Arduino Training. Based on kit from

Transcription

1 Arduino Training Topics: Microcontrollers Arduino Schematic Explanation Programming Basics Digital Output Analog to Digital Conversion 16x2 LCD Interfacing Based on kit from

2 Kit Content LED with series resistor

3 Prototyping Shield Basic Jumpers

4 What is a Microcontroller A small computer on a single chip containing a processor, memory, and input/output Typically "embedded" inside some device that they control A microcontroller is often small and low cost

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6 What is a Development Board? A printed circuit board designed to facilitate work with a particular microcontroller. How is it made? Typical components include: power circuit programming interface basic input; usually buttons and LEDs I/O pins How is it made?

7 Schamatic Circuit Idea PCB Layout PCB Factory Completed PCB PCB Assembly and Testing Bare PCB

8 PCB CAD Files Functional Board

9 Arduino can be used as avrdude programmer to program other AVR uc. Some arduino boards have jumpers to configure its hardware for such applications Arduino as programmer

10 Arduino as programmer USB to UART USB Jack RESET 5V Voltage Regulator ATMEGA 328 DC Jack

11 The Arduino Microcontroller: Atmel ARV Atmega 328 Specification Making-robots-with-arduino.pdf

12 What is the Arduino todbot.com/blog/bionicarduino

13 Getting Started Check out: 1. Download & install the Arduino environment (IDE) 2. Connect the board to your computer via the UBS cable 3. If needed, install the drivers (not needed in lab) 4. Launch the Arduino IDE 5. Select your board 6. Select your serial port 7. Open the blink example 8. Upload the program

14 Try It: Connect the USB Cable todbot.com/blog/bionicarduino

15 Arduino IDE See: for more information

16 The Environment

17 Parts of the Sketch

18 Select Serial Port and Board

19 Status Messages todbot.com/blog/bionicarduino

20 todbot.com/blog/bionicarduino

21 A Little Bit About Programming Code is case sensitive Statements are commands and must end with a semi-colon Comments follow a // or begin with /* and end with */

22 Our First Program This is the default blink code using on board LED on pin 13. You may change it to pin 2 and use circuit on next page.

23 LED Connection LED Current Limiting Resistor Note:-LED is connected to pin 2.

24 Project #2 Fading Introducing a new command analogwrite(pin, val); pin refers to the OUTPUT pin (limited to pins 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11.) denoted by a ~ symbol val 8 bit value (0 255). 0 => 0V 255 => 5V

25 LED Fading Note:-LED is connected to pin 9. LED Current Limiting Resistor

26 Move one of your LED pins over to Pin 9 In Arduino, open up: File Examples 01.Basics Fade

27 Fade - Code Review

28 Fade - Code Review

29 Project# 2 -- Fading Challenge 2a Change the rate of the fading in and out. There are at least two different ways to do this can you figure them out? Challenge 2b Use 2 (or more) LEDs so that one fades in as the other one fades out.

30 Trimpot (Potentiometer) Variable Resistor fixed end wiper fixed end

31 Analog Sensors 3 Pin Potentiometer = var. resistor (circuit) a.k.a. Voltage Divider Circuit wiper fixed ends 1.0 V 1.0 V

32 Trimpot Internal Trimpot

33 Ohms Law (just the basics) Actually, this is the voltage divider

34 analogread() Arduino uses a 10-bit A/D Converter: this means that you get input values from 0 to V 0 5 V 1023 Ex: int sensorvalue = analogread(a0);

35 Using Serial Communication Method used to transfer data between two devices. Data passes between the computer and Arduino through the USB cable. Data is transmitted as zeros ( 0 ) and ones ( 1 ) sequentially. Arduino dedicates Digital I/O pin # 0 to receiving and Digital I/O pin #1 to transmit.

36 Serial Monitor & analogread() Initializes the Serial Communication 9600 baud data rate prints data to serial bus

37 Serial Monitor & analogread() Opens up a Serial Terminal Window

38 Adjust the baudrate to your code baudrate

39 Analog Sensors 2 Pin Analog Sensors = var. resistor Take two sensors -- Use the Serial Monitor and find the range of input values you get for each sensor. MaxAnalogRead = MinAnalogRead =

40 Analog Sensors Examples: Sensors Mic Photoresistor Potentiometer Temp Sensor Flex Sensor Accelerometer Variables soundvolume lightlevel dialposition temperature bend tilt/acceleration

41 Light Sensor

42 NTC Temperature Sensor

43 Set Lamp Intensity

44 // Set Lamp Intensity const int digital1 = 2; // const int digital2 = 3; // const int digital3 = 4; // const int digital4 = 5; // const int pwmout = 9; int sensorvalue; void setup() { // Set Inputs: pinmode(digital1,input); pinmode(digital2,input; pinmode(digital3,input; pinmode(digital4,input; } void loop() { // read the analog in value: if (digitalread(digital1)==0){ sensorvalue = 0; } if (digitalread(digital2)==0){ sensorvalue = 50; } if (digitalread(digital3)==0){ sensorvalue = 150; } if (digitalread(digital4)==0){ sensorvalue = 255; } // wait 2 milliseconds before the next loop // for the analog-to-digital converter to settle // after the last reading: delay(100); }

