Low Voltage and Medium Voltage. Variable Frequency Drives: Application Considerations
|
|
- Julian Hilary Lambert
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Low Voltage and Medium Voltage Variable Frequency Drives: Application Considerations PREPARED FOR 5 th Eastern Canadian Electrical and Instrumentation Conference for the Pulp, Paper And Sawmill Industry September 16-18, 1997 Sudbury Robert A. Hanna Ph.D., P. ENG., FIEE
2 1.0 INTRODUCTION Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs) have provided the industry significant advantages in improved process control, higher efficiencies and energy savings. The reliability of low voltage and medium voltage VFDs have improved significantly in the last decade due to improvements in switching devices, cooling system, harmonic mitigation, design of converters/inverters and control systems. VFD technology has matured and the cost of adopting it has become more economical as is evident by the increased number of drives put in service over the last few years. This presentation covers the application of VFD to variable torque, constant torque and constant horsepower type load. It describes the principles of VFD, the use of semiconductor switching devices for power conversion and the basic types and key features of low voltage and medium voltage VFDs. It also highlights the harmonic problems encountered when using VFD for new or retrofit applications, mitigation techniques to suppress harmonics and reviews IEEE standard for harmonic guidelines. 2.0 PRINCIPLES OF VARIABLE FRQUENCY DRIVES Variable frequency drives used with AC induction motors are required to produce variable frequency / variable voltage to control the speed of the motor. Frequency is controlled in order to vary the speed of the motor according to the following formula: Speed = 120 x Frequency / No. Of Poles Voltage is varied along with the frequency so that the flux density in the air gap between the rotor and stator, and therefore, the torque produced by the motor can be controlled. A constant relationship between voltage and frequency (volts/hertz) must be maintained, see Figure 1, to optimize motor utilization and keep constant rated flux. Higher or lower volts/hertz ratio would result in overexcited or under-excited motor respectively, and improper motor utilization. For example, for 575V motor the volts/hertz ratio is 9.6 and for 4160 motor the ratio is across the operating speed up to 60 Hz. Above 60 Hz the voltage is kept constant at rated value and only frequency is linearly increased, and this results in constant horsepower. The torque, in this case, is inversely proportional 2
3 3
4 to speed, but their product is equal to constant horsepower. Figure 2 shows the torque speed characteristics of an induction motor at different supply frequencies and constant volts/hertz ratio. 3.0 SEMICONDUCTOR POWER SWITCHING DEVICES FOR VFDs Power conversion in low and medium voltage variable frequency drive is typically achieved by using one of the following four semiconductor power switching devices in inverter circuit. Silicon-Controlled Rectifier (SCR) Gate turn-off Thyristor (GTO) Bi-Polar transistor Insulated gate Bi-polar transistor (IGBT) An ideal switching device for VFDs would include the following features, all of which will permit a simpler, more reliable, low cost VFD design at higher horsepower: Internal losses would be very low to provide a high operating efficiency, leading to small size and low cost. Switching controls would be simple. The device would be easy to switch on or off, keeping the logic controls and associated power circuits to a minimum for low cost and reliability. Switching frequency capability would be fairly high. The device could be switched on or off at high frequencies, allowing the inverter to produce a variable frequency sine wave with minimum harmonics to minimize motor heating. Surge rating would be high. The device would have ample overcurrent and overvoltage capacity to improve reliability and to simplify protection. Current and voltage ratings would be high. The device could be manufactured easily and reliably for high-horsepower applications. 4
5 5
6 The choice between the above switching devices depends largely on the manufacturer s experiences and drive size. For VFD application, one can essentially classify all semiconductor devices into two broad categories: 1. Those devices which only require an impulse on their gate to be turned on. These are SCRs type devices (also called thyristor) and they were the first to be introduced. Due to their high voltage and current ratings, they are still employed particularly for large VFDs up to HP. Their primary limitations have traditionally been their low switching frequency and switching losses. In addition, they may require some rather sophisticated external control circuitry to allow SCRs to be turned off. The gate turn-off thyristor (GTO), featuring a second gate, was introduced in the 80s to address these issues. The second gate allows GTO to be conveniently turned off without power commutating circuits. GTO devices have moderate switching frequency and moderate voltage and current ratings. GTO devices have been used in medium voltage VFDs ranging 400HP HP. 2. Those devices that require a permanent current at their gate to keep them in the conducting state. These are IGBT and a bi-polar transistor type devices and require no external circuitry for turn on or turn off purposes. However, they have limited voltage and current ratings when compared to SCR to be widely used in medium voltage VFDs for high HP ratings. The IGBT is currently the most popular switching device in low voltage 480V and 575V VFD technology and for rating up to 1000 HP. This is because of its higher gain, lower losses and fast switching up to 20 khz. In the last two years, IGBT devices have been employed in 2300V and 4160V medium voltage VFDs up to 5000 HP ratings and their acceptance is growing. IGBT produces very steep voltage waveform due to its fast switching and extra precaution should be taken for motor insulation protection particularly in retrofit applications and long run cables. 6
