Introduction to Music

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1 Introduction to Music

2 Review Johann Sebastian Bach Baroque Suite Chorale and Church Cantata Organ Music George Frideric Handel Oratorio

3 Seven Years War

4 Seven Years War Louis XVI in France

5 Seven Years War Louis XVI in France Am. Declaration of Independence 1776

6 Seven Years War Louis XVI in France Am. Declaration of Independence 1776 French Revolution 1789

7 Seven Years War Louis XVI in France Am. Declaration of Independence 1776 French Revolution 1789 Napoleon: first French consul 1799

8 Seven Years War Louis XVI in France Am. Declaration of Independence 1776 French Revolution 1789 Napoleon: first French consul 1799 Napoleonic Wars

9 Seven Years War Louis XVI in France Am. Declaration of Independence 1776 French Revolution 1789 Napoleon: first French consul 1799 Napoleonic Wars Goethe: Faust 1808

10 Seven Years War Louis XVI in France Am. Declaration of Independence 1776 French Revolution 1789 Napoleon: first French consul 1799 Napoleonic Wars Goethe: Faust 1808 Austin: Pride and Prejudice 1813

11 Scientific advances changed world view

12 Scientific advances changed world view Faith in the power of reason

13 Scientific advances changed world view Faith in the power of reason Undermining of traditional authority

14 Scientific advances changed world view Faith in the power of reason Undermining of traditional authority Age of Enlightenment

15 Scientific advances changed world view Faith in the power of reason Undermining of traditional authority Age of Enlightenment Rise of the middle class worker

16 Scientific advances changed world view Faith in the power of reason Undermining of traditional authority Age of Enlightenment Rise of the middle class worker Visual arts moved away from the ornate Baroque style

17 Scientific advances changed world view Faith in the power of reason Undermining of traditional authority Age of Enlightenment Rise of the middle class worker Visual arts moved away from the ornate Baroque style Favored light colors, curved lines, and graceful ornaments

18 Classical Style Transition to Period

19 Classical Style Transition to Period C.P.E. and J.C. Bach: early pioneers

20 Classical Style Transition to Period C.P.E. and J.C. Bach: early pioneers Concentrated on simplicity and clarity

21 Classical Style Term Classical

22 Classical Style Term Classical Greek and Roman antiquity

23 Classical Style Term Classical Greek and Roman antiquity Supreme accomplishment of lasting appeal

24 Classical Style Term Classical Greek and Roman antiquity Supreme accomplishment of lasting appeal Anything that is not rock, jazz, folk, or popular

25 Classical Style Term Classical Greek and Roman antiquity Supreme accomplishment of lasting appeal Anything that is not rock, jazz, folk, or popular Music and visual arts stress balance and clarity of structure

26 Three main composers: Joseph Haydn Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Ludwig van Beethoven

27 Characteristics of the Classical Style Contrast of Mood

28 Characteristics of the Classical Style Contrast of Mood Contrasts both between & within movements

29 Characteristics of the Classical Style Contrast of Mood Contrasts both between & within movements Flexibility of Rhythm

30 Characteristics of the Classical Style Contrast of Mood Contrasts both between & within movements Flexibility of Rhythm Multiple rhythmic patterns for variety

31 Characteristics of the Classical Style Contrast of Mood Contrasts both between & within movements Flexibility of Rhythm Multiple rhythmic patterns for variety Texture

32 Characteristics of the Classical Style Contrast of Mood Contrasts both between & within movements Flexibility of Rhythm Multiple rhythmic patterns for variety Texture Mostly homophonic, but with frequent shifts

33 Characteristics of the Classical Style Melody

34 Characteristics of the Classical Style Melody Tuneful, easy to remember

35 Characteristics of the Classical Style Melody Tuneful, easy to remember Composers borrowed popular tunes

36 Characteristics of the Classical Style Melody Tuneful, easy to remember Composers borrowed popular tunes Dynamics

37 Characteristics of the Classical Style Melody Tuneful, easy to remember Composers borrowed popular tunes Dynamics Emotions expressed in shades of dynamics

38 Characteristics of the Classical Style Melody Tuneful, easy to remember Composers borrowed popular tunes Dynamics Emotions expressed in shades of dynamics Use of gradual dynamic changes

39 Characteristics of the Classical Style Melody Tuneful, easy to remember Composers borrowed popular tunes Dynamics Emotions expressed in shades of dynamics Use of gradual dynamic changes Related to development of the piano soft/loud

40 The Classical Orchestra

41 The Classical Orchestra Increase in size of orchestra standard group of four sections

42 The Classical Orchestra Increase in size of orchestra standard group of four sections Strings: first & second violins, violas, cellos, double bass

