Campus Access Control System RFID Based Mr. SANTHOSH S

Transcription

1 International Journal of Electronics and Computer Science Engineering 1439 Available Online at ISSN Campus Access Control System RFID Based Mr. SANTHOSH S 1, Mr. SANTHOSH KUMAR D K 2 Lecturers 1 Dept. Of Information Science & Engineering 2 Dept. Of Computer Science & Engineering 1,2 Alva s Institute of Engineering & Technology, Moodbidri 1 santhu87@ymail.com, 2 santhukhushi@gmail.com Abstract Radio frequency identification (RFID) technology has helped many organizations to reduce cost. Nevertheless, there are challenges and issues associated with RFID adoption. The most common internal challenge for many organizations is justifying the investment and modification of processes. The focus of this project is to show the business value of RFID technology and its applications. The important issue is the security level of the whole campus because it needs to be carefully differentiated. Dormitories and special research laboratories should benefit from higher levels of security than any other campuses. The key to the problem is represented by the new Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) which can support contactless cards with memory. The most important feature of the proposed system is the updating of access permission level at any time for the user based on the availability of that user. The data transfer from the reader to the database was done using wireless communication (RF communication). To achieve this here RF transmitter and the RF receiver is used. The data which is read by the reader is sent to the microcontroller. Then from the controller we can transfer the data to the database by using the UART module (serial communication) which is inbuilt in the microcontroller through RF transmitter. RF receiver of the same frequency at the receiver end receives and then stores the data in the database. RF transmitter and Receiver frequency for transmitting and receiving the data depends on the user as per the requirement for the application and it is based on the range of distance. For the data encoding and decoding process HCS-101 protocol is used. Keywords RFID, access control, transponder, RF Transmitter, RF Receiver, campus, services I. INTRODUCTION RFID technology has penetrated into different business sectors very quickly. Many companies have implemented RFID technology and have already seen the business value of it. There have been many other applications of this technology in the airline industry, food and drug industry, hospitals, and many government agencies. The access is granted if the ID is found in the reader memory or in the database stored in one or more PC connected to all readers. Even if the unauthorized user is having the ID also it grants an access. Few simple access systems are using only one ID number for all cards or a remote control, which transmit a signal on a dedicated frequency and/or a unique code. Such systems cannot identify a specific user. The modern access control RFID systems enable complete hands-free access control. Tags or cards can be read up to 3 meters from the HF reader (even 12 m for a UHF reader), which usually eliminates the need to handle the tag or to walk very close to the reader [6]. This freedom is particularly important to handicapped workers, staff carrying packages, and during bad weather. Many RFID readers can be connected to the access control computer through wireless communications. This eliminates the need for long wiring runs and allows a reader to be easily re-positioned or moved as needs change. The RFID access control system can report any unauthorized access and issue an alert to the host software. In addition, it can be used to trigger cameras and video recorders in order to capture unauthorized or authorized access in real-time. II. FEATURES Wireless data transfer from the reader to the database. Wireless connectivity with different frequency bands. Between 125 to 134 KHz (2-3 cms)