7 The voltage and current ratings for the switching devices described here should only be used as a guideline since this technology is rapidly changing. The drive manufacturer must always be consulted for the most up-to-date drive current and voltage ratings. 4.0 BASIC TYPES OF LOW VOLTAGE VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVES The basic components of a VFD are a line converter (rectifier), DC link and load converter (inverter). The rectifier changes constant AC input voltage to constant or variable DC output voltage. The inverter alters the DC to variable voltage/frequency AC power fed to motor. The rectifier performs the power conversion using diodes (uncontrolled DC voltage) or SCR (controlled DC voltage). The switching power devices typically used in an inverter circuit to achieve variable voltage/frequency are those described in the previous section. It should be noted that all types of VFDs described here have soft start capability to control motor starting current and acceleration time. The basic topologies used to produce low voltage VFD are voltage source inverter (VSI, also called variable voltage inverter VVI), current source inverter (CSI) and pulse width modulated (PWM). When low voltage VFD is applied to 2300V or 4160V motor an output step-up transformer is used to match the inverter voltage to motor voltage. 4.1 VSI Drives The VSI drive, Figure 3, consists of a controlled rectifier (SCRs) to convert the incoming AC voltage to variable DC voltage. The frequency of the output is controlled by sequentially switching the transistors or SCRs in the inverter section in six discrete steps to produce the output voltage shown in Figure 3. This inverter concept was one of the firsts to be introduced in the 70s in low voltage VFDs and is not widely used at present. The six-step inverter circuit is characterized by the use of capacitors in the DC link. 7
8 8
9 The inverter output is controlled independent of load, so any squirrel cage induction motor, or even a group of motors, within the rating of the inverter may be driven by a VSI drive. Harmonic currents are proportional to the imposed harmonic voltages in the output wave and inversely proportional to motor leakage reactance. Motors designed with large leakage reactance reduce the harmonic currents, motor heating and pulsation torque. Regeneration, if required, is possible but with additional converter section. The main features of VSI drives are: Power rating up to 1,000 HP Speed reduction 10 : 1 Suitable for variable torque and constant torque load applications. Efficiency range % Poor input power factor at low operating speeds Inverter power and control circuit is reasonably simple For retrofit application, motor derating might be necessary to account for harmonics and reduced cooling. 4.2 CSI Drives Current source inverter drives can be identified by the large reactor in the DC bus, see Figure 4. Most current source drives require that a motor be connected before the drive has the capability to commutate. Motor inductance characteristics, in addition to capacitors in the drive, are part of the commutation circuit. This makes it difficult to retrofit these drives to existing fixed speed motor. The most common designs of CSI drive do create high voltage spikes during commutation. This could be a factor in selecting the drive in the higher voltage drives (2300 V and above) to assure that the insulation on the motor will not be damaged by the voltage spikes. An alternative design to this approach is one, which includes capacitors on the output to minimize the voltage spikes. The harmonic currents are determined by the harmonics in the output wave while the harmonic voltages generated in the motor are proportional 9
10 10
11 to leakage reactance. Motor heating is less in motors with low leakage reactance. The main advantage of the CSI drive is its ability to have complete control of motor current, which results in complete torque control. However, this current controlling characteristic necessitates a large filter inductor and a semi-complex regulator due to the difficulty of controlling the motor solely by current. The main features of low voltage CSI drives are: Power rating 50 1,500 HP Speed reduction 10 : 1 Suitable for variable torque, constant torque load applications. Efficiency range % Poor input power factor at low operating speeds Inverter power circuit is simple, but control circuit is semi-complex. Not suitable for retrofit applications Regeneration capability It should be noted that CSI design concept is hardly used at present for low voltage VFDs but it is employed with some modifications for medium voltage VFDs. 4.3 PWM Drives PWM inverter is the most popular topology used today in the 480V and 600 V levels and has become almost the standard in the low voltage VFD industry. The PWM drive, see Figure 5, utilizes a diode rectifier to provide a constant DC voltage. The inverter section in this type of drive is required to control both voltage and frequency. This is done by varying the width of the output pulses as well as the frequency in such a way that the effective voltage is approximately sinusoidal. Almost universally, all low voltage VFD manufacturers employ IGBTs switching devices in the inverter circuit. The main feature of IGBT device is its capability to be switched on or off at high frequencies, allowing the inverter to produce a variable frequency sine wave with minimum harmonics to minimize motor heating. Typically the switching frequency ranges between 2 khz to 11
12 12
13 20 khz and voltage rise time is less than 0.2 microseconds. The higher the switching frequency the higher is the output voltage rate of rise and this could provide problems to the motor insulation. A steep wave front pulse does not allow the voltage to distribute itself evenly across all the mesh stator windings. The first few turns experience most of the initial voltage rise and this repeatedly exert voltage stress and ultimately could result in winding failure. Experience has shown that this problem is more profound when the motor is located over 50 ft from the VFD. The combination of motor inductance and cable capacitance could cause the pulse voltage to be as high as 2 times the DC bus voltage, namely, for 575 V VFD the DC voltage is 800 V and the spike voltage across the motor to be 1600 V. In the last 2-3 years, there have been several incidences reported for motor winding experiencing insulation failures in the first or last few turns when operating with IGBTs inverters. Motor manufacturers are now offering inverter duty motors that have improved insulation system. NEMA MG1 Standard has added a new section part 31 that specifies limitations for definite purpose inverter-fed motors. It calls for motors rated 600 V to withstand voltage spike up to 1.6 KV with a rise time greater than 0.1 microseconds. Many motor manufacturers are now building an inverter duty motor that complies with this new standard. In addition, it is become fairly common to install 3%-5% reactor between the inverter and motor when feeder cable is greater than 50 ft to mitigate the voltage spikes imposed on motor. It should be noted that this kind of drives are also sensitive to input line disturbances and this result in nuisance tripping particularly during utility capacitors switching. Input line reactors with 3% value are typically installed to mitigate this problem. The main features of low voltage PWM drive are: Power rating 5 1,500 HP Speed reduction 30 : 1 Suitable for variable torque and constant torque load applications. 13
