CMPE 80N: Introduction to Networking and the Internet
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1 CMPE 80N: Introduction to Networking and the Internet Katia Obraczka Computer Engineering UCSC Baskin Engineering Lecture 6 CMPE 80N Spring'10 1
2 Last class More basic concepts and terminology. Protocols. Layering. Protocol stack. TCP/IP (versus OSI s ISO) stack. Encapsulation/de-encapsulation. Packet switching and circuit switching. CMPE 80N Spring'10 2
3 Today Network performance. CMPE 80N Spring'10 3
4 Analyzing Networks Looking at the vital signs of the network. Typically: Delay. Throughput. Loss. CMPE 80N Spring'10 4
5 How do loss and delay occur? Packets queue in router buffers Packet arrival rate to link exceeds output link capacity. Packets queue, wait their turn. A packet being transmitted (delay) B packets queueing (delay) free (available) buffers: arriving packets dropped (loss) if no free buffers CMPE 80N Spring'10 5
6 Four sources of packet delay 1. Nodal processing: check bit errors determine output link 2. Queueing time waiting at output link for transmission depends on congestion level of router A transmission propagation B nodal processing queueing CMPE 80N Spring'10 6
7 A Delay in Packet-Switched 3. Transmission delay: R=link bandwidth (bps) L=packet length (bits) time to send bits into link = L/R transmission Networks propagation 4. Propagation delay: d = length of physical link s = propagation speed in medium (~2x10 8 m/sec) propagation delay = d/s Note: s and R are very different quantities! B nodal processing queueing CMPE 80N Spring'10 7
8 Nodal Delay d = d + d + d + nodal proc queue trans d prop d proc = processing delay typically a few microsecs or less d queue = queuing delay depends on congestion d trans = transmission delay = L/R, significant for low-speed links d prop = propagation delay a few microsecs to hundreds of msecs CMPE 80N Spring'10 8
9 Real Internet Delays and Routes What do real Internet delay & loss look like? Traceroute program: provides delay measurement from source to router along end-end Internet path towards destination. For all i: sends three packets that will reach router i on path towards destination router i will return packets to sender sender times interval between transmission and reply. 3 probes 3 probes 3 probes CMPE 80N Spring'10 9
10 Real Internet delays and routes traceroute: gaia.cs.umass.edu to Three delay measurements from gaia.cs.umass.edu to cs-gw.cs.umass.edu 1 cs-gw ( ) 1 ms 1 ms 2 ms 2 border1-rt-fa5-1-0.gw.umass.edu ( ) 1 ms 1 ms 2 ms 3 cht-vbns.gw.umass.edu ( ) 6 ms 5 ms 5 ms 4 jn1-at wor.vbns.net ( ) 16 ms 11 ms 13 ms 5 jn1-so wae.vbns.net ( ) 21 ms 18 ms 18 ms 6 abilene-vbns.abilene.ucaid.edu ( ) 22 ms 18 ms 22 ms 7 nycm-wash.abilene.ucaid.edu ( ) 22 ms 22 ms 22 ms ( ) 104 ms 109 ms 106 ms 9 de2-1.de1.de.geant.net ( ) 109 ms 102 ms 104 ms 10 de.fr1.fr.geant.net ( ) 113 ms 121 ms 114 ms 11 renater-gw.fr1.fr.geant.net ( ) 112 ms 114 ms 112 ms 12 nio-n2.cssi.renater.fr ( ) 111 ms 114 ms 116 ms 13 nice.cssi.renater.fr ( ) 123 ms 125 ms 124 ms 14 r3t2-nice.cssi.renater.fr ( ) 126 ms 126 ms 124 ms 15 eurecom-valbonne.r3t2.ft.net ( ) 135 ms 128 ms 133 ms ( ) 126 ms 128 ms 126 ms 17 * * * 18 * * * 19 fantasia.eurecom.fr ( ) 132 ms 128 ms 136 ms trans-oceanic link * means no response (probe lost, router not replying) CMPE 80N Spring'10 10
11 Packet Loss Queue (aka buffer) preceding link in buffer has finite capacity. Packet arriving to full queue dropped. Lost packet may be retransmitted by previous node, by source end system, or not at all. A buffer (waiting area) packet being transmitted B packet arriving to full buffer is lost CMPE 80N Spring'10 11
12 Throughput Throughput: rate (bits/time unit) at which bits transferred between sender/ receiver. instantaneous: rate at given point in time. average: rate over longer period of time. server server, sends with bits (fluid) file of into F pipe bits to send to client pipe link that capacity R s bits/sec can carry fluid at rate R s bits/sec) pipe link capacity R c bits/sec that can carry fluid at rate R c bits/sec) CMPE 80N Spring'10 12
13 R s < R c Throughput (Cont d) R s bits/sec R c bits/sec R s > R c Bottleneck link R s bits/sec R c bits/sec link on end-end path that constrains end-end throughput CMPE 80N Spring'10 13
14 Throughput: Internet Scenario per-connection end-end throughput: min(r c,r s,r/10) in practice: R c or R s is often bottleneck. R s R s R s R R c R c R c 10 connections (fairly) share backbone bottleneck link R bits /sec CMPE 80N Spring'10 14
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