Clusters in the EU-10 New Member Countries (Christian Ketels, Örjan Sölvell)
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1 Clusters in the EU-10 New Member Countries (Christian Ketels, Örjan Sölvell) Christian H.M. Ketels, PhD Centre for Strategy and Competitiveness Stockholm School of Economics 27 November 2006 Valencia, Spain
2 Key Questions What is the impact of regional specialization patterns on economic prosperity? What is the particular profile of regional specialization across regions of the EU-10, and how is it changing? What are differences in regional specialization across different parts of the economy? What is the effect of different economic policies on regional specialization patterns? 2 Copyright 2006 Christian Ketels, Örjan Sölvell
3 Analytical Approach Industries Sectors Cluster categories Cluster Concentrated in specific regions Local Present in similar proportion in all regions Natural resource Government Allocation of industries to sectors based on 1 actual patterns of geographic concentration 2 by employment (revealed cluster effects) Allocation of industries in the cluster sector to specific cluster categories based on co-location and linkages 3 Copyright 2006 Christian Ketels, Örjan Sölvell
4 Employment Share by Broad Sector EU-10 Aggregate EU-10 Regions Clusters (37%) 1 Slovenia 47.61% 2 Liberec 47.04% 3 Olomouc 45.17% 4 Székestehérvár44.73% 5 Plzén 44.24% 6 Brno 44.08% 7 Estonia 43.55% 8 Györ 43.38% 9 Nitra 43.09% 10 Malta 41.96% Natural Resource Driven (13%) Local (44%) Public Administration (6%) 32 Pécs 34.00% 33 Wroclaw 32.48% 34 Warszawa 31.03% 35 Latvia 30.13% 36 Lithuania 30.01% 37 Rzeszów 29.53% 38 Kraków 29.28% 39 Bialystok 26.32% 40 Kielce 23.64% 41 Lublin 23.55% 4 Copyright 2006 Christian Ketels, Örjan Sölvell
5 Cluster category Aerospace Analytical Instruments Apparel The Cluster Dimension: 38 Cluster Categories Examples of industries Aerospace industry, aerospace engines Measurement instruments, process control Clothes Cluster category Heavy Construction Services Hospitality & Tourism Information Technology Examples of industries Construction businesses, rental of construction machineries Hotels, taxies, amusement parks Electronic components, computer manufacturing Automotive Motor vehicles, components Jewellery & Precious Metals Jewellery, cutleries Building Fixtures, Equipment & Services Kitchen furnishing, plaster Leather Products Bags, furs Business Services Management consultancy, rental of office machinery Lighting & Electrical Equipment Lamps, electricity distribution's equipment Chemical Products Chemicals, nuclear fuels, industrial gases Construction Materials Scrap, ceramic sanity fixtures Communications Equipment TVs, Cable, telephony equipment Medical Devices Medical equipment, wheelchairs Processed Food Beer, dairies, glass packages/wrapping Metal Manufacturing Rolling mills, casting, tools, screws Agricultural Products Sugar, agricultural services, alcoholic drinks Oil & Gas Products and Services Refineries Distribution Services Mail order, wholesale trading Biopharmaceuticals Pharmaceuticals Education & Knowledge Creation Universities, libraries Plastics Plastics, colours Entertainment Video- and music recording, sport events Power Generation and Transmission Generators, isolators Heavy Machinery Forest machinery, tractors, locomotives Production Technology Bearings, tanks, machine tools Financial Services Banks, insurance companies Publishing & Printing Publishing services, printing Fishing & Fishing Products Fishing, hunting Sporting, Recreational & Children's Goods Bicycles, toys Footwear Shoes Textiles Fabrics Forest Products Paper machines, pulp Tobacco Cigarettes, snuff Furniture Furniture, laminated boards Transportation & Logistics Inventories, air transports 5 Copyright 2006 Christian Ketels, Örjan Sölvell