14 Efficiency range % Input power factor is near unity Inverter power circuit is simple but control circuit is complex Motor voltage stress is increased at higher switching frequency Susceptible to incoming line disturbances mainly due to capacitor switching Noisy when operating at lower carrier frequency Suitable for retrofit application and less motor derating is required, because harmonic currents are reduced. In certain applications where high starting torque (above 150 %) is required at 150 % starting current, conventional PWM drive could be modified to include flux vector control. In this case, the magnetizing current component and torque-producing component of the stator current are both independently controlled. This type of drive controller requires and encoder mounted on motor shaft to measure the actual speed. The flux vector controllers are also used when automatic reacceleration (after a momentary loss of power) is specified for high inertia load such as induced draft fan. The controller is capable to almost instantaneously acquire synchronism with motor (catch on fly) upon power restoration thus avoiding process upset. Flux vector control can be retrofitted on existing PWM drives. 5.0 BASIC TYPES OF MEDIUM VOLTAGE VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVES The basic components of medium voltage VFDs are identical to low voltage VFDs, namely rectifier front end, DC bus and inverter. Medium voltage VFDs operating voltage is at 2300V, 4160V or 6600V but the majority are designed at 4160V. Medium voltage VFDs size ranges between 400HP to 20000HP. The highest speed for which a VFD was built is 11000rpm for compressor application at 3500HP rating. First medium voltage drive for induction motor was introduced to the market in Presently, there are over 1500 medium voltage VFDs in service in North America, and over 15 in Ontario ranging from 700 HP to 3500 HP. The use of medium voltage drives is increasing and over 400 drives were 14
15 sold in 1996 in North America and this number is expected to reach 500 in There are four manufacturers of medium voltage VFDs in North America and this number is expected to increase to six by the end of All manufacturers offer both air and liquid cooled VFDs depending on size and customer requirements. Typically, drives rated up to 2500 HP are air-cooled and above that are liquid cool to reduce the requirements for air-conditioning system. Heat loss produced by air cool drives is typically 2% KW/HP rating, namely, for example, for 2500 HP rating the heat loss is 50 KW. All variable frequency drives manufactured today produce at least some harmonic current and voltage, which will be impressed on the motor causing additional heating and voltage stress. The impact of VFD on motor or power system depends on drive topologies and switching devices. Generally, the basic topology used to produce medium voltage VFDs are current source inverter pulse width modulated (CSI-PWM), three level voltage source inverter pulse width modulated (VSI PWM) and multipulse pulse width modulated. 5.1 CSI PWM Drives This drive concept was introduced in the market in 1993 and since then there are several hundreds of drives in service for pumps, fans and compressors applications. The CSI PWM drive, see Figure 6, consists of rectifier circuit utilizing SCRs in to convert 60 Hz input supply to variable DC supply, large reactor in the DC link and PWM inverter using GTOs coupled to an output capacitor for high order harmonic reduction. PWM inverter uses Selective Harmonic Elimination (SHE) techniques to eliminate lower order harmonics mostly the dominant 5 th and 7 th components. The key features of CSI PWM drives are: Power rating up to HP Suitable for variable torque and constant torque application Input isolating transformer is required for retrofit applications and is optional for new applications. 15
16 16
17 Input converter (rectifier) can be configured in 6 pulse or 12 pulse for harmonic reduction. Input power factor reduces linearly with speed and input filter could be required for power factor correction and harmonic reduction Regeneration capability for motor braking Air cooled or liquid cooled with redundant pumps Bypass option Redundancy in switching components Vector control for high torque, low speed application (extruder) Levels Voltage Source PWM Drives At present, this drive topology is not adopted by VFD manufacturers in North America but mostly used in Europe. The drive, see Figure 7 has diode rectifier input, a large DC link capacitor and PWM inverter that normally uses GTOs arranged in three levels. Typically, these drives are build at 3300V thus limiting their use for retrofit applications with motors rated 4160V or for new applications having bypass. The key features of VSI PWM drives are: Power rating up to 5000 HP Suitable for variable torque and constant torque application Input isolating transformer is required for new and retrofit applications Input converter (rectifier) can be configured in 6 pulse or 12 pulse for harmonic reduction. Input power factor is greater than 0.95 throughout the speed range Mostly liquid cooled with redundant pumps 17
18 18
