Passive House Envelopes Meeting Architecture 2030 in Cold Climates
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1 Passive House Envelopes Meeting Architecture 2030 in Cold Climates Rolf Jacobson Research Fellow, LEED AP Center for Sustainable Building Research University of Minnesota February 17, 2012
2 Outline 1. Passive House overview 2. Case studies & envelope types 3. 2-D R-value calculations 4. Thermal bridging (THERM simulations) 5. Hygrothermal performance (WUFI simulations) 6. Life cycle environmental impacts (Athena models)
3 Passive House Certification A certified Passive House refers to a building that has met the certification criteria determined by the PassivHaus Institute (PHI) in Darmstadt, Germany. PHI is a German organization with affiliates scattered across Europe and North America. PHI and its affiliates have certified approximately 25,000 buildings in Europe (as of 2010). Passive House Institute U.S. (PHIUS) is (or was) the American affiliate. To date, approximately three dozen certified projects in US. First PassivHaus completed in Darmstadt, Germany, 1990.
4 Passive House Certification An energy-efficiency certification program, optimized for residential construction in cold climates. Does set very high bars for energy efficiency Goal: Dramatically reduce heat loss to the point where internal gain + passive solar gain = heat loss The high performance of a Passive House envelope raises some specific challenges and issues. The solutions devised to overcome those issues can be applied to all high performance envelopes.
5 Passive House Certification Requirements: Specific Space Heat Demand </= 4.75kBTU/sf/yr Specific Primary Energy Demand </= 38.1kBTU/sf/yr Air infiltration </= Pascals pressure Recommendations: Whole window U-value </= 0.14 (R-7.14) Thermal bridge-free details, Ψ </= 0.01 W/m K Heat recovery ventilation with efficiency >/= 75%
6 Passive House Certification Compared to new single family homes built in MN to Chapter 1322 Requirements: Specific Space Heat Demand = 85% reduction Specific Primary Energy Demand = 65% reduction Air infiltration = 4-5 times tighter than average new MN house Recommendations: Whole window U-value > 2x better Thermal bridge details = not even measured in the U.S. Heat recovery ventilation = not required in MN
7 Passive House Certification Where can we find these type of savings? heating cooling
8 Passive House Certification How do we get to Passive House level performance? High performance windows HERS index Heat recovery ventilation High efficiency lighting High efficiency heating Only gets us to the level of ENERGY STAR or LEED for Homes (HERS index 60-85)
9 Passive House Certification How do we get to Passive House level performance? High performance windows Heat recovery ventilation High efficiency lighting High efficiency heating Passive solar gain (optimized design and and orientation) Improved envelope (reduced air leakage, higher R-values)
10 Passive House Certification How do we get to Passive House level performance? Envelope: Walls R-60 (4x higher) R-60 R-80 R-60 Roof = R-80 (2x higher) Floor slab = R-60 (6x higher) R-7
11 Passive House Certification What are the concerns? Will the embodied energy and carbon neutralize the savings? With increased insulation and airtightness, is there increased risk of mold and moisture problems? (hygrothermal performance) What is a thermal bridge-free detail? Unfamiliarity what R-values are really required in this climate?
12 Passive House Certification What are the benefits? Climate Change: helps us meet Architecture 2030 targets: 60% carbon reduction by % carbon reduction by % carbon reduction by % carbon reduction by 2025 Carbon-neutral in 2030 Eliminates necessity for large, central heating systems ($$$ saver in some climates) Reduces the size and cost of expensive renewable energy systems necessary to achieve a carbon neutral building.
13 Case Studies IECC climate zone 5,6
14 Case Studies IECC climate zone 6, 7
15 Case Studies IECC climate zone 7
16 Case Studies envelope summary Average R-values of cold-climate Passive House case studies Above grade wall: R-62.9 Target: R-60 Roof: R-83.8 Target: R-80 Floor slab: R-67 Target: R-60 Average air tightness 0.46 Requirement: 0.6
17 Case Studies envelope summary U-0.30, SHGC-0.35 U-0.15, SHGC-0.50 When positioned on a south-facing façade, Passive House windows can outperform the R-60 opaque wall area and provide a net heat gain for the house. North, east, and west facing windows are always net energy losers. Standard ENERGY STAR windows, even on the south façade, are also net energy losers. Performance of 8 Passive House Envelopes in Cold Climates February 17, 2011
18 Section 1 2-D R-value calculations Center of cavity R-value the R-value calculated through the center of the wall, with no framing. (R-19) Very inaccurate. Clear wall R-value the R-value calculated for a clear section of the wall (no windows, doors, other penetrations), includes framing, which can make up 25% of the wall area in typical residential construction. (R-16) This is the typical parallel paths or UA method used in U.S. 2-D R-value based on the clear wall calculation, but adds lateral heat flow in the wall. Takes into account extra heat loss due to 2-dimensional flow of heat through thermal bridges such as studs. (R-15.5) Follows EN ISO 6946
19 Section 1 2-D R-value calculations Final 2-D R-value divided by center of cavity R-value. Shows the percentage reduction in R-value due to repetitive thermal bridges such as studs, plates, splines, etc.
