Unit 7: Intelligence. Definition: The ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.

Transcription

1 Unit 7: Intelligence Definition: The ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.

2 I. Theories of Intelligence (p ) Let s look at the strengths and weaknesses of each of the following theories of intelligence: 1. Howard Gardner s Theory of Multiple Intelligences 2. Robert Sternberg s Three Intelligence Theory 3. Daniel Goleman s Emotional Intelligence 4. Charles Spearman s General Intelligence

3 1. Howard Gardner & Multiple Intelligences Howard Gardner disagreed with Spearman s g and instead came up with the concept of multiple intelligences. He came up with the idea by studying savants, a condition where a person has limited mental ability but is exceptional in one area.

4 (Chart, p. 537) Gardner believes there are at least 8 different types of intelligences: 1. Linguistic 2. Logical-mathematical 3. Body-kinesthetic 4. Spatial 5. Musical 6. Interpersonal 7. Intrapersonal 8. Naturalistic

5 2. Robert Sternberg and his Triarchic Theory Sternberg s theory is perhaps the most commonly accepted theory today. There are types of intelligence: 1. Analytic (typical school work) 2. Creative (create, invent, & design) 3. Practical (Common sense situational)

6 3. Goleman and his EQ EQ = Emotional Intelligence (or Social Intelligence) It s the ability to perceive, express, understand, and regulate emotions. High EQ can aid workplace relations and resiliency with setbacks.

7 4. Charles Spearman and his G factor Spearman theorized that what we see as many different intellectual skills is actually one General Intelligence g factor. If you are good at one subject, you are usually good at many others. Intelligence is an underlying factor that manifests itself in various situations.

8 II. Assessing Intelligence In 1800 s France, Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon set out to develop a measurement for mental age - what a person of a particular age should know. Determining someone s mental age could predict future performance. Their goal was to help each child receive the proper education, not to label them.

9 1. Terman and his IQ Test An 8 year old has a mental age of 10. What is her IQ? A 12 year old has the mental age of 9. What is his IQ? A girl has the mental age of 10 and an IQ of 200. How old is she? Lewis Terman believed that intelligence was relatively fixed. He used Binet s research to construct an IQ test called the Stanford-Binet Test. Measures an intelligence quotient, or IQ equation. IQ = Mental Age x 100 Chronological Age

10 2. Problem with the IQ Formula It does not really work well on adults. Why not? If a 60 year old man does as well as an average 30 year old then his IQ would be 50!! That makes no sense! So, the formula is no longer used.

11 3. Extremes of Intelligence

12 4. Modern Tests of Mental Abilities The most commonly used intelligence test today is the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) Scores are generated for verbal and nonverbal abilities Consists of 11 subtests Subtest scores allow for determination of intellectual strengths and weaknesses WAIS uses different battery of tests for different age groups

13 III. Intelligence Test Construction Tests must be: Standardized Reliable Valid

14 1. Standardization The test must be pre-tested to a representative sample of people Must form a normal distribution or bell curve Must be re-standardized over time The Flynn Effect

15 A. Flynn Effect When IQ tests are revised, they are again standardized using a new sample of test-takers, usually born more recently than the first. Again, the average result is set to 100. However, when the new test subjects take the older tests, in almost every case their average scores are significantly above 100.

16 2. Reliability The extent to which a test yields consistent results over time A. Split halves (odds vs. evens) reliability B. Test retest reliability C. Scorer reliability The higher the correlation the more reliable the test

17 3. Validity The extent to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure. There are 2 types of validity: Content Validity - does the test sample the behavior and knowledge of interest Predictive Validity - does the test predict future behavior For example, you take 2 tests to obtain a driver s license. Which test has content validity? Which one has predictive validity?