Overview. Bitumen. Upgrading bitumen Choices and options Bitumen blends, Synthetic crude oil or. Finished products

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2 Overview Bitumen Upgrading bitumen Choices and options Bitumen blends, Synthetic crude oil or. Finished products Transforming bitumen Add hydrogen Remove carbon Adding Value Refining to finished products Challenges

3 General Bitumen Qualities Other heavy references Athabasca Bitumen Arab Heavy Maya API Sulphur, wt% Nitrogen, wt ppm Metals N+V, wt ppm TAN Bitumen is a heavy, high sulphur feedstock that is more difficult to process

4 Getting Bitumen Surface mining (shallow reserves) In situ (deep reserves)

5 Bitumen Source Mined bitumen After separation, extraction and treating All mined bitumen is upgraded to Synthetic Crude Oil (SCO) Thermal production (in situ) Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) Cyclical Steam Stimulation (CSS) Blended bitumen product Blend with naphtha (DILBIT) Blend with synthetic crude (SYNBIT)

6 Bitumen Treating (Mined Bitumen) First step in adjusting bitumen quality Extraction process separates Oil (bitumen) from water and sand Solvent choices Naphthenic vs paraffinic solvent Impact Solvent choice will affect the bitumen quality Composition of the heaviest fraction

7 Extraction Separation or oil from water and sand Produce bitumen froth for further treatment Different ways of treating froth Source: Petroleum Communication Foundation

8 Bitumen Froth Treatment (Mined Bitumen) Bitumen Froth Froth Tanks naphtha solvent solvent recovery & recycle Inclined Plate Separators & Centrifuges bitumen with 1-2% water % solids Bitumen to processing Settler Vessels paraffinic solvent solvent recovery & recycle bitumen with <0.1% water & solids Source: Alberta Chamber of Resources

9 SAGD Bitumen Treating Primarily oil/water separation and treating Get water and sediment down to acceptable levels Free water knock out removes free produced water Diluent is added to reduce oil viscosity so the remaining produced water can be removed Mechanical or electrostatic treaters Emulsions and desalting can be problems SAGD (and CSS) bitumen, with diluent, can be transported to remote upgrading/refining via pipeline

10 SAGD Bitumen Treating Diluted Bitumen Blowdown Initial bitumen treating in Thermal Production

11 Processing Challenges Low API gravity, high viscosity Dilution required for transportation Contaminants are a problem (salt, solids etc.) Poor quality in all boiling ranges High Total Acid Number (TAN) (metallurgy) High sulfur, nitrogen, CCR and metals (catalyst systems) Highly aromatic and hydrogen deficient (severe treating) For a coker based facility, ~1,500 scf H2/bbl bitumen required to make finished products Significant bottoms fraction with poor quality High coke / residue make Bitumen processing presents unique technical challenges, which must be well understood and carefully evaluated

12 Bitumen Can Be Upgraded (or not) Synthetic Crude Oil Bitumen Or. Bitumen Blends

13 Processing Bitumen Chain

14 Upgrading Bitumen Objective: Improve the carbon to hydrogen ratio of bitumen Reject carbon or add hydrogen Convert heavy boiling material into lighter material Cracking large molecules into smaller ones Separate by boiling range (fractionate) Hydrotreat to remove sulphur and nitrogen Blend fractions into SCO Further refine into finished products

15 Upgrading Primary Processing Distillation Gasoline Blend Stocks Gas Oil from bitumen fractionation Diesel Blend Stocks Elemental Sulphur Sulphur Plant Natural Gas Hydrogen Plant Source: Valero

16 Technology Applications Upgrading uses a combination of processes which are chosen and matched to meet the processing objectives Carbon Removal Hydrogen Addition Thermal Cracking Physical Separation Coking Visbreaking Paraffinic Treatment Deep Deasphalting Hydroprocessing Ebullated Bed Hydrocracking Husky Syncrude Opti/Nexen Residues Gasification H2 Heat Shell/Albian Scotford Upgrader Syncrude Suncor CNRL

17 Secondary Processing Fractionation Separation of converted streams by boiling range Hydrotreating Sulphur and nitrogen removal Quality improvements Supporting facilities Hydrogen production Sulphur recovery Off-sites and utilities Source: Chemistry Daily

18 Upgrading Complexes Today Today Mined bitumen producing Synthetic Crude Oil (SCO) Primarily carbon rejection processes Delayed coking, fluid coking Hydrogen production from natural gas Some refineries configured to make finished products in Alberta from bitumen derived feedstocks Market for SCO and bitumen blends primarily in the USA

19 All the Way to Finished Products Gasoline Crude oil Jet fuel Diesel

20 Finished Products An upgrader is typically 90% of a refinery Finished products are primarily: Gasoline Diesel fuel Jet fuel Potential production of petrochemical feedstocks

21 Adding Value to Bitumen Source: North West Upgrading Production through refining

22 Adding Value including Petrochemicals Source: AERI

23 US Refinery Configurations Gasoline Crude oil Jet fuel Diesel

24 Feedstocks What was the refinery designed to process? West Texas Intermediate is a benchmark Processing SCO and bitumen blends require different configurations SCO has no high boiling fraction Bitumen blends include the non bitumen piece Naphtha (DILBIT) SCO (SYNBIT)

25 Crude Oil to gasoline - Typical Yields 100% 90% 80% Naphtha and lighter (IBP to 330 F) Yields (vol) 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Jet fuel (330 to 480 F) Diesel (480 to 650 F) Vacuum Gas Oil (650 to 1000 F) Residue (1000 F+) Brent WTI Cold Lake SCO Typical refinery output

26 Bitumen Blends and SCO lv% Bitumen Synthetic DILBIT SYNBIT Maya Property Bitumen DILBIT Maya light ends naphtha distillate gas oil resid DILBIT looks like Maya (fractions) Except high TAN Sweet synthetic shown is bottomless DILBIT is high sulphur, high acid, high resid API gravity ºAPI sulphur wt% total Nitrogen wtppm 4,817 1,438 3,129 Acid number

27 Low Complexity Refinery 100% 90% 80% 70% Yields (vol) 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Crude Products

28 Refining Markets in North America Source: CAPP US Gulf Coast has the capacity and conversion ability

29 Challenges Dealing with increases in the amount of bitumen derived feedstocks in the future Where to add value?... Production of SCO vs bitumen blends Producing finished products adds the most value New technology and innovation are under development Environmental pressures Making it happen