQ CLOSING DCCP-Close --> <-- DCCP-Reset CLOSED TIMEWAIT CLOSED
55 Half connection Use case: Unidirectional streams (e.g. Streaming applications) Application data ACKs.
56 Data transfer - Packets have sequence numbers - Client server and server client sequence numbers are independent - Tracking on both sides is possible - Acknowledgements report last received packet - Data drop option - Examples - Application not listening - Receiver buffer - Corrupt - May help in selecting congestion control mechanism
57 Data transfer - Packets have sequence numbers - Client server and server client sequence numbers are independent - Tracking on both sides is possible - Acknowledgements report last received packet - Data drop option - Examples - Application not listening - Receiver buffer - Corrupt - May help in selecting congestion control mechanism
58 Feature negotiation - Enable dynamic selection of congestion mechanism - Data drop option may help - Tracking on both sides is possible - TCP congestion control may be used - Other mechanisms may also be used
59 Traditional Transport Protocols vs. Challenges
60 References 1. K. Kant, Towards a Virtualized Data Center Transport Protocol, Infocom Workshop, 2008
61 Traditional Transport Protocols vs. Challenges (Ref. 1.).
62 A The End.
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