Macroinvertebrates as Bioindicators of Stream Health
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1 Macroinvertebrates as Bioindicators of Stream Health By: Joan Schumaker Chadde, M.S. Water Resource Specialist Western U.P. Center for Science, Mathematics & Environmental Educ. 105 Dillman Hall, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Dr., Houghton, MI Tel: (906) or
2 Michigan s Clean Water Corps This presentation was adapted from a Michigan Clean Water Corps (MiCorps) training presentation produced by Jo Latimore, Ph.D. Please visit the MiCorps website at for the original presentation or further information on MiCorps sponsored monitoring. MiCorps is a network of volunteer citizenmonitoring programs in Michigan created by Governor Jennifer M. Granholm to assist the Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) in collecting and sharing water quality data for use in water resources management and protection. For More Information, contact: Ric Lawson, Project Manager Great Lakes Commission Tel: rlawson@glc.org Website: Jo Latimore, Ph.D., Watershed Ecologist Huron River Watershed Council 1100 North Main Street, Ann Arbor, MI Tel: (734) ext jlatimore@hrwc.org
3 What is a Macroinvertebrate? Large enough to be seen with the unaided eye. Without a backbone: In = no; vertebrate=backbone
4 Why are macroinvertebrates bioindicators of stream health? Spend up to one year in the stream. Have little mobility Generally abundant Primary food source for many fish Good indicators of localized conditions Diversity = healthy stream Easy sampling techniques Potential threats to macroinvertebrate diversity Sedimentation Habitat loss Chemical pollution
5 Collection & Identification of Macroinvertebrates
6 How to Collect Macroinvertebrates Sample all habitats: pool, riffle, run/glide D-frame nets and kick nets Collect a total of individuals Identify and count numbers of each type Complete data form
7 3 Categories of Stream Macroinvertebrates (Note: some species of the Families listed below can have species in a lower group.) Group 1 - pollution sensitive (require higher DO, neutral ph, cold water) Ex. mayflies, stoneflies, caddisflies Group 2 somewhat pollution tolerant Ex. scuds, dragonflies, damselflies Group 3 - pollution tolerant (can tolerate low oxygen, lower/higher ph, warmer water) Ex. aquatic worms, midge larva
8 Dissolved Oxygen Requirements for Aquatic Life Trout spawning >7 ppm Trout growth and well-being..... >6 ppm Bass growth and well-being... (most mayfly, stonefly, and caddisfly nymphs) >5 ppm
9 ph Ranges that Support Aquatic Life Bacteria: Plants: Carp,suckers,catfish: Bass, crappies: Snails, clams, mussels: Trout, aquatic invertebrates: 6.5_7.5 (most mayfly, stonefly, and caddisfly nymphs)
10 Aquatic Pupae Terrestrial Winged Adults P Adults Macroinvertebrate Life Cycle Ex. Midge Eggs E Aquatic Larvae Aquatic Eggs Complete Metamorphosis
11 Macroinvertebrate Orders Ephemeroptera (Mayfly) Plecoptera (Stonefly) Trichoptera (Caddisfly) Megaloptera (Dobsonfly / Hellgrammite) Coleoptera (Aquatic Beetles) Diptera (True Flies) Odonata (Dragonfly & Damselfly) Pelecypoda (Clams) Gastropoda (Snails) Hemiptera (True Bugs)
12 Group 1 - pollution sensitive Caddisflies (Trichoptera)
13 Group 1 - pollution sensitive Caddisflies Very short antennae 3 pairs of legs each with 1 tarsal claw A pair of fleshy prolegs on last abdominal segment
14 Caddisfly cases of wood, gravel, sand grains, etc. 3mm 44mm
15 Caddisfly cases on a rock in the stream.
16 Group 1 - pollution sensitive Hellgrammites (Megaloptera) Large mandibles 2-10 cm in length 7-8 pairs of lateral filaments
17 Group 1 - pollution sensitive Hellgramites (Megaloptera)
18 Group 1 - pollution sensitive Two Megalopterans: Note the Differences! Hellgrammite (Dobsonfly) No distinct, single tail Generally larger Group 2 somewhat pollution tolerant Alderfly (Fishfly) Distinct, single tail Generally smaller
19 Group 1 - pollution sensitive Mayflies (Ephemeroptera) Mayfly nymph.5-6 cm length, including tails.
20 Group 1 - pollution sensitive Mayflies Gills on most of the 7 abdominal segments Usually 3 tails
21 Group 1 - pollution sensitive Mayflies
22 Group 1 - pollution sensitive Stoneflies (Plecoptera) Auqatic Nymph Terrestrial Adult
23 Group 1 - pollution sensitive Stoneflies 2 tarsal claws 1-3 cm length 2 long filamentous tails
24 Group 1 - pollution sensitive Stoneflies
25 Group 1 pollution sensitive Water Penny larva
26 Group 1 - pollution sensitive Gilled Snail Have an operculum or plate-like door that protects the opening of the shell and can be quickly closed to avoid predators. Coiled shells that usually open on the right-hand side.
27 Group 2 somewhat pollution tolerant Alderflies (Megaloptera) (also called fishfly)
28 Group 2 somewhat pollution tolerant Black Fly
29 Group 2 somewhat pollution tolerant Adult Beetles (Coleoptera)
30 Group 2 somewhat pollution tolerant Adult Beetles Shell-like wings Chewing mouthparts
31 Group 2 somewhat pollution tolerant Beetle larvae Chewing or biting mouthparts 3 Pairs of legs Generally well sclerotized
32 Group 2 somewhat pollution tolerant Crane Fly.8-5 cm length Adult Photo courtesy of Marc J. Johnson
33 Group 2 somewhat pollution tolerant Dragonflies and Damselflies (Odonata)
34 Group 2 somewhat pollution tolerant Dragonflies & Damselflies (Odonata) Distinctive antennae Large eyes 1-5 cm length Extendible lower jaw Short filamentous antennae Large compound eyes Elongate hinged mouth (labium)
35 Group 2 somewhat pollution tolerant Dragonflies Damselflies Stout body No tails Slender body Three tails
36 Group 2 somewhat pollution tolerant Damselflies
37 Group 2 somewhat pollution tolerant Dragonflies
38 10 mm Group 2 somewhat pollution tolerant Common Net-spinning Caddisfly Hydropsychidae
39 Group 2 somewhat pollution tolerant Crayfish
40 Group 2 somewhat pollution tolerant Scuds.5-1 cm length
41 Group 2 somewhat pollution tolerant Clams
42 Group 2 somewhat pollution tolerant Sow Bugs,8-2 cm length
43 Group 3 pollution tolerant True Bugs (Hemiptera) Wings hardened near the base and membranous everywhere else Adult beetles Tube-like sucking mouthparts
44 Group 3 - pollution tolerant Water Striders, Backswimmers, Water Bugs (counterclockwise) Get oxygen from the air. Do not depend upon dissolved oxygen in the water.
45 Group 3 - pollution tolerant Midges Up to 1.5 cm in length.
46 Group 3 - pollution tolerant Aquatic Worms (Oligochaeta) Note the segments!
47 Group 3 - pollution tolerant Leeches
48 Group 3 - pollution tolerant Pouch Snails Do not have a plate-like covering over the shell opening. Has shell that spirals with opening usually on your left side, or shell that is coiled in one plane, or shell that is dome or hat shaped with no coils.
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