19 5.3 Multi- Level Voltage Source PWM Drives This drive technology was first introduced to the market in early 1995 for use with medium voltage induction motors. The drive is characterized by the use of multi-winding indoor input isolating transformer, multi-pulse diode rectifier and multi-pulse IGBTs PWM inverter, see Figure 8. The drive converter consists of several cells connected in series to produce the required motor voltage, namely, three cells in series per phase for 2300V and five cells in series for 4160V. Each cell design is identical to low voltage 480V PWM circuit. The main features of this drive is as follows: Up to 5000 HP rating built and capability up to HP Suitable for variable torque and constant torque application Input indoor isolating transformer is required for new and retrofit applications Input converter (rectifier) and load converter (inverter) is configured in 18 pulse, or 24 pulse or 30 pulse for harmonic reduction Input power factor remains above 0.95 across operating speed range Meet IEEE harmonic requirements for current and voltage total harmonic distortions at drive input and output without the use of harmonic filters Air cooled with optional redundant fans or liquid cooled with standard redundant pumps. Bypass option Cell bypass Vector control for high torque, low speed application (ex: extruder) 19
20 20
21 6.0 APPLICATION CONSIDERATION OF VFD VFDs are extensively used in industry for various applications. They are normally divided into three categories depending on their torque requirement and these are constant torque, variable torque and constant horsepower. 6.1 Constant Torque Application A constant torque load is characterized as one in which the horsepower requirement is directly proportional to the operating speed. The horsepower torque relationship is defined by the following formula: Torque (lb.ft) = (HP x 5250) / RPM This characteristic is shown graphically in Figure 9. Constant torque is achieved by maintaining the motor current constant at all specified operating speed range. Horsepower requirements is linearly proportional to speed and hence energy saving is less when compared with variable torque application. Therefore, in general, it is difficulty to justify the use of these drives on energy basis alone without considering the other process requirements. For constant torque application, the motor experiences considerable temperature rise when operating at minimum specified speed, because of reduced ventilation and constant current requirement. For self ventilated motor, temperature could rise by up to 20 C above its sine wave rating when running at rated load and 50 % speed. Figure 10 shows a typical motor continuous torque capability versus speed for self-ventilation. In general, the motor is capable to safely operate at rated torque and current between 100 % to 50 % speed particularly if it is designed with 1.15 service factor and class F insulation. Below 50 % speed operation, motor performance should be carefully reviewed to avoid premature winding failures. 21
22 22
23 23
24 Typical examples of constant torque applications are reciprocating compressors, reciprocating pumps, conveyors, screw type mixers, extruders, etc. It is recommended to carry out torsional analysis in large drive constant torque applications especially for two poles motor to ensure that the natural resonance of the mechanical components are not excited by the drive harmonics within the operating speed range. 6.2 Variable Torque Application For variable torque load, the torque varies directly with speed squared, and horsepower varies directly with speed cube, see Figure 11. Harmonic losses are maximum at rated speed. Considerable energy saving is achieved with this application even at slightly reduced speed. For example, at 80 % speed the horsepower requirement is almost 50 % rating. Typical applications are centrifugal pumps, fans and compressors. Motor should be specified with 80 C rise above 40 C ambient when connected to VFD and at rated speed to properly allow for harmonic losses. Class F insulation is recommended. Motor derating is minimal for retrofit variable torque application. Continuous torque capability without motor overheating is from 25 % to 100 % speed for self ventilated machine. 6.3 Constant Horsepower Application For constant horsepower load, torque is a function of speed in the constant horsepower range, such that, as speed is increased, torque will decrease inversely, and horsepower will remain relatively constant, see Figure 12. Typical examples of constant horsepower loads are grinders, lathes and winders. Typically constant horsepower loads are operated above base speed. 24
25 25
26 26
27 7.0 HARMONICS IN VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVES Harmonics currents and voltages are produced whenever VFDs are used. Their operation, as described earlier, require converting AC to DC and DC to AC and this results in generating harmonics both into board and power supply. Common sources of harmonics in industrial electrical system are as follows Variable Frequency Drive Rectifiers DC Motor Drives UPS Arc Furnaces Static Var Generator Cyclo Converter Static Motor Starter The presence of these devices in a plant does not necessarily indicate that there is a harmonic problem. At one extreme, these harmonics may be of low magnitude and, therefore, harmless, or they may be high enough to cause problems such as motor overheating, capacitor s failure and telephone interference. It has been suggested that when 20 % or more of the plant load consists of harmonic producing equipment, then a harmonic study should be considered. Harmonics are currents or voltages which have frequencies that are integer multiples of the fundamental power frequency. For example, for 60 HZ supply the fifth harmonic is 300 HZ. A 3-phase power converter generates harmonic current the order and magnitude of which are given the following equations: h = KP ± 1 Ih = I1 / h h : order of harmonic 27
28 P : number of pulses of the converter system K : any integer 1, 2, 3, --- Ih : harmonic current I1 : fundamental current It can be seen that the magnitude of harmonic current is inversely proportional to its harmonic order, and therefore, the magnitudes of high order harmonics diminish rapidly. A six pulse converter system (P = 6), see Figure 13, would produce harmonic currents of the order 5 th, 7 th, 11 th, 13 th, 17 th, 19 th, 23 rd, etc. For a 12 pulse converter configuration, as shown in Figure 14, the harmonics generated are 11 th, 13 th, 23 rd, 25 th, etc. Therefore, a 12 pulse converter provides a significant reduction in the voltage distortion and, equally important, it eliminates, assuming balanced conditions, the lowest order harmonics of 5 th and 7 th which are typically of most troublesome. The 12 pulse configuration is typically used with drives rated say 2,000 HP and above. 8.0 HARMONIC GUIDELINES In order to compare levels of harmonic distortion in a power system, the Total Harmonic Distortion factor is used, and is defined in IEEE Standard (Recommended practices and requirements for harmonic control in electrical power system) as: ½ THD = [ sum of squares of amplitude of all harmonics ] square of amplitude of fundamental X 100% This standard specifies two criteria to evaluate harmonic distortion: 1. A limitation in the harmonic current that a use can transmit into the utility system. 2. The quality of the voltage that the utility must furnish the user. The first criteria puts the responsibility on the user to limit harmonic current injected back into power system and these limits are given in Table 1. These 28