20 Section 1 2-D R-value calculations Wall models are assembled using thicknesses of actual construction products and achieve R-60 (with some variation).
21 Section 2 Thermal Bridge Analysis Thermal bridges roof/wall intersection repetitive bridges already accounted for! point bridges heat loss too small to consider rim joist linear bridges heat loss should be calculated Circled areas are common linear thermal bridges wall/foundation intersection Image from David White, Right Environments, 2010
22 Section 2 Thermal Bridge Analysis Thermal bridges why do they matter? Linear thermal bridges make up a small portion of heat loss in a poorly insulated envelope - 16% in a typical insulated 2x6 wall. If same details from a standard stud wall were used to construct a passive house envelope, the heat loss from linear thermal bridges would approach 60%! extrapolated from Christian, J.E. and J. Kosny Conclusion - For highly insulated envelopes, linear thermal bridges must be considered.
23 Section 2 Thermal Bridge Analysis Image from David White, Right Environments, 2010 The thermal bridge heat loss is the difference between the true heat loss, calculated using 2-dimensional simulation (THERM), and the heat loss calculated using the typical U A method.
24 Section 2 Thermal Bridge Analysis SEP panel rim joist: Ψ = W/mK Thermal bridge free detail is defined as Ψ </= 0.01 W/mK Avoid or minimize and insulate solid bridging elements Align insulation layers SIP panel rim joist: Ψ = W/mK
25 Section 2 Thermal Bridge Analysis SEP panel FPSF: Ψ = W/mK SIP panel FPSF: Ψ = W/mK SEP panel wall s external insulation is better aligned, and Ψ value is much better, But neither detail comes close to passing the Ψ </= 0.01 W/mK guideline Avoid radiation fins, even well-insulated ones.
26 Section 2 Thermal Bridge Analysis ICF footing: Ψ = W/mK Foamglas block footing: Ψ = W/mK Both ICF footing and Foamglas block footing perform much better than the FPSF Both details pass the Ψ </= 0.01 W/mK guideline An insulated break between the floor slab and exterior wall is necessary!
27 Section 3 Hygrothermal Analysis Increased insulation leads to Slower drying Increased air tightness leads to Less moisture supplied to wall
28 Section 3 Hygrothermal Analysis Air leakage has the potential to introduce many times more water into a wall than diffusion. Controlling air leakage is an absolute must for Passive House envelopes! Passive Houses require exceptionally low levels of air leakage, </= Pa. The purpose of this requirement is not only to reduce energy loss, but also to reduce potential for moisture damage.
29 Section 3 Hygrothermal Analysis Mold growth potential Passive House air leakage limit, 0.6 ACH Average new MN home air leakage, 2.5 ACH Insulation thickness 20 inches 14 inches 10 inches 6 inches S. Uvsløkk, 2011 Air leakage, Increasing insulation thickness without improving air tightness increases the risk of mold. But constructing an airtight Pa passive house envelope with 20 inches of insulation actually reduces the risk of mold growth on wood sheathing.
30 Section 3 Hygrothermal Analysis How do you track potential for mold growth? No need to monitor every layer in the envelope for temperature and RH. Determine the critical layer(s) and monitor temperature and RH levels there Generally, the critical layer is the outermost (coldest) layer which contains organic nutrients such as cellulose that support mold growth. Wood sheathing is commonly the critical layer in residential assemblies. Determine the temperatures and RH levels that will foster mold growth.
31 Section 3 Hygrothermal Analysis Risk lines for mold growth on wood week weeks RH % weeks weeks weeks Temperature Skanska AB, Tengberg, 2010 In the most general terms, it takes temperatures above freezing and RH above 80% to initiate mold growth on wood. Higher RH levels lead to mold growth in shorter time spans. Colder temperatures slow down mold growth.
32 Section 3 Hygrothermal Analysis Double stud wall, 12 week averages Adv. frame w cross strap 12 wk. avg Relative Humidity (%) Relative Humidity (%) Temperature (Celsius) Temperature (Celsius) Critical layer = fiberboard sheathing Critical layer = OSB sheathing, beneath 10 of mineral wool The double stud wall assembly has no exterior insulation warming the sheathing. The cross strap wall is designed with 10 inches of exterior vapor permeable mineral wool covering the sheathing.
