Small physics. Big Engineering. Steve Boyd
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1 Small physics Big Engineering Steve Boyd
2 A Great year in Particle Physics!
3 Higgs in a nutshell The Standard Model describes our understanding of the workings of the visible universe to 1 part in a billion Except that it predicts that all particles are massless This is bad all particles will move at the speed of light, so there is no time for atoms to form and therefore no you. The Higgs mechanism was proposed to give mass to particles in 1964 July 4, 2012 the Higgs was observed at CERN
4 The Particle Zoo
5 The Higgs Mechanism Basic Idea : The universe is saturated with a Higgs field and particles interact with excitations of this field in the form of Higgs particles.
6 The Higgs Mechanism Basic Idea : The universe is saturated with a Higgs field and particles interact with excitations of this field in the form of Higgs particles.
7 Fields A Field is a physical quantity which has a value at every point in space and time example : temperature field
8 Fields Fields are the mathematical tools we use to describe reality Electromagnetic field Electron field
9 Are fields real?
10 Forces Electricity Magnetism Radioactivity Keeps nuclei together Gravity
11 Forces & Fields Each force is associated with a field magnetism is associated with the electromagnetic field In Quantum Physics, each force is also associated with a particle For Electromagnetism this is the photon the particle of light So every field is associated with a particle. In some sense, particles are just locations where the relevant field is more concentrated.
12 The Higgs Field Idea Light To be massless = to travel at the speed of light Imagine that the universe is saturated by an energy field. Massless particles travel through the field, bouncing back and forth. The effect of interacting with the field effectively slows the particle down below light speed giving the particle a mass. Heavy
13 The Higgs Boson A quantum field is associated with a particle The Higgs Field is a quantum field So there must be a particle the Higgs Particle The existence of the Higgs Particle implies the existence of the field.
14 The God Particle
15 The God Particle
16 p o t s The God Particle e l P P s a e The Higgs particle has nothing to do with theology Unfortunately it's a good sound bite and keeps getting used
17 How do we find it? Particle physics tries to understand the fundamental structure and forces in the universe We do this by smashing stuff together at near light speed and observing what comes out : E = m c2 Accelerators Detectors Analysis
18 Finding the Higgs Most massive particles can decay to lighter ones The Standard Model tells us that the Higgs can decay in certain ways e.g. H 4 electrons I. Smash protons into other protons to form Higgs particles II. Look for events with 4 electrons coming from the same place III. Measure mass of decaying particle from energy of the visible particles
19 Large Hadron Collider CMS LHCb ALICE ATLAS
20 How to build an LHC
21 LHC Magnets antiproton proton
22 LHC Magnets 9,600 superconducting magnets in the LHC ring Cooled to about 1.9 degrees Kelvin Collides bunches of 100,000,000,000 protons together every 50 ns antiproton proton Engineering needed : civil, design, magnet, power, safety, systems and control engineers are all needed to build, design and maintain this accelerator
23 Detector Caverns
24 Detector Caverns 100 m underground 35 m long no support pillars cavern hangs from rock above Requires civil and mining engineers
25 Detector Caverns
26 LHC Destroys the world
27 Oops
28
29 Detectors
30
31 The ATLAS Experiment
32 How it works
33
34
35 SCT Central Tracker 20, cm2 silicon sensors In the ATLAS core around the collision points
36 What it has to do
37 Specifying the SCT Position of all elements known to m Mechanical and Electronic stability across temperature range from -15o to +30o Maximum load deformation of support structure less than 20 m Minimum mass Radiation Hard 20,000 semiconductor detectors with low power dissipation and low noise. Robust there are very opportunities to open up and fix things
38 Support Barrels Carbon fibre skins on a plastic reinforced honeycomb structure
39 Detectors Detectors
40 Radiation SCT is very close to the beam collision point. Accumulated dose about 1,000,000 times that of maximum recommended annual dose for you or me Materials and Electronic engineering needed Radiation kills detectors - leakage current increases - detector heats up - causing leakage current to increase thermal management is very important. Incoming Silicon ion
41 Cooling Sensors are sensitive to temperature but require power in a constrained, closed environment in the ATLAS core. Sensors maintained at -7o C Lots of simulation work and iteration needed to specify cooling system
42 Detector Mounting Must have total coverage of the barrels Also need to get power and cooling in and signals out
43 Instrumented SCT
44 Monitoring Monitoring of SCT in operation is very important Module position & shape Temperature Humidity
45 Adding services
46 Installation SCT is installed in ATLAS Must integrate with the services that serve the entire detector
47 Balloon (30 Km) Data Catching Raw data rate from ATLAS would fill 100,000 DVDs a second. Data is filtered through hardware and software Trigger Farms to look for interesting things Final data rate 3200 Tb/year Trigger farms use electronics engineers and programmers to design and build the components that (quickly) decide whether an event is kept or not. CD stack with 1 year LHC data! (~ 20 Km) Concorde (15 Km) Mt. Blanc (4.8 Km)
48 What do we get for all this work?
49 A new view of the universe
50 Comments An experiment like ATLAS, and the LHC itself, could not have been built without the expertise of hundreds of engineers and technicians. These experiments represent cutting edge physics. They also represent cutting edge engineering. There are 10 times more engineers and technicians at CERN than there are research physicists.
51 How do I get involved? Go to university and Get a degree in Engineering or Computing Or Physics + a Masters in Engineering discipline Or a Physics/Eng degree then a CASE PhD Try a work placement at a national lab during the degree Or go to a University Technical College Get an Advanced Diploma in Engineering or BTEC Follow up with experience in industry or apply for targeted training schemes e.g. CERN offers a Technician Training Scheme for talented technicians
52 Mounting blocks Even the mounting blocks require specification, design, fabrication and quality assurance tests
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