P R O F E S S O R T A J A N A S I M U N I C R O S I N G & W I L L I A M T O R R E ( C E N T E R F O R E N E R G Y R E S E A R C H ) S P R I N G

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1 University of California San Diego CSE291: Smart Grid P R O F E S S O R T A J A N A S I M U N I C R O S I N G & W I L L I A M T O R R E ( C E N T E R F O R E N E R G Y R E S E A R C H ) S P R I N G

2 Seminar Outline Class logistics Students for S/U: Prepare one course presentation outlining related publications and projects in a selected area of SmartGrid Students for a letter grade: Submit a conference worthy paper in the area of SmartGrid of 6pg minimum in IEEE two column format 10 classes, Wed 2 3:30pm, CSE 2109 Objective: To gain and understanding of the power system design Understand the changing future of the power supply and delivery system. Introduction to SmartGrid Review of related publications and projects Identification of key research areas in the area of SmartGrid

3 Select topics to be covered Introduction to Smart Grid Basics of Power Systems, Power System Analysis & Simulation Integration of Renewable Energy Energy Storage Loads & Demand Side Management Home area networks (HAN), Automated demand response, Electric Vehicles Smart Grid Communication, Measurement & Control Cyber security, data privacy Distributed sensing & control, Wide area measurements (i.e. Synchrophasors) System Reliability & Ancillary Services Microgrids Smart Grids & Internet of Things

4 Introduction to Smart Grid Smart Grid Clarifications Smart Grid Defined Areas affected by Smart Grid Smart Grid of the Future of Electric supply and demand operation Key Drivers of Smart Grid Smart Grid Categories

5 Basics of Power systems Network topology Transmission and Distribution Load and Resource Balance Economic Dispatch Steady State System Analysis Power flow analysis Dynamic System Analysis Transient stability

6 Integration of Renewable Generation Impact of high penetration of renewables High variability and uncertainty Mitigation measures Energy storage Demand response Ensuring resource adequacy Sufficient energy resources to meet customer demand Advanced renewable forecasting

7 Customer Energy Management Automated Metering Infrastructure (AMI, aka: Smart Meters) Home area networks (HAN) Automated demand response Electric Vehicles

8 Smart Grid Communications Cyber security, data privacy Smart meters Home area networks Distributed control and data collection Advanced sensors Synchrophasors Low cost wireless sensors Large data collection and processing Wide area measurements and visualization

9 Microgrids Microgrid (sustainable community) concept Benefits of microgrids Technical challenges for microgrids Current Microgrid projects UCSD microgrid

10 Introduction to Smart Grid U N I V E R S I T Y O F C A L I F O R N I A S A N D I E G O A P R I L 3, W I L L I A M V. T O R R E C E N T E R F O R E N E R G Y R E S E A R C H

11 Smart Grid Clarifications The Grid has always been smart It s getting smarter Significant change in the way power supply system is designed and operated Improved operational efficiency Reduced environmental impact More customer choice Through application of new technology

12 Smart Grid Areas Workforce Development Customer Empowerment Renewable Growth Integrated & Cross Cutting Systems SMART GRID Electric Vehicle Growth Smart Grid RD&D Security Operational Efficiency Reliability & Safety

13 Smart Grid Defined US DOE Definition of Smart Grid Smart grid generally refers to a class of technologies that people are using to bring utility electricity delivery systems into the 21st century, using computer-based remote control and automation. These systems are made possible by two way digital communications technologies and computer processing that has been used for decades in other industries. They are beginning to be used on electricity networks, from the power plants and wind farms all the way to the consumers of electricity in homes and businesses. They offer many benefits to utilities and consumers mostly seen in big improvements in energy efficiency and reliability on the electricity grid and in energy users homes and offices.

14 Utility World of Today Business Processes Grid/Distribution Operations Numerous systems and data sources to monitor Manual and paper/image based processes Limited sensors, monitoring, and operator visualization Unable to optimize loading T&D Planning and Asset Management Limited information for asset maintenance and replacement Lengthy environmental screening Intensive mapping and reconciliation Field Operations and Engineering Time consuming and less targeted crew dispatch Lengthy process for fault locating and restoration Paper intensive processes with many hand-offs Maintenance is time-based Customer Service, Call Center Limited information, taking longer to produce for customers Manual processes with extended service time 2009 San Diego Gas and Electric. All rights reserved

15 Utility World of Potential Business Process Changes T&D Planning and Asset Management More comprehensive T&D asset studies and visualization Environmental shopping tool to reduce impacts and streamline permitting GWD provides more efficient mapping More complex asset life and maintenance with embedded IT Grid/Distribution Operations, EOC Improved outage identification with integrated OMS/DMS, Smart Meters, and SCADA Spatial modeling and tracking of major events (e.g. fires, earthquakes, storms) in relation to facilities Automated switch plan development and execution Shorter restorations times Field Operations and Engineering Reduced emergency response requirements No trucks roll for initial single no-light calls More rapid and targeted deployment Faster resolution of outages and customer power quality problems Reduced after-hours maintenance through system utilization and load accuracy Improved facility data for crews (e.g. CIP) More devices to interrogate and maintain Customer Service, Call Center Better and more timely information for customers Improved customer history More automated services 2009 San Diego Gas and Electric. All rights reserved