33 Section 3 Hygrothermal Analysis TJI roof, 12 week averages TJI roof variant, 12 week averages Relative Humidity (%) Relative Humidity (%) Temperature (Celsius) Temperature (Celsius) Critical layer = Fiberboard sheathing, beneath roofing felt Critical layer = Fiberboard sheathing, beneath impermeable roofing membrane What happens to a hot roof assembly when covered with an adhered impermeable roofing membrane? The impermeable roofing membrane becomes a cold-side vapor retarder, likely driving moisture levels to unsafe levels.
34 Section 3 Hygrothermal Analysis Guidelines: Drying potential can be improved by using a warm side vapor retarder that is at least 10x more vapor tight than the outer layers of insulation and sheathing. Several inches of vapor permeable exterior insulation is a good idea to warm the critical layer and reduce mold growth risks. Or eliminate the critical layer with an assembly (such as ICF) that does not support mold growth and is relatively impervious to moisture. Most importantly, hit the air tightness target (0.6
35 Section 4 Life Cycle Env. Impacts Life cycle environmental impacts of the envelope materials: Measured using Athena Environmental Impact Estimator Athena s life cycle includes raw material extraction/mining, transportation, processing, product fabrication, distribution, maintenance, and disposal Results measured in terms of 8 environmental indicators such as embodied energy, global warming potential, weighted resource use, eutrophication, etc. These indicators represent a comprehensive view of the impact on the environment
36 Section 4 Life Cycle Env. Impacts Life cycle embodied energy of above grade walls by building element Primary Energy (kbtu) Vapor retarder/air barrier Exterior cladding Interior finish material Insulation Structure mineral wool and foam insulation have quite a bit of embodied energy fiberglass is better, but cellulose is best 20 0 Concrete, brick, vinyl siding and bitumen roofing membrane also have large embodied energy
37 Section 4 Life Cycle Env. Impacts 100 Life cycle global warming potential of the envelope materials: GWP (lbs CO2 equivalent) Vapor retarder/air barrier Exterior cladding Interior finish material Insulation Structure concrete, EPS, brick, and mineral wool have high GWP, but spray polyurethane foam blown with HFC blowing agents has almost 100x greater GWP than fiberglass per unit area per R-value Similar effects are seen with XPS!
38 Section 4 Life Cycle Env. Impacts The big question do Passive House envelopes save energy and carbon emissions in the long run? We know the embodied energy and carbon of passive house envelopes are often several times higher than a standard envelope. Add the yearly operating impacts (energy use and carbon emissions) of a standardized Passive House to the embodied energy and GWP of the envelopes. Compare to a base case house with a standard envelope to see if there are any paybacks
39 Section 4 Life Cycle Env. Impacts Life cycle embodied energy plus site operating energy. Energy payback: Mass wall envelope = 4.4 years ICF envelope = 2.7 years Double stud envelope = immediate
40 Section 4 Life Cycle Env. Impacts Life cycle embodied carbon plus carbon emissions from operating energy. (Carbon emissions based on Minnesota emissions factors for electricity and natural gas.) Carbon payback: Advanced frame with SPF envelope = 23 years Mass wall envelope = 7.5 years Double stud envelope = immediate
41 Double stud 2x4 studs, 16 o.c. spacing truss roof, 24 o.c. spacing asphalt shingles roofing paper 0.5 OSB ventilated cold attic back-ventilated cladding weather barrier 0.75 fiberboard sheathing 16 blown cellulose, R 3.8/inch 19.5 blown cellulose, R 3.8/inch 0.5 OSB (air barrier/ vapor retarder 0.5 gypsum 0.5 OSB (air barrier/vapor retarder) 0.5 gypsum Double Stud Frame Performance of 8 Passive House Envelopes in Cold Climates February 22, 2012
42 TJI Frame (I-joist) 16 TJI studs, 24 o.c. spacing 20 TJI roof joists, 24 o.c. spacing asphalt shingles roofing paper 0.5 OSB 1.5 ventilated air gap weather barrier back-ventilated cladding weather barrier 0.75 fiberboard sheathing 0.75 fiberboard sheathing 20 dense-pack fiberglass, R 4.35/inch 0.5 OSB (air barrier/ vapor retarder 16 dense-pack fiberglass R 4.35/inch 0.5 OSB (air barrier/vapor retarder) 0.5 gypsum TJI Frame 0.5 gypsum Performance of 8 Passive House Envelopes in Cold Climates February 22, 2012