29 29
30 30
31 31
32 harmonic current limits are based on the size of the user with respect to the size of the power system to which the user is connected. The smaller the ratio of VFD load to available short circuit level, the larger is the harmonic current allowed to be injected back into utility. The second criteria put the responsibility on the utility to furnish the user with a good quality voltage. Table 2 shows the permissible harmonic voltage level at the incoming power supply. Ontario Hydro voltage THD requirements are, in general, more stringent than those given in Table 2. For example at 27.6 KV level Ontario Hydro voltage THD requirement is 3%, whereas IEEE recommends 5%. Another harmonic limitation which is normally very difficult to meet, and is sometimes overlooks is the IT products. This represents the harmonics interference with telephone lines when running in the proximity or power lines. Table 3 shows the IT limits as specified by IEEE Ontario Hydro IT products limits are more stringent than IEEE guidelines and is 5,000A at 27.6 KV voltage level. It is extremely important to consult with the local utility as their harmonic guidelines could have a significant impact on the filter requirement and overall VFD cost. 9.0 CONCLUSIONS The use of medium voltage VFDs is growing rapidly based on the number of drives sold over the last few years. More manufacturers are entering the market to build medium voltage VFDs and this trend is expected to continue. The users have accepted this technology and are employing it to control critical processes. When selecting a VFD for a particular application several factors need to be carefully examined at the initial phase. These include type of VFD, torque requirements at all operating speed range, power quality issues, torsional analysis, impact on existing motor and mechanical equipment, space availability, HVAC requirements, bypass option and redundancy. 32
33 33
34 34
35 For low voltage VFDs, measures should be incorporated to reduce drive susceptibility to incoming line transients as well as impact of output voltage spikes on motor winding. For medium voltage VFDs, the users should become familiar with the various inverter technologies offered by the manufacturers to make a selection that best meets the project requirements. An overall system evaluation should be conducted that includes harmonic filters, motor features, VFD configuration (6 - pulse or 12 - pulse or multi - pulse), bypass option, air versus liquid cool, space requirement, torsional analysis, etc. It is inevitable that harmonics will be generated whenever a VFD is used. The order and magnitude of these harmonics greatly depends on the drive arrangement and system impedance. The principle effect of harmonics on electrical equipment is overheating and possible excitation of the combination of the existing power factor correction capacitors and system impedance. For constant torque application it is recommended to specify a motor with 80 C temperature rise at rated torque and minimum operating speed. For variable torque application, 80 C temperature rise is recommended at rated load and rated speed because harmonic losses are maximum. Class F insulation should always be specified as minimum for constant or variable torque applications. For large VFD installation, harmonic study is recommended to ensure compliance with the utility requirements and that there is no resonance available with power factor correction capacitors. 35
Variable Frequency Drives - a Comparison of VSI versus LCI Systems
Variable Frequency Drives - a Comparison of VSI versus LCI Systems Introduction TMEIC is a leader in the innovative design and manufacture of large ac variable f requency drive systems. TMEIC has been
More informationPrinciples of Adjustable Frequency Drives
What is an Adjustable Frequency Drive? An adjustable frequency drive is a system for controlling the speed of an AC motor by controlling the frequency of the power supplied to the motor. A basic adjustable
More informationUnderstanding Variable Speed Drives
Understanding Variable Speed Drives April 1, 1997 Solomon S. Turkel, Solomon S. When applied properly, the variable frequency drive (VFD) is the most effective motor controller in the industry today. Modern
More informationFREQUENCY CONTROLLED AC MOTOR DRIVE
FREQUENCY CONTROLLED AC MOTOR DRIVE 1.0 Features of Standard AC Motors The squirrel cage induction motor is the electrical motor motor type most widely used in industry. This leading position results mainly
More informationSpecifying a Variable Frequency Drive s
Specifying a Variable Frequency Drive s Put on by Bruce Reeves and Jeremy Gonzales Dykman Electrical Covering the Western US For all of your VFD and Soft Start and Motor Needs How To Specify a Variable
More informationLine Reactors and AC Drives
Line Reactors and AC Drives Rockwell Automation Mequon Wisconsin Quite often, line and load reactors are installed on AC drives without a solid understanding of why or what the positive and negative consequences
More informationFundamentals of Inverter Fed Motors
Fundamentals of Inverter Fed Motors Technical Manual 10/02 MN780 Contents Page The Growing Use Of Inverters.................................................................. 1 How Inverters Affect Motors....................................................................
More informationProduct Data Bulletin
Product Data Bulletin Power System Harmonics Causes and Effects of Variable Frequency Drives Relative to the IEEE 519-1992 Standard Raleigh, NC, U.S.A. INTRODUCTION This document describes power system
More informationThe Facts About Harmonics and Power Factor. Power Quality: Harmonics & Power Factor Correction
The Facts About Harmonics and Power Factor Power Quality: Harmonics & Power Factor Correction 1 Agenda I. Harmonic Basics II. Harmonic Mitigation Methods III. Active Harmonic Filters IV. Applications V.
