AUTOMATIC SPEECH RECOGNITION
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1 Outline AUTOMATIC SPEECH RECOGNITION Lecture 6 Sounds in Languages II Spectrogram Reading Spectrogram Acoustic properties of vowels consonants fricatives stop consonants affricates nasal consonants semi-vowels Spectrogram Reading Stop Consonants Labial Stop Consonants voiced labial stop /b/ /b/ in in bus, เบา เบา voiceless unaspirated labial stop /p/ /p/ in in spin, ป น ป น voiceless aspirated labial stop /p /p h h / in in pen, พาน พาน voiced alveolar stop /d/ /d/ in in den, เดา เดา voiceless unaspirated alveolar stop /t/ /t/ in in star, ตอน ตอน voiceless aspirated alveolar stop /p /p h h / in in pen, พาน พาน voiced velar stop /g/ /g/ in in gun, เกา เกา z a b aa z a p aa z a ph aa voiceless unaspirated velar stop /k/ /k/ in in scar scar voiceless aspirated velar stop /k /k h h / in in keep, คาน คาน
2 Labial Stop Consonants Labial Stop Consonants aspiration z a ph aa z a ph aa z a b aa z a p aa z a b aa z a p aa voice bar Labial F1 and F2 are low at the closure. Labial Stop Consonants Alveolar Stop Consonants z a t aa z a b ii z a p ii z a ph ii z a d aa z a th aa Labial F1 and F2 are low at the closure. Alveolar F2 moves down into the vowel /aa/ since the tongue moves backward.
3 Alveolar Stop Consonants Velar Stop Consonants z a d ii z a t ii z a th ii z a g aa z a k aa z a g ii z a k ii Alveolar F2 moves up into the vowel /ii/ (a little) since the tongue moves a little bit forward from the alveolar stop to the front vowel /ii/. Velar F2 and F3 tends to move towards each other at the closure. Affricates Affricates make complete closure like stop consonants release the closure and generate the turbulence noise like fricatives voiceless palatoalveolar affricate /ch/ in in church, ชาน ชาน voiced palatoalveolar affricate /c/ /c/ in in judge,, จ ก จ ก z a c aa n^ ch aii
4 Nasal Consonants Nasal Consonants form a complete closure at some point along the oral cavity velopharyngeal port is open during the closure no pressure increase behind the constriction side branch introduce a pole/zero pair in the spectrum decrease in signal amplitude due to loss in the nasal cavity Three places of articulation like stops labial nasal /m/ in in man, มาก มาก alveolar nasal /n/ in in not, นาน นาน velar nasal /ng/ in in sing, เงา เงา Nasal Consonants Nasal Consonants aa n^ n qq n^ m qq m^ ng qq ng^
5 Consonant Summary Classes of Sound Manner of Articulation Stop Fricative Nasal Labial p b f v m Place of Articulation Dental Alveolar t d T D s z n Palatal S Z Velar k g ng Vowels Consonants Semi-vowels voiceless voiced Semi-vowels Laterals Constriction in the vocal tract Slower articulatory motion than other consonants Extreme articulation of some vowels i.e: laterals(eg. /l/ ลาง, LAN) Liquids trills(eg. /r/ ราง) retroflex (English) (eg. /r*/ ring) glide (eg. /j/ ยาว, year) aspirant(eg. /h/ หอน, hat) constriction is produced with the tongue blade in contact with alveolar ridge in the midline the lateral edges of the tongue do not come in contact with the hard palate forming side branches lateral /l/ /l/ in in lay, ลาน ลาน
6 Laterals Trills the tongue blade touches the alveolar ridge and immediately moves away move back-and-forth repeatedly (in Thai /r/, if pronounced carefully) Trill /r/ /r/ in in ราย ราย l aa l uu l ii l xx Low F1, Mid to Low F2 Abrupt change in amplitude Trills Retroflex โรงเร ยน tongue curled back against the palate On-off energy Very low F3 Retroflex consonant /r*/ in in run
7 Retroflex a rat Glides extreme version of some vowel extreme of /i/ /j/ extreme of /u/ /w/ Glide /j/ /j/ year, ยาว ยาว Glide /w/ wear, วาว วาว Very low F3 Glides Aspirant air flow through spread glottis rapid airflow generates turbulence noise at the glottis Glottal fricative Very low F1 Very high F2 F1, F2 low aspiration /h/ in in home, หาม หาม
8 Aspirant Spectrogram Reading use knowledge of speech production to determine the underlying word sequence corresponding to the speech signal by visually looking at the spectrogram h aa th aa Spectrogram Reading Guideline for Spectrogram Reading Observe relevant acoustic cues and events Determine -type of source -shape of filter Knowledge of speech production mechanism 1) Determine acoustic boundaries 2) Determine classes of sound 3) Determine more specific manner / place / voicing signal segments sounds (phonemes) sequence of sounds Lexicon & semantics Source Filter 4) Use semantics to verify what are found in earlier steps and determine the final sentence sentence (or words) sequence of words
9 Step 1 - Determine Acoustic Boundaries Step 2 - Determine Classes of Sound Silence Vowels Consonants Stop consonant Fricatives Affricates Nasal consonants Semi-vowels Silence Acoustic Cues for Vowels no energy (except for some low-frequency background noise) closure of stop consonants or affricates are not considered as silence high energy / maximal airflow clear formant structure periodic signal (easily seen in time domain) Silence Background Noise
10 Acoustic Cues for Stop consonants no energy in the closure, except for voice bar after release, there might be release burst if spread glottis, there is aspiration noise closure Stop Consonants Debbie release bursts Acoustic Cues for Fricatives Acoustic Cues for Nasal Consonants shaped noise Affricates = stop + fricative /a s aa/ /a f aa/ /a th* aa/ /a S* aa/ loss of mid-high freq. energy due to loss in the nasal cavity nasalized vowel damping F1 bandwidth increases xx n
11 nasals Acoustic Cues for Semi-vowels /a m aa/ /a n aa/ /a ng aa/ formant movement is more rapid than vowels but not as abrupt as consonants might involve abrupt change in the amplitude of some formants /i m ii / /i n ii / /i ng ii/ /a l qq/ /a w qq/ /a j qq/ Step 2 - Determine Classes of Sound Step 3 - Determine Manner / Place / Voicing Silence Nasal Fricative Fricative Stop Vowel Vowel Vowel Nasal Silence Vowel F1 and F2 front/back, high/mid/low Stop burst shape & formant movement place voice bar & VOT voicing Fricative noise shape & formant movement place voice bar & duration voicing nasal formant movement place semi-vowel movement & amplitude of F1,F2,F3 type
12 Vowel Frontness & Height Stop Place of Articulation FRONT F2 F2 ii i ee e xx x /a b aa/ /a d aa/ /a g aa/ BACK u uu o oo MID a aa LOW HIGH F1 F1 Stop Place of Articulation Fricative Place of Articulation /f/ /th*/ /s/ / S*/
13 Nasal Place of Articulation look at the movement of the formants into/out of adjacent vowels same technique as determining stop consonant place of articulation from formant movement Semi-vowels /a l qq/ /a w qq / /a j qq / /a r qq / /a r* qq/ /h aa/ Step 3 & 4 Spontaneous vs. Citation Sil S i k h xx n s i ng Sil She can sing.
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