Glass Colors. Glass Engineering 150:312 Materials Science & Engineering. Professor Richard Lehman CCR-103 School of Engineering

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Randolf Cook
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1 Glass Colors Glass Engineering 150:312 Materials Science & Engineering Professor Richard Lehman CCR-103 School of Engineering

2 Coloring Mechanisms Chemical Solution Colloidal Coloring Centers Color Matching Issues Decolorizing Colored Glass Methods of Manufacture Tank Operations Color Feeder Hand Shop Techniques

3 Glass Coloring Mechanisms Solution Colors - elements in chemical solution Vanadium yellow-green Chrome emerald green Iron Coke bottle green Manganese amethyst Cobalt violet blue Copper greenish blue to blue Nickel grayish brown Selenium salmon pink Cerium-Titanium yellow Neodymium dichroic violet-pink Uranium yellow (fluorescent)

4 Glass Coloring Mechanisms -cont d Colloidal Colors - color effect due to colloidal coloring centers in the glass. Fe-S Au Cu-Sn Cd-S Cd-Se-S F Amber Ruby Ruby yellow Orange and Red Opal

5 Glass Coloring Mechanisms -cont d Striking colors - refers to colors that form their colloidal coloring centers during a secondary or extended heat treatment. Opals, copper ruby and cadmium red glasses are striking colors.

6 Glass Coloring Mechanisms -cont d Color Matching - solution colors can be combined for color matching. Popular color systems include: Cu-Cr Co-Cr Cu-Co Mn-Ni Co-Mn Aqua, Teal, Turquoise Midnight Blues Blues Gray to Black Blue-Purples

7 Glass Color Matching Issues Color will vary with glass matrix. Colors will vary with tank operating conditions Temperature and tank re-dox can shift oxidation states, change colloidal coloring centers, and volatilize coloring elements. Not all colors can be matched in glass.

8 Glass Decolorizing Decolorizing refers to minimizing the appearance of the green color imparted to clear glass by trace levels of Iron. Chemical decolorizing is accomplished by adding oxidizers. Fe2O3 imparts less color than FeO. Physical decolorizing alters the color towards neutral gray by adding red and blue components to the glass, typically Co and Se.

9 Manufacture - Colored Tank Glass Entire glass tank is filled with colored glass. Used for high volume manufacture Beverage containers including green, brown and cobalt blue. Make colors that can not be made in a color feeder because of tank design, color loading or lack of technology. copper ruby, cerium yellow, opal

10 Manufacture - Color Feeder Glass Tank is filled with clear glass and color concentrate (frit) is introduced into one feeder. Significantly reduces time required for color changes and adjustments. Not capable of making all colors. Commonly used for blue, green, aqua, amethyst, pink.

11 Manufacture - Color Feeder Layout Frit Feeder Frit Supply Scale Feed Funnel Forehearth3 Forming Machine Melter Refiner Forehearth 2 Forming Machine Forehearth 1 Forming Machine

12 Manufacture - Hand Shop Glass Small tank color production. Glass powder or chips are introduced to the surface of the gob. Color diffuses into the surface as the gob is re-heated and worked. Color has mottled appearance. Heavy color streaks can be introduced using colored rods.

13 Cobalt Blue

14 Copper Blue-Green

15 Copper Cobalt Blue

16 Chromium Green

17 Dark Chromium Green [Trace Co, Cu]

18 Titanium Cerium Yellow

19 Uranium Praseodymium

20 Uranium and Praseodymium with UV illumination

21 Manganese Purple [Trace Co]

22 Neodymium Under Tungsten Lighting

23 Neodymium Under Daylight

24 Selenium Rose Plate and Jar Compared With Frosted Se/Neodymium Glass

25 Copper Tin Red

26 Cadmium Sulfide Red Partially and Fully Struck

27 Fluoride Soda Lime Opal Annealed and As-Fabricated

28 Nickel Gray

29 Soda Lime Amber Glass [top three] FeS Borosilicate Amber Glass Fe, Mn

30 Marpal Glass: Fluoride opal with cobalt frit

31 Flame Reduction of Copper Jar to Produce Copper Metal Surface Flash

32 3 Purple Nickel Lead

33 15 Blue, Nivea Cr, Co SLS

34 16 Blue Co SLS

35 5 Blue Co Lead

36 6 Turquoise Copper Lead

37 18 Aqua, Cr-Cu, SLS

38 19 Emerald Cr-Cu SLS

39 20 Emerald Cr SLS

40 8 Green, light Cr Lead

41 7 Olive Cr, Mn Lead

42 22 Green, dead leaf Cr, Mn SLS

43 9 Yellow Se Lead

44 11 Peach Se, Er Lead

45 12 Amethyst Mn Lead

DB 57 Lined Sky Blue AB. DB 33 Lined Gold 22k. DB 78 Lined Aqua Mist AB. DB 01 Gunmetal. DB 79 Lined Aqua Blue AB. DB 02 Blue Iris

DB 57 Lined Sky Blue AB. DB 33 Lined Gold 22k. DB 78 Lined Aqua Mist AB. DB 01 Gunmetal. DB 79 Lined Aqua Blue AB. DB 02 Blue Iris DB 01 Gunmetal DB 33 Lined Gold 22k DB 57 Lined Sky Blue AB DB 78 Lined Aqua Mist AB DB 02 Blue Iris DB 34 Light Gold 22k DB 58 Lined Light Blue DB 79 Lined Aqua Blue AB DB 03 Green Iris DB 35 Galvanized