Whale Bycatch Avoidance:
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1 Whale Bycatch Avoidance: what s NOT to love about pingers? Kate Wynne and Bree Wi=eveen UAF Alaska Sea Grant Marine Advisory Program KAMSS 2014
2 Alaska: Endangered species critical summer foraging areas
3 whale populations recovering from harvest..
4 s of coastal seines and gillnets in summer fisheries.
5 Increasing Potential for Large Whale Interactions
6 Entanglement = RARE but potentially significant events
7 Entanglement Consequences Fishermen: damage/loss of gear lost fishing time personal injury regulatory response
8 Entanglement Consequences Fishermen: damage/loss of gear lost fishing time personal injury regulatory response Whales: injury impaired feeding death
9 Bottomline No one wants whales in nets
10 Bottomline No one wants whales in nets Common Goal = AVOIDANCE
11 Whales involved Baleen whales (no sonar) Young, inexperienced AcousRc world
12 Stumblers
13 Stumblers NOT a=racted to gear NOT scavenging NOT aware
14 Stumblers NOT a=racted to gear NOT scavenging NOT aware NO positive reinforcement
15 Stumblers NOT a=racted to gear NOT scavenging NOT aware NO positive reinforcement = Good news!
16 Need to ALERT, not SCARE Make nets acousrcally visible
17 Success of Acoustic Alarms 10 khz porpoise pingers mandated CA- OR swordfish driynets New England sink gillnets Take Rates Reduced IF nets are fully equipped AND pingers fully operaronal
18 Visible = acoustic alert CONCERNS Acceptable, legal? Safe? EffecRve? Effects? NPS photo
19 Visible = acoustics, alarms CONCERNS Acceptable, legal? Safe? EffecRve? Effects? CHALLENGES NPS photo Statewide MulR- fishery MulR- species
20 Safe for whale? legal? Currently db = Level A harassment PotenRal to injure animal 160 db = Level B harassment PotenRal to disturb, disrupt feeding or other behaviors
21 Effective if properly used
22 3 khz 2011 F3 Whale Pingers FutureOceans F3 3kHz alarm Apparent success w/humpbacks in Australia 135 db re 1µPA Recommended 50m
23 EffecRveness of 3kHz whale pingers in AK? Fishermen feedback < Voluntary pinger use Voluntary logbooks
24 EffecRveness of 3kHz whale pingers in AK? Fishermen feedback Voluntary pinger use Voluntary logbooks Record whale approaches, avoidance Was catch affected? Were there more scavengers (SSL) at your net? How / where on net did you put pinger(s)? Did whales seem to habituate to pinger? <
25 Testimonials and Logbooks Humpbacks can hear 3kHz pingers and casually avoid pingered nets Alaska Journal of Commerce
26 Was catch affected?
27 Were scavengers a=racted?
28 So, what s NOT to love?? Pingers seem to alert baleen whales AlternaRve to their use = entanglement Porpoise Pingers mandated in Lower48
29 So, what s NOT to love?? Federal officials have raised the possibility they...might amount to harassment
30 NMFS Conundrum F3 pingers seem to alert whales AlternaRve to their use = entanglement Porpoise Pingers mandated in Lower48. a no- brainer.. except
31 Humpbacks = Endangered species
32 Humpbacks = Endangered species Adding more anthropogenic noise to ocean
33 Effect on Endangered Species? Individual behavior change? PopulaRon /habitat effects?
34 Effects of 135 db pingers? Individual No injury But intent is to change path/behavior PopulaRon Displaced from feeding grounds? Ensonifying the Ocean?
35 Need to fully pinger nets Avoid Gate Effect PERCEIVED GATE A gap in an acousrc fence looks like a gate...
36 To work, nets need to be fully pingered
37 To work, nets need to be fully pingered Displace whales from feeding habitat?
38 To work, nets need to be fully pingered Displace whales from feeding habitat? Compared to / added to rest of SOUNDSCAPE?
39 Pinger risk assessment
40 POTENTIAL costs x KNOWN benefits
41 Pinger use continues, interest growing globally
42 Questions remain Re: Pingers How many in use? For how long? Where? How being used? When effective, when not? Fleet reports
43 Questions remain Re: Pingers How many in use? For how long? Where? How being used? When effective, when not? Re: whales Will whales habituate? Cumulative effects? At what density? Population-level effects? Displaced from feeding areas? For how long? How can you tell if due to pingers vs normal? Field Trials
44 UAF Approach Parallel and collaborarve studies FLEET INPUT Acceptable? Safe, legal? EffecRve? Effects? WHALE RESEARCHERS NPS photo
45 Monitor whales response Of individuals Of feeding groups Tagging and Controlled Exposure Experiments Measure movements near pingered line
46 Shared Goals No one WANTS whales in their gear Conflicts with stumblers are resolvable In everyone s best interest to reduce entanglement frequency and impact proactively address the issue prior to mandates
47 Whale Bycatch Avoidance Logic and Reason CommunicaRon and CollaboraRon Research and Outreach
48 Funding and Support NOAA NPRB Alaska Sea Grant FutureOceans
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