More informationTransformerless UPS systems and the 9900 By: John Steele, EIT Engineering Manager
Transformerless UPS systems and the 9900 By: John Steele, EIT Engineering Manager Introduction There is a growing trend in the UPS industry to create a highly efficient, more lightweight and smaller UPS
More informationPOWER SYSTEM HARMONICS. A Reference Guide to Causes, Effects and Corrective Measures AN ALLEN-BRADLEY SERIES OF ISSUES AND ANSWERS
A Reference Guide to Causes, Effects and Corrective Measures AN ALLEN-BRADLEY SERIES OF ISSUES AND ANSWERS By: Robert G. Ellis, P. Eng., Rockwell Automation Medium Voltage Business CONTENTS INTRODUCTION...
More informationModelling, Simulation and Performance Analysis of A Variable Frequency Drive in Speed Control Of Induction Motor
International Journal of Engineering Inventions e-issn: 78-7461, p-issn: 319-6491 Volume 3, Issue 5 (December 013) PP: 36-41 Modelling, Simulation and Performance Analysis of A Variable Frequency Drive
More informationWIND TURBINE TECHNOLOGY
Module 2.2-2 WIND TURBINE TECHNOLOGY Electrical System Gerhard J. Gerdes Workshop on Renewable Energies November 14-25, 2005 Nadi, Republic of the Fiji Islands Contents Module 2.2 Types of generator systems
More informationHarmonics and Noise in Photovoltaic (PV) Inverter and the Mitigation Strategies
Soonwook Hong, Ph. D. Michael Zuercher Martinson Harmonics and Noise in Photovoltaic (PV) Inverter and the Mitigation Strategies 1. Introduction PV inverters use semiconductor devices to transform the
More informationDrives Low Voltage. Adjustable Frequency. Adjustable Frequency Drives Low Voltage 32.0-1. Contents
June 2006 Sheet 17.0-1 Adjustable Frequency Drives Low Voltage Contents Application Guide Basic Motor and Adjustable Frequency Drive Theory..................0-2 AC Motors...................................................0-2
More informationSimulation and Analysis of PWM Inverter Fed Induction Motor Drive
Simulation and Analysis of PWM Inverter Fed Induction Motor Drive C.S.Sharma, Tali Nagwani Abstract Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation variable speed drives are increasingly applied in many new industrial
More informationLOW COST MOTOR PROTECTION FILTERS FOR PWM DRIVE APPLICATIONS STOPS MOTOR DAMAGE
LOW COST MOTOR PROTECTION FILTERS FOR PWM DRIVE APPLICATIONS STOPS MOTOR DAMAGE Karl M. Hink, Executive Vice President Originally presented at the Power Quality 99 Conference ABSTRACT Motor protection
More informationIntroduction. Harmonics and IEEE 519 Page 1 of 19
Introduction In an ideal power system, the voltage supplied to customer equipment, and the resulting load current are perfect sine waves. In practice, however, conditions are never ideal, so these waveforms
More informationVARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVE OPERATION AND APPLICATION OF VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVE (VFD) TECHNOLOGY
VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVE OPERATION AND APPLICATION OF VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVE (VFD) TECHNOLOGY Carrier Corporation Syracuse, New York October 2005 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION..........................2
More informationDiscover the power of e-learning! The Quick Guide to AC Variable Frequency
The Quick Guide to AC Variable Frequency This ebook is meant as an easy guide to any electrical or electronic engineer or technician, who would like to know how modern ac variable frequency drives work.
More informationPulse Width Modulated (PWM) Drives. AC Drives Using PWM Techniques
Drives AC Drives Using PWM Techniques Power Conversion Unit The block diagram below shows the power conversion unit in Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) drives. In this type of drive, a diode bridge rectifier
More informationPulse Width Modulated (PWM)
Control Technologies Manual PWM AC Drives Revision 1.0 Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) Figure 1.8 shows a block diagram of the power conversion unit in a PWM drive. In this type of drive, a diode bridge rectifier
More informationSECTION 4 ELECTRIC MOTORS UNIT 17: TYPES OF ELECTRIC MOTORS
SECTION 4 ELECTRIC MOTORS UNIT 17: TYPES OF ELECTRIC MOTORS UNIT OBJECTIVES After studying this unit, the reader should be able to Describe the different types of open single-phase motors used to drive
More informationEET272 Worksheet Week 9
EET272 Worksheet Week 9 answer questions 1-5 in preparation for discussion for the quiz on Monday. Finish the rest of the questions for discussion in class on Wednesday. Question 1 Questions AC s are becoming
More informationOffshore Platform Powered With New Electrical Motor Drive System
Offshore Platform Powered With New Electrical Motor Drive System Authors: Jan O. Lamell, M.Sc E.E. ABB Automation Technologies Presenters: Thomas Johansson, M.Sc E.E. ABB Automation Technologies Timothy
More informationRotating Machinery Diagnostics & Instrumentation Solutions for Maintenance That Matters www.mbesi.com
13 Aberdeen Way Elgin, SC 29045 Cell (803) 427-0791 VFD Fundamentals & Troubleshooting 19-Feb-2010 By: Timothy S. Irwin, P.E. Sr. Engineer tsi@mbesi.com Rotating Machinery Diagnostics & Instrumentation
More informationUNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI FACULTY OF ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND INFORMATION ENGINEERING SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS OF A VARIABLE SPEED DRIVE
UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI FACULTY OF ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND INFORMATION ENGINEERING SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS OF A VARIABLE SPEED DRIVE MATLAB/SIMULINK METHOD PROJECT INDEX: 109 BY NANDWA FRIDAH
More informationAC Induction Motor Slip What It Is And How To Minimize It
AC Induction Motor Slip What It Is And How To Minimize It Mauri Peltola, ABB Oy, Helsinki, Finland The alternating current (AC) induction motor is often referred to as the workhorse of the industry because
More informationHow To Improve A Variable Frequency Drive
VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVES ROLF LINDEBORG ROLF LINDEBORG ITT Flygt AB, Sweden Rolf Lindeborg, 52, grew up in Älvdalen, a small city in the county of Dalecarlia, Sweden. In 1963, he moved to Stockholm. From
More informationPower Quality For The Digital Age INVERTING SOLAR POWER A N E N V IRONME N TA L P OT E N T I A L S W HI T E PA PER. www.ep2000.com 800.500.
