Molecular Imaging of Neuroendocrine Tumors by Kjell Öberg, M.D., Ph.D. Dept. of Endocrine Oncology University Hospital Uppsala, Sweden
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1 Molecular Imaging of Neuroendocrine Tumors by Kjell Öberg, M.D., Ph.D. Dept. of Endocrine Oncology University Hospital Uppsala, Sweden Singapore November 2012
2 Diagnostic problems Small tumors Staging Early detection of residual disease or recurrence Treatment effects Tumor biology
3 Neuroendocrine tumors PET (FDG) Modlin 2008
4 Molecular Imaging Functional techniques Octreoscan (somatostatin receptor scintigraphy) MIBG-scintigraphy (metaiodobenzylguanidine) PET (positron emission tomography) ( 11 C-5-HTP, 18 F-DOPA, 68 Ga-Dotaoctreotide 99 Tc EDDA-HYNIC-TOC)
5 Receptor Scintigraphy Neuroendocrine tumors 111 In Octreotide - SST2 (SST5) receptor ligands - Sensitivity: % Courtesy A Kjaer
6 Carcinoid tumor
7 Octreoscan
8 111 In Octreotide ( 111 In-DTPAOC) Bindereup T et al. JNM 2010
9 Neuroendocrine tumors have unique characteristics: Uptake of hormone precursors (tryptophan) Synthesize, store, and release hormones (catecholamines, serotonin) Express specific receptors and transporters (somatostatin receptors, norepinephrine transporter system) Pearse AGE. The APUD concept and hormone production, 1968, 1969, 1980: Amine Precursor Uptake and Decarboxylation.
10 Serotonin turnover in neuroendocrine cells Peptide receptors 11 C-5HIAA 5-HIAA MAO Serotonin Trh 11 C-HTP AADC Serotonin 11 C-serotonin Tryptophan 11 C-HTP Auto-receptors
11 Why PET?
12 Molecular Prolifing
13 Positron emitting radionuclide 511 kev photon Positron Electron 511 kev photon
14
15 Specific isotopes for NETs 11 C-5HTP (hydroxytryptophan) 11 C-Dopamine 18 F-Dopamine 68 Ga-Dota Octreotide 99 Tc EDDA-HYNIC-octreotide [Lys40(Ahx-DTPA- 111 In)NH2]- Exendin-4 (GLP-1)
16 11 C-5-HTP-PET
17 CT PET PET/CT
18 11 C-5-HTP-PET of a patient with elevated gastrin levels showing a duodenal gastrinoma not detected by other methods
19 PET/CT with 11 C-5-HTP
20
21
22
23 Results Tumors were imaged by PET in 95% (36/38) SRS in 84% (32/38) CT in 79% (30/38) More lesions were detected with PET than with SRS and CT in 58% and equal number in 34% The primary tumors (PT) were imaged by PET in 84% (16/19) SRS in 58% (11/19) CT in 47% (9/19) Several previously undiagnosed lesions were detected with PET, most in the range of cm (therefore easily overlooked at CT) Orlefors et al. JCEM, 2005
24 Fig 3. (A) Computed tomography (CT) scan, (B) somatostatin receptor scintigraphy (SRS), (C) 18F-dihydroxy-phenyl-alanine (18F-DOPA) positron emission tomography (PET), and (D) 11C-5-hydroxy-tryptophan (11C-5-HTP) PET of a 54-year-old male patient with metastatic islet cell tumor Koopmans, K. P. et al. J Clin Oncol; 26: Copyright American Society of Clinical Oncology
25 Koopmans et al, JCO 2008: 23 patients with endocrine pancreatic tumors (EPT) 24 patients with carcinoid tumors Per-patient sensitivity Carcinoids 11 C-5-HTP PET 100% 18 F-DOPA PET 96% SRS 86% CT 96% EPTs 11 C-5-HTP PET 100% 18 F-DOPA PET 89% SRS 78% CT 87%
26 Whole body FDG-PET Transaxial Frontal projection Sagittal in a poorly differentiated neuroendocrine tumor
27 A, survival distribution among patients in the FDG-PET negative (black, dashed) or FDG-PET positive (black, solid) groups Binderup T et al. Clin Cancer Res 2010;16: by American Association for Cancer Research
28 A, survival distribution among patients with SUVmax below (black, dashed line) or above (black, solid line) 9 Binderup T et al. Clin Cancer Res 2010;16: by American Association for Cancer Research
29 68 Ga-labeled Peptides for PET 68 Ga-DOTATOC Most used SST 2 68 Ga-DOTANOC SST 2, SST 3, SST 5 68 Ga-DOTATATE SST 2 Highest affinity
30 PET/CT with 68 Ga-DOTA-octreotide
31 PET/CT with 68 Ga-DOTA-octreotide
32 PET with 68 Ga-DOTA-octreotide Advantages: no cyclotron required more sensitive than Octreoscan possible to use for radioactive or tumortargeted treatment may be possible to quantify somatostatin receptors - tumor-targeted therapy
33 Treglia et al. Endocrine 2012:42:80-87
34 Diagnostic performance of somatostatin receptor PET or PET/CT in patients with thoracic and gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours on a per patient-based analysis Treglia et al. Endocrine 2012:42:80-87
35 Summary ROC cure of diagnostic accuracy of Gallium-68 somatostatin receptor PET and PET/CT in thoracic and gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tomours Treglia et al. Endocrine 2012:42:80-87
36
37 64 Cu vs. 68 Ga Zibo, Adv Drug Deliv Rev GA T 1/2 : 68 min Pos. range: 4 mm Generator 68 CU T 1/2 : 13 h Pos. range: 1 mm Cyklotron
38 Same patient new tracer 111 In-DTPAoctreotide 64 Cu-DOTATATE Pfeifer et al. JNM 2012
39 New markers for molecular imaging
40 Conclusion PET-scanning with specific isotopes is the most sensitive and specific imaging technique for NETs Ga 68 - DOTATATE PET will in a near future replace (Octreoscan ) The availability and costs are the limitations today
41 Thank you! Centre of Excellence Endocrine Tumors, Uppsala University C e n t r e o f E x c e l l e n c e E n d o c r i n e T u m o r s endocrinetumors.org
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