Networking: Physical & Link Layer
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1 CS 4410 Operating Systems Networking: Physical & Link Layer Summer 2016 Cornell University
2 Today Communication between devices in the same LAN. 2
3 Protocol Stack Computer A Computer B Message M Application Application Segment Ht M Transport Transport Datagram Hn Ht M Network Network Frame Hl Hn Ht M Link Link Electromagnetic Signal Physical Physical 3
4 LAN Local Area Network: Small geographical area (office, house). Small number of nodes (computers, network devices). Links to connect nodes. How are messages transferred between nodes of the same LAN? It is responsibility of the Link Layer. 4
5 Link Layer Mission: Transfer a frame through a link. Examples: Ethernet, LAN (WiFi). Services Encapsulation (datagram + header (Hl) frame) Addressing Media Access Control Error Detection / Correction Not all link protocols offer all the services. Node A Node B Frame Hl Hn Ht M Link Link Physical Physical Link 5
6 Implementation A Network Interface Card (NIC) is attached to nodes (e.g., computers). A NIC is a hardware device specialized for computer networking. One node may have multiple NICs. A chip in NIC is responsible to implement most of the Link services. The controller of a NIC, takes the datagram (Network Layer) from the main memory of the node. Then, the datagram is encapsulated into a frame in the NIC. Finally, the frame is converted into a signal and released into the link. Generally, the Link layer is implemented by both the software and the hardware. 6
7 Media Access Control How can we connect the nodes with each other? Point-to-point link The link is shared only between 2 nodes. The frame goes from the source to the destination. Disadvantages? Broadcast link One link shared between all the nodes. The frame goes from the source to all the nodes. Only the destination should read it. Disadvantages? The Link Layer is responsible to share the media access between the nodes. 7
8 Media Access Control Broadcast Link: Which resource will be shared among nodes? Bandwidth (bits per second bps). Rate with which data is transmitted in the link. So, nodes compete for bandwidth. Like processes compete for CPU multiplexing How will the Link layer control the competition? Channel Partition (time-division, frequency-division) Random access Taking-turns access
9 Addressing How are nodes identified? Each NIC has a static 6-byte identification. Ex. 1A-23-F9-CD The Link layer uses this identification to distinguish nodes, and its name is: MAC address In a broadcast link, the destination checks the MAC address to decide if it should keep the frame or not. 9
10 Link Layer Protocol Ethernet Invented in 70's. Through the time, different LAN architectures were supported: Bus One common broadcast cable. Need for Media Access Control. Star with hub The nodes are connected to the hub. The hub, simply, was reproducing the received signal from a link to the rest of the links. Need for Media Access Control. Star with switch The nodes are connected to the switch. The switch controls the flow of frames. It sends the frame to its destination without conflicting with other frames. 10
11 Ethernet Frame structure: Header MAC destination, source (6 byte each) Preamble (8 bytes) CRC (4 bytes) Data 46 to 1500 bytes Encapsulated datagram Preamble MAC destination MAC source CRC... data 11
12 Ethernet Multiple Access Control: Bus, Star with hub CSMA/CD Carrier sensing The sender waits until the channel is unoccupied. Collision detection If two nodes sent frames simultaneously, they detect the collision and stop transmitting. They will try again after a specific time period. Exponential backoff. 12
13 Ethernet Switch: It forwards the frame only to the destination. Using the switch table. It is an array of <MAC Address, port>. If it does not know where the destination is, yet, it forwards the frame to all direction. It buffers the frames to avoid collisions. When 2 frames head for the same destination. It filters and discards frames, based on predefined rules. port buffer Switch 13
14 Ethernet Computer A Application Computer B Application Transport Transport Network Link Switch Link Network Link Physical Physical Physical 14
15 Ethernet What happens when 1A-23-F9-CD sends a frame to 1B-23-F0-CD-06-11? 1A-23-F9-CD B-23-F0-CD
16 Today Communication between devices in the same LAN. 16
17 Coming up Next lecture: Networking Layer Exam3 Tomorrow, last 20 mins Last exam! Solutions for hw4: today at 6.00pm Solutions for exam2: tomorrow 17
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