Power Quality For The Digital Age INVERTING SOLAR POWER A N E N V IRONME N TA L P OT E N T I A L S W HI T E PA PER Introduction Heat in the System The modern facility has been revolutionized by advancements
More information8 Speed control of Induction Machines
8 Speed control of Induction Machines We have seen the speed torque characteristic of the machine. In the stable region of operation in the motoring mode, the curve is rather steep and goes from zero torque
More informationVARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVES THEORY, APPLICATION, AND TROUBLESHOOTING
VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVES THEORY, APPLICATION, AND TROUBLESHOOTING BY HOWARD W. PENROSE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT CHICAGO ENERGY RESOURCES CENTER 851 SOUTH MORGAN STREET ROOM 1213, SEO, MC156 CHICAGO,
More informationPower Quality Issues, Impacts, and Mitigation for Industrial Customers
Power Quality Issues, Impacts, and Mitigation for Industrial Customers By Kevin Olikara, Power and Energy Management Products Rockwell Automation, Inc. Now, more than ever, electronic equipment and computing
More informationSynchronous motor. Type. Non-excited motors
Synchronous motor A synchronous electric motor is an AC motor in which the rotation rate of the shaft is synchronized with the frequency of the AC supply current; the rotation period is exactly equal to
More informationSAFETY PRECAUTIONS AND INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE OF TECHNICAL INFORMATION
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS AND INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE OF TECHNICAL INFORMATION Please read and understand the product instruction manual before installing, servicing or operating Yaskawa products. Technical content
More informationAND8008/D. Solid State Control Solutions for Three Phase 1 HP Motor APPLICATION NOTE
Solid State Control Solutions for Three Phase 1 HP Motor APPLICATION NOTE INTRODUCTION In all kinds of manufacturing, it is very common to have equipment that has three phase motors for doing different
More informationIntroduction to Power Supplies
Introduction to Power Supplies INTRODUCTION Virtually every piece of electronic equipment e g computers and their peripherals calculators TV and hi-fi equipment and instruments is powered from a DC power
More informationHarmonic Distortion and Variable Frequency Drives
Harmonic Distortion and Variable Frequency Drives Definitions Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs); sometimes referred to as variable speed drives. Harmonic Distortion is a measure of the amount of deviation
More informationPower Quality Paper #3
The Effect of Voltage Dips On Induction Motors by: M D McCulloch 1. INTRODUCTION Voltage depressions caused by faults on the system affect the performance of induction motors, in terms of the production
More informationSYNCHRONOUS MACHINE TESTING WITH MOTOR CIRCUIT ANALYSIS INSTRUMENTATION
SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE TESTING WITH MOTOR CIRCUIT ANALYSIS INSTRUMENTATION Introduction Howard W. Penrose, Ph.D., CMRP Vice President, Engineering and Reliability Services Dreisilker Electric Motors, Inc.
More informationWhat Is Regeneration?
What Is Regeneration? Braking / Regeneration Manual Regeneration Overview Revision 1.0 When the rotor of an induction motor turns slower than the speed set by the applied frequency, the motor is transforming
More information32VFD Variable Frequency Drives for Centrifugal Chillers
32VFD 32VFD Variable Frequency Drives for Centrifugal Chillers ENERGY-SAVING CONTROL FOR CENTRIFUGAL CHILLERS Reduce energy consumption in your existing centrifugal chiller Your chiller was specified to
More information98% Efficient Single-Stage AC/DC Converter Topologies
16 POWER CONVERTERS www.teslaco.com 98% Efficient Single-Stage AC/DC Converter Topologies A new Hybrid Switching Method is introduced in this article which for the first time makes possible AC/DC power
More informationAdjustable Speed Drive
$15.95 CDN Adjustable Speed Drive REFERENCE GUIDE 4th Edition First Edition, November 1987 Second Edition, March 1991 Third Edition, February 1995 Fourth Edition, August 1997 Revised by: Richard Okrasa,
More informationPERPLEXING VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVE VIBRATION PROBLEMS. Brian Howes 1
PERPLEXING VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVE VIBRATION PROBLEMS Brian Howes 1 1 Beta Machinery Analysis Ltd., Calgary, AB, Canada, T3C 0J7 ABSTRACT Several unusual vibration problems have been seen recently that
More informationSYNCHRONOUS MACHINES
SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES The geometry of a synchronous machine is quite similar to that of the induction machine. The stator core and windings of a three-phase synchronous machine are practically identical
More informationWe will discuss common industrial applications with guides for the proper use of electric motors on these.