45 16x2 LCD Connection If the display is blank then adjust contrast adjust trimmer

46 */ /* LiquidCrystal Library - Autoscroll Demonstrates the use a 16x2 LCD display. The LiquidCrystal library works with all LCD displays that are compatible with the Hitachi HD44780 driver. There are many of them out there, and you can usually tell them by the 16-pin interface. This sketch demonstrates the use of the autoscroll() and noautoscroll() functions to make new text scroll or not. The circuit: * LCD RS pin to digital pin 12 * LCD Enable pin to digital pin 11 * LCD D4 pin to digital pin 5 * LCD D5 pin to digital pin 4 * LCD D6 pin to digital pin 3 * LCD D7 pin to digital pin 2 * LCD R/W pin to ground * 10K resistor: * ends to +5V and ground * wiper to LCD VO pin (pin 3) Library originally added 18 Apr 2008 by David A. Mellis library modified 5 Jul 2009 by Limor Fried ( example added 9 Jul 2009 by Tom Igoe modified 22 Nov 2010 by Tom Igoe This example code is in the public domain.

47 // include the library code: #include <LiquidCrystal.h> // initialize the library with the numbers of the interface pins LiquidCrystal lcd(12, 11, 10, 5, 4, 3, 2); void setup() { // set up the LCD's number of columns and rows: lcd.begin(16,2); } void loop() { // set the cursor to (0,0): lcd.setcursor(0, 0); // print from 0 to 9: for (int thischar = 0; thischar < 10; thischar++) { lcd.print(thischar); delay(500); } // set the cursor to (16,1): lcd.setcursor(16,1); // set the display to automatically scroll: lcd.autoscroll(); // print from 0 to 9: for (int thischar = 0; thischar < 10; thischar++) { lcd.print(thischar); delay(500); } // turn off automatic scrolling lcd.noautoscroll(); // clear screen for the next loop: lcd.clear(); }

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49 Electricity \ Electronics Basic Concept Review Ohms Law Voltage Current Resistance Using a Multi-meter

50 Ohm s Law

51 Electrical Properties Voltage V Current I Resistance R Defined as the amount of potential energy in a circuit. Units: Volts (V) The rate of charge flow in a circuit. Units: Amperes (A)

52 Current Flow Analogy High Current Low Current

53 Voltage Analogy Water Tower Water Tower V V More Energy == Higher Voltage Less Energy == Lower Voltage

54 Resistance Analogy Water Tower Water Tower V Big Pipe == Lower Resistance Small Pipe == Higher Resistance

55 Continuity Is it a Circuit? The word circuit is derived from the circle. An Electrical Circuit must have a continuous LOOP from Power (V cc ) to Ground (GND). Continuity is important to make portions of circuits are connect. Continuity is the simplest and possibly the most important setting on your multi-meter. Sometimes we call this ringing out a circuit.

56 Measuring Electricity Voltage Voltage is a measure of potential electrical energy. A voltage is also called a potential difference it is measured between two points in a circuit across a device.

57 Measuring Electricity -- Current Current is the measure of the rate of charge flow. For Electrical Engineers we consider this to be the movement of electrons. In order to measure this you must break the circuit or insert the meter in-line (series).

58 Measuring Electricity -- Resistance Resistance is the measure of how much opposition to current flow is in a circuit. Components should be removed entirely from the circuit to measure resistance. Note the settings on the multi-meter. Make sure that you are set for the appropriate range. Resistance settings

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60 Terminology

61 Digital I/0 pinmode(pin, mode) Sets pin to either INPUT or OUTPUT digitalread(pin) Reads HIGH or LOW from a pin digitalwrite(pin, value) Writes HIGH or LOW to a pin Electronic stuff Output pins can provide 40 ma of current Writing HIGH to an input pin installs a 20KΩ pullup

62 Arduino Timing delay(ms) Pauses for a few milliseconds delaymicroseconds(us) Pauses for a few microseconds More commands: arduino.cc/en/reference/homepage

63 Digital? Analog? Digital has two values: on and off Analog has many (infinite) values Computers don t really do analog, they quantize Remember the 6 analog input pins---here s how they work todbot.com/blog/bionicarduino

64 Bits and Bytes

65 Variables www3.ntu.edu.sg

66 Putting It Together Complete the sketch (program) below. What output will be generated by this program? What if the schematic were changed?