16 Utility World of Today Technology Applications Voltage Regulation by Time of Day Non-Mitigated Distributed Generation Static Equipment Ratings and No Circuit Self-Healing Highly Centralized Control 2009 San Diego Gas and Electric. All rights reserved. Less targeted response and more manual troubleshooting and repair

17 Utility World of Technology Application Changes Automated control of Distributed Generation Dynamic Ratings : Transmission Equipment Communicating Fault Circuit Indicators (Trans & Dist) SCADA Controlled Automated Capacitor and Line Switches Dynamic Ratings : Distribution Equipment Centralized Wind and Solar Parks Residential & Commercial PV Integration Smart Transformers/ Charging Advanced Energy Storage Smart Meters with TOU 17 Pricing Electric Vehicles With Smart 17 Charging 17

18 Political and Regulatory Drivers of Smart Grid Expanded Options & Improved Response for Customers (AMI, HAN, PEV, Distributed Resources) California Regulatory Policy Drivers CA Loading Order (order of Energy Efficiency, Demand Response, Renewables, DG) Finalizing AB-32 Based Regulations (reduce greenhouse gas emissions) TOU Rates for PEVs AB2514 Energy Storage, OIR Energy Storage OIR AFV, OIR Smart Grid, OIR RAM FIT Accommodating High Penetration of Renewable Generation CPUC-Driven Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS goal of 33% by 2020) Accommodating Market Penetration of Electric Vehicles TOU Rates / Smart Charging / Smart Transformers (direct control by SDG&E) Impacts of customer charging Improved Operating Efficiency and Reliability

19 Smart Grid Categories Renewable Integration Enable and accommodate higher levels of renewable generation to meet state mandated goals, both distributed and central renewable power plants. Adoption of Electric Vehicles - Enable adoption of new electric vehicle loads while minimizing impact to electric system operations and upgrades of T&D facilities Improved System Reliability - Maintain and/or Improve Reliability and Safety in Response to Challenges Associated with Renewable Generation and PEVs. Improved operational visibility and automated response. Resource Adequacy Ensure that sufficient generating resources are available to meet customer load demand requirements Customer Choice - Provide more opportunity for customers to have choice for energy management, efficiency improvements, and cost savings.

20 Challenges with Integration of Renewables Increased supply volatility - Over 20,000 MW of wind and solar capacity needed for CA 33% renewable energy goal Uncertainty surrounding thermal resources - About 12,000 MW of once through cooling resources will be repowered or retired Less predictable load patterns rooftop solar, electric vehicles, and smart grid Changing revenue patterns - Decreasing marginal prices and changes in resource operational pattern

21 Intermittency of PV Solar

22 Technology Implementation To Mitigate Impact of Renewable Generation Advanced Energy Storage Capacitor SCADA Advanced Weather Station Integration and Forecasting Dynamic Voltage Control SCADA Expansion Dynamic Line Ratings Phasor Measurement Units

23 MW Electric Vehicle Load Impact 4,500 4,000 3,500 3,000 53kWh, 70A 3.5 hr charge Worst Case PEV Load 8 hr charge 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 Best Case PEV Load 500 Super Off-peak Off-peak Midnight Noon On-peak Off-peak Midnight

24 Expected Increase in EVs Cumulative and annual PEV sales (2010 to 2020) BEVs and PHEVs (x 1,000) Cumulative BEVs Cumulative PHEVs Annual PEV sales

25 Smart Grid Reliability Improvement Faster identification and isolation of faulted circuits Quicker restoration of customer load Automated switching, self healing Maintain power quality to customers with increasing renewable penetration Accommodate new customer loads (i.e. Evs)

26 Smart Grid Distribution Reliability DISTRIBUTION Reliability Advanced Ground Fault Detection Advanced Weather Station Integration and Forecasting Capabilities (T&D) Wireless Faulted Circuit Indicators Phase Identification Smart Isolation and Reclosing Arc Detection (T&D) Outage Management System/Distribution Management System (Operational Efficiency)

27 Smart Grid Transmission Reliability TRANSMISSION Reliability Automated Fault Location Composite Core Conductor Advanced System Planning Tools Dynamic Voltage and VAR Control Energy Storage for Transmission Reliability Real Time Voltage Stability Program Synchrophasors (Transmission) Convert Manual Switches to Remote SCADA Operation Fiber Optic and Wireless Communication System

28 Ensure Resource Adequacy Fewer base load generation plants Increase variable and less predictable renewable resource generation Balance load and generation Spinning Reserve for emergencies

29 Renewable Generation Does Not Follow Load Demand

30 Resource Mix Required in Future Generation Storage Wider Operating Range (lower Pmin) Voltage Support & Frequency Response Renewable Firming Dispatchable Wind and Solar Regulation & Fast Ramping Overgeneration Mitigation Load Shift Peak Load Reduction Demand Response

31 Customer Smart Grid Customer plays a more participative role in energy consumption and generation Customer owned generation Customer owned energy storage Dynamic rates Direct Display of consumption and costs Automated appliances

32 Connected Home of the Future EE Appliance Smart Appliances Programmable Communicating Thermostat Solar Panels Solar Thermal Water Heating Cool Roof Energy Efficient Appliances Smart Appliances High Efficiency Gas Furnace Tankless Condensing Water Heater Wind EE Lighting Insulation 240 Volt Load Controller Pool Pump Energy Storage High Efficiency A/C Smart Meter Plug Load Controller Gateway In-Home Display Mobile App Customer Portal Plug-In Charger

33 Questions