6 Strength of Regional Clusters The 3 Star-Concept Size Specialization Dominance Measured by absolute number of employees Motivation: Critical mass drives the extent of cluster effects Star cut-off used: employees Measured by share of national cluster employment relative to region s share of total national employment Motivation: Specialization indicates stronger clusterspecific attractiveness of location Star-cut off used: Specialization quotient 1.75 Measured by share of regional employment in the cluster sector Motivation: Larger share in the region ensures that linkages are not watered down by distractions from other actions Star-cut off used: 7% of regional employment in the cluster sector 6 Copyright 2006 Christian Ketels, Örjan Sölvell
7 Regional Clusters in the EU-10 Cluster Sector 3 Star cluster Star cluster 1 Star cluster Copyright 2006 Christian Ketels, Örjan Sölvell
8 Regional Cluster Portfolios: Lithuania Specialization Quotient relative to EU-10, Star cut-off 3 Stars 2 Stars 1 Stars Tobacco Oil & Gas Fishing Products Textiles Apparel Education and Knowledge Creation Star cut-off 1.5 Construction Materials 1.0 Transportation and Logistics Financial Services Hospitality and Tourism Building Fixtures and Services 0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 14% Share of Regional Employment in the Cluster Sector, 2004 Food Processing 8 Copyright 2006 Christian Ketels, Örjan Sölvell
9 Warszawa, PL Katowice, PL Budapest, HU Kraków, PL Poznań, PL Lithuania Liberec, CZ Wrocław, PL Slovenia Bydgoszcz, PL Miskolc, HU Praha City, CZ Łódź, PL Nitra, SK Olomouc, CZ Brno, CZ Gorzów Wielkopolski, PL Pécs Gdańsk, PL Latvia Praha Region, CZ Bratislava, SK Szczecin, PL Rzeszów, PL Plzén, CZ Estonia Košice, SK Györ, HU Lublin, PL Žilina, SK Debrecen, HU Białystok, PL Székestehérvár, HU Cyprus Szeged, HU Olsztyn, PL Malta Ústí nad Labem, CZ Opole, PL Kielce, PL Ostrava, CZ Star-Spangled Regions Number of regional clusters 3 stars 2 stars 1 star Copyright 2006 Christian Ketels, Örjan Sölvell
10 GDP per Capita, ,000 Cluster Portfolio Strength and Prosperity Relationship with GDP Per Capita 30,000 25,000 20,000 Cyprus Czech Republic Hungary Estonia Latvia Lithuania Malta Poland Slovakia Slovenia Bratislava Prague City Budapest 15,000 10,000 Ostrava Szeged Cyprus Estonia Slovenia Latvia Warsaw Lithuania 5, Number of stars per region, Copyright 2006 Christian Ketels, Örjan Sölvell
11 Dynamics of Structural Change Number of regional clusters Number of stars lost Number of stars gained 11 Copyright 2006 Christian Ketels, Örjan Sölvell
12 Processed Food Heavy Construction Services Transportation and Logistics Metal Manufacturing Hospitality and Tourism Building Fixtures, Equ. & Serv. Financial Services Education, Knowledge Creation Automotive Information Technology Tobacco Footwear Construction Materials Oil and Gas Lighting, Electrical Equipment Aerospace Veh. and Defense Textiles Medical Devices Furniture Apparel Communications Equipment Leather Products Fishing and Fishing Products Publishing and Printing Sporting, Children's Goods Production Technology Power Generation, Transm. Analytical Instruments Entertainment Business Services Biopharmaceuticals Plastics Jewelry and Precious Metals Distribution Services Chemical Products Forest Products Agricultural Products Heavy Machinery Regional Clusters per Cluster Category 1 Star cluster 2 Star cluster 3 Star cluster Copyright 2006 Christian Ketels, Örjan Sölvell
13 Levels of Regional Concentration by Cluster Category: Europe vs. United States Number of cluster categories Lower geographic concentration Higher geographic concentration 8 6 EU-10 EU-15 (7) U.S. 4 2 Average Gini EU-10 EU-15 U.S >.6 Gini coefficient per cluster category 13 Copyright 2006 Christian Ketels, Örjan Sölvell
14 Observations on National Policies Cluster Presence Cluster-related Business Environment Cluster Policies Czech Republic Hungary Slovenia National Cluster Policy since 2001; run by Czech Invest Cluster policy since 2001; run by the Ministry of Economy Cluster policy since 1999; run by Ministry of Economy Latvia Poland Cluster program under PHARE in 2000 but not continued Increasing cluster efforts on the regional and national level Estonia Lithuania Slovakia Cyprus Malta Strong general conditions Science parks aim to be come cluster nuclei Strong general conditions Narrow positions Narrow positions 14 Copyright 2006 Christian Ketels, Örjan Sölvell
