Indonesian Local Community Forest Management Practices for Global Environmental Balance

Transcription

1 Indonesian Local Community Forest Management Practices for Global Environmental Balance By Mustofa Agung Sardjono and Makoto Inoue Forest Day Bali (Indonesia) December 8, 2007

2 Contents Introduction: local communities have managed forests for generations How do forests traditionally benefit local communities? Community position in forest and resource management politics Does REDD scheme enable local communities involvement for their benefits? Closing remarks: challenges to be responded

3 Introduction: local communities have managed forests for generations Indonesia : forest richest country ( mill.htrs) ) but highest deforestation mill.htrs/year) Factors: : over-exploitation, exploitation, illegal logging, land encroachment and huge forest conversions (into crop-estate and mining) Deforestation will bring ecological and socio-economic impacts, esp. to local communities

4 Local community groups have practiced forest and forest products management systems Hundreds of traditional practices all over Indonesia cover at least 48 typologies based on:(1) category of the areas (forest- ed, non-forested, and protected areas); (2) land status (state, customary individual/ communal claimed, private lands); (3) main products (timber and non-timber forest products incl. ecological services); (4) eco- nomic orientations (subsistence and commercial)

5 Forest Management Category Target Areas Traditional Management of Natural Forests Primary Forests Traditional Tree Culture (Forest Gardens) Secondary Forests Farm-Lands Traditional Utilizations of Non- Timber Forest Products Settlements Figure 1. Category of Traditional Forest Managements and Target Areas

6 How do forests traditionally benefit local communities? Forests play directly and indirectly important roles for the life and living of local communities. The roles vary from economic, ecological to socio-cultural cultural aspects of the communities, independent from official forest status and functions

7 local traditional communities have the ability to conserve the remaining tropical rain forest resources -- they are real forest keepers [Following current resource scarcity, limited alternative income, and external political as well as economical pressures, many community groups have started to shift their orientation to become timber guarders ]

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9 Table 1. Forest Roles for the Benefits of Local Communities Benefits for the People Forest Roles Direct Indirect Production Protection Climate Control Timber and its secondary products Non-Timber Forest Products Space for agricultural activities Soil protection (erosion control and fertility Water regulation (in different seasons) Biodiversity (flora, fauna and microorganism) Micro climate in rural areas Oxygen production and CO 2 absorbance Pollutant filter and sunshine medium Income (commercial and semicommercial Sustaining forest based traditional ceremonies Sustaining forest based homeindustries Ensuring agricultural productivity Healthy and social welfare Securing traditional knowledge Healthy and peaceful atmosphere Better life supporting system Reducing risks of extreme seasonal change Others Land tenure demarcation Sacred places protection Sustaining local cultural identities Sustaining communalities

10 Field observation [where 80% of the population are shifting cultivators]: Existing different forms of tree stands [primary forests and traditional forest- and home- gardens] play significant roles in balancing temperature, reducing energy input and actively filtering dusts during burning period. For global perspectives: : traditional tree stands (= role of local communities) will be able to contribute significantly on diminishing green-house effects and to maintain carbon stock -- depending on political position

11 Community position in forest and resource management politics During New Order Regime (the 60 s s): local community practically got neither benefits from forests nor political bargaining position [disincentive for participation] Reformation (>1998):( creating regulations and policies that opened wider space for local community participation in forest management different community/social forestry schemes

12 FOREST (Forestry Act No. 41/1999) Government Regulation No. 6/2007 Classification Based on Status Classification Based on Function Forest under Rights (Hutan Hak) State Forest (Hutan Negara) Conservation Forest (Hutan Konservasi) Urban Forest (Hutan Kota) Protection Forest (Hutan Lindung) Private Forest (Hutan Rakyat) Java: Collaborative Forest Management (Pengelolaan Hutan Bersama Masyarakat) Village Forest (Hutan Desa) Customary Forest (Hutan Adat) Community Forest (Hutan Kemasyarakatan) Production Forest (Hutan Produksi) Community Participated Forest Trees Plantation (Hutan Tanaman Rakyat) Figure 2. Official Schemes of Community Participated Forest Management in Indonesia

13 Does RED/REDD scheme enable local communities involvement for their benefits? RED/REDD concept: industrial countries give financial supports to developing countries (i.e. Indonesia) in order to avoid or at least to reduce deforestation (RED)/initiatives relating to forest degradation in terms of compensation for any reforestation programs of degraded lands (REDD)

14 Indonesia [MoF[ MoF] has launched two complementary initiatives: (1) A national strategy for curbing illegal logging and improving forest law enforce- ment; ; and (2) A forest revitalization program which aims to create a revitalized forest industry based on a sustainable supply of predominantly plantation-based timber, with a focus on community based timber plantations

15 The position of traditional forest manage- ment practices i.e. customary forests remains unclear --- disincentive [Traditional forest management practices fall into delegated or devolved forest managements and demand Government recognition on local traditional rights and institutions (including land/resource communal ancestral ownerships) --- still difficult]

16 State Forest Areas Areas in Status Quo Private Lands People Rights to Manage the Forest Areas (Deconcentrated Management?) People Control over their Forest Management Areas (Devolved Management?) People Authorities to Manage the Forest Areas (Delegated Management?) People Involvement in Forest Managements (Concentrated Management?) Government Preferences Figure 3. Community Participated Forest Management Policy Classification

17 Internal local communities: : resource scarcity (which means also limiting possible income sources), high poverty (in parallel with rising budget in rural/remote regions not only for primary needs i.e. food, education, but also secondary necessitates i.e. cellular phone) --- neither more incentives nor choices to sustain traditional culture and resource manage- ment institution

18 Other skeptical perspectives of RED/REDD: not only how to measure accurately carbon stock at forests and other forms of tree stands for valuing compensation, but also how to develop mechanisms that enable compensation given to go through from the governments until the grass-root root level.

19 Closing remarks: challenges to be responded Promoting local communities participation in applying the scheme is considered significant for Indonesia to succeed in the programs of preventing deforestation and even reforestation Not only from global community interests, but also from factual reasons:

20 (1) limitations of official resources including budget (2) millions of local communities who potentially get involved in the program still live in, surrounding or from the target areas; (3). the existence of traditional technologies and institution of conservation and reforestation In order to make the scenario works, it is necessary to respond challenges concerning natural resources, economy, human resources and institution, technology, politics and socio-culture culture aspects

21 It is recommended that Indonesian government will review relevant programs, especially policy instruments such as incentives and market mechanisms, for making fair distribution of financial gains or credit among stakeholders Prioritizing more attention to the grass- root interests can be a smart strategy

22 Thank You Terima Kasih Domo Arigato Gozaimashita