43 The Classical Orchestra Increase in size of orchestra standard group of four sections Strings: first & second violins, violas, cellos, double bass Woodwinds: 2 each flutes, oboes, clarinets, bassoons

44 The Classical Orchestra Increase in size of orchestra standard group of four sections Strings: first & second violins, violas, cellos, double bass Woodwinds: 2 each flutes, oboes, clarinets, bassoons Brass: 2 each French horns, trumpets

45 The Classical Orchestra Increase in size of orchestra standard group of four sections Strings: first & second violins, violas, cellos, double bass Woodwinds: 2 each flutes, oboes, clarinets, bassoons Brass: 2 each French horns, trumpets Percussion 2 timpani

46 The Classical Orchestra Composers exploited individual tone colors

47 The Classical Orchestra Composers exploited individual tone colors Each section had a special role

48 The Classical Orchestra Composers exploited individual tone colors Each section had a special role Strings most important with violins taking the melody

49 The Classical Orchestra Composers exploited individual tone colors Each section had a special role Strings most important with violins taking the melody Woodwinds added contrasting tone

50 The Classical Orchestra Composers exploited individual tone colors Each section had a special role Strings most important with violins taking the melody Woodwinds added contrasting tone Horns & trumpets brought power to loud passages

51 The Classical Orchestra Composers exploited individual tone colors Each section had a special role Strings most important with violins taking the melody Woodwinds added contrasting tone Horns & trumpets brought power to loud passages Timpani used for rhythmic bite & emphasis

52 Classical Forms Instrumental works consist of several movements that contrast in tempo & character

53 Classical Forms Instrumental works consist of several movements that contrast in tempo & character First movement fast

54 Classical Forms Instrumental works consist of several movements that contrast in tempo & character First movement fast Second movement slow

55 Classical Forms Instrumental works consist of several movements that contrast in tempo & character First movement fast Second movement slow Third movement dance related

56 Classical Forms Instrumental works consist of several movements that contrast in tempo & character First movement fast Second movement slow Third movement dance related Fourth movement Fast

57 Classical Forms Movements might use different forms

58 Classical Forms Movements might use different forms A B A

59 Classical Forms Movements might use different forms A B A Theme and Variations

60 Classical Forms Movements might use different forms A B A Theme and Variations Sonata

61 Classical Forms Movements might use different forms A B A Theme and Variations Sonata Minuet and Trio

62 Classical Forms Movements might use different forms A B A Theme and Variations Sonata Minuet and Trio Rondo

63 Classical Forms Movements might use different forms A B A Theme and Variations Sonata Minuet and Trio Rondo Movements often contrast themes vividly

64 Composer, Patron, and Public in the Classical Period Changing society affected musicians

65 Composer, Patron, and Public in the Classical Period Changing society affected musicians Haydn: worked 30 years for aristocratic family

66 Composer, Patron, and Public in the Classical Period Changing society affected musicians Haydn: worked 30 years for aristocratic family Mozart: began at court, broke away, died poor

67 Composer, Patron, and Public in the Classical Period Changing society affected musicians Haydn: worked 30 years for aristocratic family Mozart: began at court, broke away, died poor Beethoven: successful as an independent musician

68 Composer, Patron, and Public in the Classical Period Prospering middle class wanted aristocratic pleasures (theatre, literature, music)

69 Composer, Patron, and Public in the Classical Period Prospering middle class wanted aristocratic pleasures (theatre, literature, music) Public concerts became common, with middle class purchasing tickets

70 Composer, Patron, and Public in the Classical Period Prospering middle class wanted aristocratic pleasures (theatre, literature, music) Public concerts became common, with middle class purchasing tickets Demand for printed music, instruments & music lessons

71 Composer, Patron, and Public in the Classical Period Prospering middle class wanted aristocratic pleasures (theatre, literature, music) Public concerts became common, with middle class purchasing tickets Demand for printed music, instruments & music lessons Composers wrote music that would sell

72 Composer, Patron, and Public in the Classical Period Prospering middle class wanted aristocratic pleasures (theatre, literature, music) Public concerts became common, with middle class purchasing tickets Demand for printed music, instruments & music lessons Composers wrote music that would sell Serious compositions flavored by folk and popular music

73 Vienna in the 18th Century

74 Vienna Became the musical capital of Europe

75 Vienna Became the musical capital of Europe Musicians came to study and be recognized

76 Vienna Became the musical capital of Europe Musicians came to study and be recognized Aristocrats wintering there would bring their orchestras

77 Vienna Became the musical capital of Europe Musicians came to study and be recognized Aristocrats wintering there would bring their orchestras Musicians, including Mozart and Beethoven, frequently played gigs in wealthy homes