15 Key Observations: The Regional Dimension Specialization profile of the EU-10 Overrepresented natural resource-driven sector Bias towards labour-intensive and manufacturing-driven cluster categories Weak in advanced services and knowledge-intensive cluster categories Specialization profile across regions of the EU-10 Large differences across regions in terms of specialization The absolute employment level in a region is one important driver Strong indications that legacy, location, and specific business environment conditions, policies and institutions are important drivers as well Changes in specialization profile Clear evidence of tremendous structural change in terms of regions specialization Initial conditions (total size, established position) do not guarantee success or predetermine failure Specialization and economic performance Clear evidence of the strengths of regional cluster portfolios being an important determinants of economic performance 15 Copyright 2006 Christian Ketels, Örjan Sölvell
16 Key Observations: The Cluster Dimension Level of geographic concentration in the cluster sector Significantly lower than in the U.S. but only slightly lower than in the EU-15 Geographic concentration profile across cluster categories in the EU-10 Large differences across cluster categories in geographic concentration Automotive, apparel, entertainment products, and textiles most concentrated Changes in specialization profile Clear evidence of tremendous structural change in terms of geographic distribution of activities within cluster categories 16 Copyright 2006 Christian Ketels, Örjan Sölvell
17 Policy Recommendations: Enhancing Geographical Specialization Europe needs to create better conditions for regional clusters to develop Pursue further market integration in Europe Mobilize European policies to facilitate structural change Remove European policies that work against structural change 17 Copyright 2006 Christian Ketels, Örjan Sölvell
18 Policy Recommendations: Provide process support for regional cluster development initiatives Europe needs to create better conditions for regional cluster initiatives to increase the effectiveness of regional clusters Create a widely-available European cluster mapping database Invest in metrics and data to measure the impact of cluster policies Launch a European cluster initiative alliance to spread best practices Provide a methodology tool box available for cluster initiatives Support the creation of networks of regional clusters 18 Copyright 2006 Christian Ketels, Örjan Sölvell
19 Policy Recommendations: Improve the Effectiveness of EU Competitiveness Policies by Focussing on Microeconomic Capacity Science and R&D Microeconomic capacity Firm competitiveness The European policy debate around innovation is based on assumption that more spending on R&D will deliver more competitive firms; the 3% GERD target is the result The analysis in this report indicates that clusters and the microeconomic environment that surrounds them are critical for innovation, not just R&D spending The EU competitiveness effort should be reoriented around improving microeconomic capacity 19 Copyright 2006 Christian Ketels, Örjan Sölvell
20 Research Recommendations: Creating a Data Architecture for Competitiveness Cluster Mapping Composition of regional economies Presence and profile of regional clusters Competitiveness assessment Profile of economic performance Quality of regional and cluster-specific business environments Sophistication of companies Institutional capacity Impact assessment Benchmarking of operational practices Cluster Competitiveness Report Evaluation of programs and institutions Assessment of changes in the business environment 20 Copyright 2006 Christian Ketels, Örjan Sölvell
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