67 Good References

68 The Arduino Environment

69 Board Type

70 Serial Port / COM Port

71 The Environment

72 Parts of the Sketch

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74 Comments Comments can be anywhere

75 Comments Comments can be anywhere Comments created with // or /* and */

76 Comments Comments can be anywhere Comments created with // or /* and */ Comments do not affect code

77 Comments Comments can be anywhere Comments created with // or /* and */ Comments do not affect code You may not need comments, but think about the community!

78 Operators The equals sign = is used to assign a value == is used to compare values

79 Operators And & Or && is and is or

80 Variables Basic variable types: Boolean Integer Character

81 Declaring Variables Boolean: boolean variablename;

82 Declaring Variables Boolean: boolean variablename; Integer: int variablename;

83 Declaring Variables Boolean: boolean variablename; Integer: int variablename; Character: char variablename;

84 Declaring Variables Boolean: boolean variablename; Integer: int variablename; Character: char variablename; String: stringname [ ];

85 Assigning Variables Boolean: variablename = true; or variablename = false;

86 Assigning Variables Boolean: variablename = true; or variablename = false; Integer: variablename = 32767; or variablename = ;

87 Assigning Variables Boolean: variablename = true; or variablename = false; Integer: variablename = 32767; or variablename = ; Character: variablename = A ; or stringname = SparkFun ;

88 Variable Scope Where you declare your variables matters

89 Setup void setup ( ) { } The setup function comes before the loop function and is necessary for all Arduino sketches

90 Setup void setup ( ) { } The setup header will never change, everything else that occurs in setup happens inside the curly brackets

91 Setup void setup ( ) { pinmode (13, OUTPUT); } Outputs are declare in setup, this is done by using the pinmode function This particular example declares digital pin # 13 as an output, remember to use CAPS

92 Setup void setup ( ) { Serial.begin;} Serial communication also begins in setup This particular example declares Serial communication at a baud rate of More on Serial later...

93 Setup, Internal Pullup Resistors void setup ( ) { digitalwrite (12, HIGH); } You can also create internal pullup resistors in setup, to do so digitalwrite the pin HIGH This takes the place of the pullup resistors currently on your circuit 7 buttons

94 Setup, Interrupts void setup ( ) { attachinterrupt (interrupt, function, mode) } You can designate an interrupt function to Arduino pins # 2 and 3 This is a way around the linear processing of Arduino

95 Setup, Interrupts void setup ( ) { attachinterrupt (interrupt, function, mode) } Interrupt: the number of the interrupt, 0 or 1, corresponding to Arduino pins # 2 and 3 respectively Function: the function to call when the interrupt occurs Mode: defines when the interrupt should be triggered

96 Setup, Interrupts void setup ( ) { attachinterrupt (interrupt, function, mode) } LOW whenever pin state is low CHANGE whenever pin changes value RISING whenever pin goes from low to high FALLING whenever pin goes from low to high Don t forget to CAPITALIZE

97 If Statements if ( this is true ) { do this; }

98 If if ( this is true ) { do this; }

99 Conditional if ( this is true ) { do this; }

100 Action if ( this is true ) { do this; }

101 Else else { do this; }

102 Basic Repetition loop For while

103 Basic Repetition void loop ( ) { }

104 Basic Repetition void loop ( ) { }

105 Basic Repetition void loop ( ) { } The void in the header is what the function will return (or spit out) when it happens, in this case it returns nothing so it is void

106 Basic Repetition void loop ( ) { } The loop in the header is what the function is called, sometimes you make the name up, sometimes (like loop) the function already has a name

107 Basic Repetition void loop ( ) { } The ( ) in the header is where you declare any variables that you are passing (or sending) the function, the loop function is never passed any variables

108 Basic Repetition void loop ( ) { }

109 Basic Repetition for (int count = 0; count<10; count++) { //for action code goes here //this could be anything }

110 Basic Repetition for (int count = 0; count<10; count++) { //for action code goes here }

111 Basic Repetition for (int count = 0; count<10; count++) { //for action code goes here }

112 Basic Repetition for (int count = 0; count<10; count++) { //for action code goes here }

113 Basic Repetition for (int count = 0; count<10; count++) { //for action code goes here }

114 Basic Repetition for (int count = 0; count<10; count++) { //for action code goes here }

115 Basic Repetition for (int count = 0; count<10; count++) { //for action code goes here }

116 Basic Repetition while ( count<10 ) { //while action code goes here }

117 Basic Repetition while ( count<10 ) { //while action code goes here //should include a way to change count //variable so the computer is not stuck //inside the while loop forever }

118 Basic Repetition while ( count<10 ) { //looks basically like a for loop //except the variable is declared before //and incremented inside the while //loop }

119 Basic Repetition Or maybe: while ( digitalread(buttonpin)==1 ) { //instead of changing a variable //you just read a pin so the computer //exits when you press a button //or a sensor is tripped }

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