2 IJECSE,Volume1,Number 3 Santhosh S and Santhosh Kumar D K At MHz (1-2 feet) Between 868 to 956 MHz (upto100 feet) At 2.45 GHz (upto 100 meters). The above frequency bands lead to the cost effectiveness of the proposed system. Communication: RS232/485, USB, RF transmitter and receiver. Voice greeting (optional). Welcome message. The important feature of this proposed system is that modification of the access permission level can be done at anytime for each user. A. RFID What it is? III. RFID Radio Frequency Identification RFID - systems are using readers and cards or tags. Data is stored on an electronic data-carrying device the transponder. The power supply to the data-carrying device and the data exchange between the data-carrying device and the reader are achieved without the use of galvanic contacts, using instead magnetic or electromagnetic fields. The underlying technical procedure is drawn from the fields of radio and radar engineering [2]. Communication between transponder and reader is realized through the same electromagnetic field used for supply. Thus, reader transmits interrogation signal and transponder answers communicating stocked data in its EEPROM memory. The communication method used for most transponders, which activate in the HF and UHF field, especially on the MHz frequency or in the MHz interval, is the so-called load modulation. The LC circuit equivalent to the transponders antenna resounds on the f0 frequency. The generator, at the reader s signal, injects power in its antenna (a frame-coil). The power, therefore the field created by the coil, is with a frequency which RFID systems use passive and active transponders. Active transponders are used for long-range applications but because a battery is included, their cost is much higher. Passive transponders do not contain a proper source of supply, the necessary energy for functioning being drawn out of the electromagnetic field of the antenna of a reader to which it is connected, placed in close vicinity, but with no electrical contact between transponder and reader. In order to obtain this energy out of electromagnetic field, the transponder uses an antenna equivalent to a resonance circuit consisting of coil and capacitor, circuit tuned to the frequency of electromagnetic field issued by reader. Magnetic field lines issued by reader antenna cross coil turns inducing an electric signal rectified and internally stabilized on the chip and then used for the entire transponder supply (figure 1). RFID (radio frequency identification) is a technology that incorporates the use of electromagnetic or electrostatic coupling in the radio frequency (RF) portion of the electromagnetic spectrum to uniquely identify an object, animal, or person. An alternative to bar code. RFID is also called dedicated short range communication (DSRC). B. Components of RFID: The components or requirements of RFID are Tags or transponders, Readers, Microcontroller, Encoder and Decoder, RF transmitter, RF receiver and Application Software. C. Tag types: Active tags: An active tag has its own power source. So the availability of power will be continuous. The range of the tags is up to 12 meters. Passive tags: Passive tags does not have inbuilt power source. The power required is transferred from the reader. The maximum range is up to 1 meter.

3 Campus Access Control System RFID Based 1441 The different data stored in the tag is shown in the table 1. Also the difference between the active and passive tag is given in the table 2. Table 2: Difference between Active and Passive tags Parameter Active RFID Passive RFID Tag Power Source Internal to tag Energy transferred using RF from Reader Tag Battery Yes No Availability power of Continuous Only in field of reader Range Up to 100m Up to 3-5m,usually less Multi-tag reading 1000 s of tags Few hundreds of tags Data Storage Up to 128kb or read/write 128 bytes of read/write

4 IJECSE,Volume1,Number 3 Santhosh S and Santhosh Kumar D K Figure 1: Energy and Data transfer between reader and the transponder. D. Reader: The RFID reader sends a pulse of radio energy to the tag and listens for the tag s response. The tag detects this energy and sends back a response that contains the tag s serial number and possibly other information as well. E. Business application software: The software used to manage the collected data. F. Electronic product code-epc: Each tag contains a unique code that facilitating the identification process & is known as EPC (96 bits). Header defines version of EPC (8 bits). EPC Manager describes originator of EPC of Manufacturer (28 bits). Object class-could describe the product type (24 bits). Serial Number-Unique ID for that product item (36 bits). A. Wireless data transfer: IV. IMPLEMENTATION The data transfer from the reader to the database was done using wireless communication (RF communication). For this here RF transmitter and the RF receiver is used. The data which is read by the reader is sent to the microcontroller. Then from the controller we can transfer the data to the database by using the UART module (serial communication) which is inbuilt in the microcontroller through RF transmitter. RF receiver of the same frequency at the receiver end receives and then stores the data in the database. RF transmitter and Receiver frequency for transmitting and receiving the data depends on the user as per the requirement for the application and it is based on the range of distance. The overall view of the system is shown in the figure 3. B. RF Transmitter and Receiver: Transmitting and receiving of the data done at the frequency of 2.45 GHz for the communication upto 100 meters. C. Data Encoding and Decoding: For encoding and decoding process of the data HCS-101 protocol is used and the pulse format of the data is shown in the figure 2. D. Format of HCS-101 protocol: Preamble ( ) Header ( ) Data format: To send 0-110

5 Campus Access Control System RFID Based 1443 To send Guard time (20 0 s) E. Updating access permission level at any time: Figure 2: Pulse format of data. The most important feature of the proposed system is to update the access permission level at any time for the user based on the availability of that user. This can be done by using two master cards or master tags. One tag is used for adding the tag data either temporarily or it can be permanently. The other is used for deleting the tag data or masking the data temporarily using all 0 s. Only the authorized person will be having the master cards. The steps to be followed while adding or deleting the tag is given below. Addition: Step 1: Swipe the master card for addition. Step 2: Swipe the card to be added. Deletion: Step 1: Swipe the master card for deletion. Step 2: Swipe the card to be deleted or masked temporarily. If an authorizer swipes the card for addition, and swipe the tag to be added then tag s data has to be saved to the array which is already defined but not used. So that tag will be activated. For the deletion process, swipe the card for deletion, and swipe the tag to be deleted or masked temporarily, so the cursor will move to the array containing the tags data and overwrite that data using all zeros. So the tag will be blocked. All the changes done to the access permission is also transferred to the database through wireless communication. F. Additional Security: The additional security can be given for the campus against fire and smoke using sensors. To achieve this only the RF transmitters are required additionally one for each sensor. If the sensor detects the smoke or fire then the sensed data is sent through the transmitter. The receiver receives the data and send to controller. From the controller alert can be given to security guard or any authorized person. G. Benefits to Customers: Reduced cost. Improved Security. Wireless data transfer. Reusability of tags. Less maintenance.