43 Advanced Frame with SPF 2x6 studs, 24 o.c. spacing truss roof, 24 o.c. spacing asphalt shingles roofing paper 0.5 OSB ventilated cold attic back-ventilated cladding weather barrier 7 unfaced polyiso, R 5.0/inch 0.5 OSB 5.5 SPF, R 6.2/inch (air barrier/vapor retarder) 0.5 gypsum 19.5 blown cellulose, R 3.8/inch 1 SPF, R 6.2/inch (air barrier/vap. retarder) gypsum Adv. Frame with SPF Performance of 8 Passive House Envelopes in Cold Climates February 22, 2012
44 Advanced Frame with cross strapping 2x6 studs, 24 o.c. spacing 2x2 cross strapping truss roof, 24 o.c. spacing asphalt shingles roofing paper 0.5 OSB ventilated cold attic back-ventilated cladding weather barrier 9.85 mineral wool, R - 3.8/inch 0.5 OSB 5.5 mineral wool, R 3.8/inch polyethylene air barrier/vapor retarder 1.5 mineral wool, R 3.8/inch 0.5 gypsum 19.5 blown cellulose, R 3.8/inch polyethylene air barrier/vapor retarder 1.5 mineral wool, R 3.8/inch gypsum Adv. Frame w. Cross Strapping Performance of 8 Passive House Envelopes in Cold Climates February 22, 2012
45 Structural Insulated Panel (SIP) back-ventilated cladding weather barrier 3 unfaced polyisocyanurate, R 5.0/inch SIP panel ( EPS), R 4.0/inch (air barrier/vapor retarder) 0.5 gypsum asphalt shingles roofing paper 0.5 OSB 1.5 ventilated air gap weather barrier 4 unfaced polyiso, R 5.0/inch roofing paper SIP ( EPS), R-4.0/inch (air barrier/vapor retarder) SIP panel 0.5 gypsum Performance of 8 Passive House Envelopes in Cold Climates February 22, 2012
46 Massivtre/SEP panel storage truss roof, 24 o.c. spacing asphalt shingles roofing paper 0.5 OSB 1.5 ventilated air gap back-ventilated cladding weather barrier (foil facing, joints taped) 9 foil-faced polyiso, R 6.33/inch bitumen roofing membrane (air barrier/vapor retarder) 1.5 OSB SEP panel 12 foil-faced polyiso, R 6.33/inch 0.5 gypsum bitumen roofing membrane (air barrier/vapor retarder) Massivtre/ SEP panel 0.5 OSB Performance of 8 Passive House Envelopes in Cold Climates February 22, 2012
47 Insulated Concrete Form (ICF) 2.5 gravel ballast EPDM roof membrane 16 polyisocyanurate, R 5.0/inch vapor retarder EIFS stucco finish 10 EPS, R 4.0/inch 11 ICF (6 concrete, 2 EPS 2.5 ), R 4.0/inch (air barrier/vapor retarder) 0.5 gypsum 2 concrete structural topping (air barrier) 6 concrete hollow-core plank 3.5 air gap 0.5 gypsum Insulated Concrete Form (ICF) Performance of 8 Passive House Envelopes in Cold Climates February 22, 2012
48 Mass wall truss roof, 24 o.c. spacing asphalt shingles roofing paper 0.5 OSB ventilated cold attic back-ventilated 4 brick 14 mineral wool (Murfilt), R 4.2/inch 6 concrete (air barrier/vapor retarder) 21.5 blown cellulose, R 3.8/inch polyethylene air barrier/vapor retarder gypsum 0.5 gypsum Mass wall Performance of 8 Passive House Envelopes in Cold Climates February 22, 2012
49 Base case standard frame 2x6 studs, 16 o.c. spacing truss roof, 24 o.c. spacing asphalt shingles roofing paper 0.5 OSB ventilated cold attic vinyl cladding weather barrier 12 blown cellulose, R 3.8/inch polyethylene air barrier/vapor retarder 0.5 OSB 5.5 fiberglass batt, R 3.3/inch polyethylene air barrier/vapor retarder 0.5 gypsum gypsum Base Case Standard Frame Performance of 8 Passive House Envelopes in Cold Climates February 22, 2012
50 Section 3 Hygrothermal Analysis ICF wall, 12 week averages Is this assembly moisture safe? Relative Humidity (%) Temperature (Celsius) Performance of 8 Passive House Envelopes in Cold Climates February 22, 2012
51 Section 3 Hygrothermal Analysis Relative Humidity (%) ICF wall, 12 week averages Is this assembly moisture safe? no critical layer in an ICF assembly, risk line doesn t apply data taken 0.5 from exterior surface Temperature (Celsius) what about wood materials put into the wall, or metal fasteners? what about R-value performance of the EPS? Performance of 8 Passive House Envelopes in Cold Climates February 22, 2012
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