78 Vienna Became the musical capital of Europe Musicians came to study and be recognized Aristocrats wintering there would bring their orchestras Musicians, including Mozart and Beethoven, frequently played gigs in wealthy homes Many musicians also worked in serenading street bands

79 Theme and Variations Single part form no contrasting B section (A A A A )

80 Theme and Variations Single part form no contrasting B section (A A A A ) Basic idea repeated again and again

81 Theme and Variations Single part form no contrasting B section (A A A A ) Basic idea repeated again and again Each repeat alters (varies) the musical idea

82 Theme and Variations Single part form no contrasting B section (A A A A ) Basic idea repeated again and again Each repeat alters (varies) the musical idea Each variation is about the same length as the original idea

83 Theme and Variations Single part form no contrasting B section (A A A A ) Basic idea repeated again and again Each repeat alters (varies) the musical idea Each variation is about the same length as the original idea Variations may alter melody, harmony, rhythm, dynamics, timbre, or all of these

84 Haydn: Symphony No. 94 Surprise, Mvt. 2

85 Minuet and Trio Ternary form based upon stately court dance of the Baroque

86 Minuet and Trio Ternary form based upon stately court dance of the Baroque Each ternary part is itself ternary: Minuet Trio Minuet A B A : a : : b a : : c : : d c : a b a

87 Minuet and Trio Ternary form based upon stately court dance of the Baroque Each ternary part is itself ternary: Minuet Trio Minuet A B A : a : : b a : : c : : d c : a b a Return of the Minuet is usually marked on the music as da capo

88 Mozart: Eine kleine Nachtmusik, K. 525, Mvt. 3 Minuet and Trio Form Minuet Trio Minuet A B A : a : : b a : : c : : d c : a b a

89 Mozart: Eine kleine Nachtmusik, K. 525, Mvt. 3 Minuet and Trio Form Minuet Trio Minuet A B A : a : : b a : : c : : d c : a b a

90 Rondo Features a tuneful main theme that returns over and over

91 Rondo Features a tuneful main theme that returns over and over Lively, pleasing and simple to remember

92 Rondo Features a tuneful main theme that returns over and over Lively, pleasing and simple to remember Main theme alternates contrasting sections

93 Rondo Features a tuneful main theme that returns over and over Lively, pleasing and simple to remember Main theme alternates contrasting sections A B A C A (small rondo)

94 Rondo Features a tuneful main theme that returns over and over Lively, pleasing and simple to remember Main theme alternates contrasting sections A B A C A (small rondo) A B A C A B A (large rondo)

95 Rondo Features a tuneful main theme that returns over and over Lively, pleasing and simple to remember Main theme alternates contrasting sections A B A C A (small rondo) A B A C A B A (large rondo) Note similarity to modern Pop music forms

96 Beethoven: String Quartet in C Minor, Op. 18, No. 4 Fourth movement, Rondo

97 Beethoven: String Quartet in C Minor, Op. 18, No. 4 Fourth movement, Rondo

98 Sonata Form Refers to form of a single movement

99 Sonata Form Refers to form of a single movement Ternary form (A B A) three main sections

100 Sonata Form Refers to form of a single movement Ternary form (A B A) three main sections Exposition

101 Sonata Form Refers to form of a single movement Ternary form (A B A) three main sections Exposition Initial statement of first and second themes

102 Sonata Form Refers to form of a single movement Ternary form (A B A) three main sections Exposition Initial statement of first and second themes Entire section usually repeated

103 Sonata Form Development

104 Sonata Form Development Tension building section

105 Sonata Form Development Tension building section Themes broken into fragments motives

106 Sonata Form Development Tension building section Themes broken into fragments motives Recapitulation

107 Sonata Form Development Tension building section Themes broken into fragments motives Recapitulation Resolution of tension

108 Sonata Form Development Tension building section Themes broken into fragments motives Recapitulation Resolution of tension Re-statement of first and second themes

109 Sonata Form Development Tension building section Themes broken into fragments motives Recapitulation Resolution of tension Re-statement of first and second themes Often concludes with a tag or tail Coda

110 Beethoven: Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, First Mvt Sonata Form

111 Beethoven: Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, First Mvt Sonata Form Exposition

112 Beethoven: Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, First Mvt Sonata Form Exposition Development

113 Beethoven: Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, First Mvt Sonata Form Exposition Development Recapitulation

114 Beethoven: Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, First Mvt Sonata Form Exposition Development Recapitulation Coda

115 Beethoven: Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, First Mvt

116 Beethoven: Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, First Mvt

117 Looking Ahead Classical Symphony Classical Concerto Classical Chamber Music Joseph Haydn Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Ludwig van Beethoven

118

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