6 IJECSE,Volume1,Number 3 Santhosh S and Santhosh Kumar D K H. System Overview: RFID TAG Control Tag Power Contactless Interface Memory Battery (Optional) Data Clock Energy READER Antenna Reader Contactless Interface Modem Encoder Transmitter Antenna Microcontroller Transmitter Receiver Antenna Interface Database Application Receiver Decoder Figure 3: The overview of the whole system. Microcontroller

7 Campus Access Control System RFID Based 1445 I. Applications of RFID: Used wherever the unique identification is required. Hospitals & Nursing Homes. RFID can be used in Libraries. Replacing Barcodes. Institution campuses To monitor the staff and student activities. V. CONCLUSIONS In today s challenging business environment, securing the specific buildings or a campus through proper and easy-to-use access control systems is a competitive edge and advantage. The significance of adopting contactless technology, as RFID, for access control cannot be underestimated when seen from the perspective of the multitude of opportunities to utilize that same card to provide additional capabilities and services on campus. The proposed system provides the improved security and wireless data transfer facility with reduced cost and less maintenance. A. Advantages: Security can be increased against smoke, fire using the sensors in the campus. The temperature can be monitored using the temperature sensor and does the changes automatically to the A/C (Air Conditioner). B. Disadvantages: Campus distance range is limited to a maximum of 100 meters. Difficult design. VI. FUTURE ENHANCEMENT In future we can increase the distance of communication by replacing the RF based wireless data transfer to GSM based data transfer thereby we can provide the improved security. REFERENCES [1] McCoy, T. Bullock, R.J. Brennan, (2005) - RFID for security and efficiency, Signal Processing Solutions for Homeland Security, [2] Finkenzeller, Klaus (2003) RFID Handbook Fundamentals and Applications in Contactless Smart Cards and Identification, ISBN: [3] Simson Garfinkel, Henry Holtzman1, Understanding the RFID Technology - chapter 2 (2005) Pages: [4] Valentin POPA, Cristina TURCU, Vasile GAITAN Optimizing Campus Access and Services Using RFID Solutions, 8th international conference on development and application systems, suceava, romania, may 25 27, [5] RF transmitter (#27980) and receiver (#27981) Data sheets Page(s):1-18 Parallax Company. [6] Glidden, R.; Bockorick, C.; Cooper, S.; Diorio, C.; Dressler, D.; Gutnik, V.; Hagen, C.; Hara, D.; Hass, T.; Humes, T.; Hyde, J.; Oliver, R.; Onen, O.; Pesavento, A.; Sundstrom, K.; Thomas, M., (2004) Design of ultra-low-cost UHF RFID tags for supply chain applications, Communications Magazine, IEEE Volume 42, Aug. 2004, Page(s): [7] Valentin Popa, Vasile Gheorghita Gaitan, "TRANSPONDERS IN A WIRELESS SENSORSNETWORK, Advances in Electrical and Computer Engineering, Suceava, pages , ISSN , Vol 3(10), Nr. 1 (19), [8] PIC Microcontroller (PIC16F877A) datasheets from Micrpchip Inc.., Author Biography: 1. Mr. Santhosh S, working as lecturer, Department of Information Science and Engineering, Alva s Institute of Engineering and Technology, Moodbidri. He received his B.E from Anna University in Computer Science and Engineering. His fields of interest are Embedded systems, Data Base Management systems, Electronic circuits. 2. Mr. Santhosh kumar D K, working as lecturer, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Alva s Institute of Engineering and Technology, Moodbidri. He received his B.E from VTU University and persuing M.Tech in Computer Science and Engineering. His fields of interest are Embedded systems, Data Base Management systems, Computer networking.