INTRODUCTION: Baldor Electric Company has prepared this Specifiers Guide to help you cover all the bases when you are specifying electric motors. It will cover in a generic way most of the subjects which
More informationCOMPARISON OF THE FACTS EQUIPMENT OPERATION IN TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
COMPARISON OF THE FACTS EQUIPMENT OPERATION IN TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS Afshin LASHKAR ARA Azad University of Dezfoul - Iran A_lashkarara@hotmail.com Seyed Ali NABAVI NIAKI University of Mazandaran
More informationVARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVES. Energy Efficiency Reference Guide
VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVES Energy Efficiency Reference Guide DISCLAIMER: Neither CEATI International, the authors, nor any of the organizations providing funding support for this work (including any persons
More informationUNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLIES >9900AUPS UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLIES
UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLIES 9900A >9900AUPS UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLIES 9900A The 9900A UPS system uses the most advanced IGBT in both the converter and inverter with Digital Signal Processor (DSP)
More informationENGINEERING BULLETIN No. EB 039 Product: Cooling Towers, Closed Circuit Coolers & Evaporative Condensers Date: June 2003
For Distribution ENGINEERING BULLETIN No. EB 039 Product: Cooling Towers, Closed Circuit Coolers & Evaporative Condensers Date: June 2003 Purpose: Variable Frequency Drives The purpose of this Engineering
More informationHow to Turn an AC Induction Motor Into a DC Motor (A Matter of Perspective) Steve Bowling Application Segments Engineer Microchip Technology, Inc.
1 How to Turn an AC Induction Motor Into a DC Motor (A Matter of Perspective) Steve Bowling Application Segments Engineer Microchip Technology, Inc. The territory of high-performance motor control has
More informationVariable Frequency Drives and Energy Savings
Variable Frequency Drives and Energy Savings It s more than just fan and pump applications www.sea.siemens.com by: Stephen Prachyl www.usa.siemens.com/energysavings When discussing energy savings and variable
More informationInverter technology. bulletin
Inverter technology application bulletin What is the inverter component? The inverter is an electronic power component that continuously varies the electricity supply frequency of an electric motor. The
More informationAdvantages of 6-Pulse VFD with Lineator AUHF vs Active Front End (AFE) Drives
White Paper: AUHF-WP001-A1 August 20, 2015 Advantages of 6-Pulse VFD with Lineator AUHF vs Active Front End (AFE) Drives Prepared by: Anthony (Tony) Hoevenaars, P. Eng President and CEO Mirus International
More informationDC TRANSMISSION BASED ON VOLTAGE SOURCE CONVERTERS
DC TRANSMISSION BASED ON VOLTAGE SOURCE CONVERTERS by Gunnar Asplund, Kjell Eriksson, Hongbo Jiang, Johan Lindberg, Rolf Pålsson, Kjell Svensson ABB Power Systems AB Sweden SUMMARY Voltage Source Converters
More informationFundamentals of Power Electronics. Robert W. Erickson University of Colorado, Boulder
Robert W. Erickson University of Colorado, Boulder 1 1.1. Introduction to power processing 1.2. Some applications of power electronics 1.3. Elements of power electronics Summary of the course 2 1.1 Introduction
More informationSECTION 26 29 23 VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVES
SECTION 26 29 23 VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVES PART 1 GENERAL 1.01 SCOPE A. Furnish and install individual freestanding variable frequency AC drives (VFD) as shown on the Drawings and specified herein. 1.02
More informationTopic 1 Introduction Main Topics (Introduction)
Advanced AC Drive Systems Bin Wu PhD, PEng Professor ELCE Department Ryerson University Contact Info Office: ENG328 Tel: (416) 979-5000 ext: 6484 Email: bwu@ee.ryerson.ca Counseling Hours Ryerson Campus,
More informationPhilosophy of Topology and Components Selection for Cost and Performance in Automotive Converters.
Philosophy of Topology and Components Selection for Cost and Performance in Automotive Converters. Alexander Isurin ( sashai@vanner.com ) Alexander Cook (alecc@vanner.com ) Vanner inc. USA Abstract- This
More informationHARMONIC DISTORTION IN THE ELECTRIC SUPPLY SYSTEM
Technical Note No.3 March 2000 HARMONIC DISTORTION IN THE ELECTRIC SUPPLY SYSTEM This Technical Note discusses harmonic distortion, its causes and adverse effects, what levels are unacceptable and how
More informationImprovements of Reliability of Micro Hydro Power Plants in Sri Lanka
Improvements of Reliability of Micro Hydro Power Plants in Sri Lanka S S B Udugampala, V Vijayarajah, N T L W Vithanawasam, W M S C Weerasinghe, Supervised by: Eng J Karunanayake, Dr. K T M U Hemapala
More informationBasics of Electricity
Basics of Electricity Generator Theory PJM State & Member Training Dept. PJM 2014 8/6/2013 Objectives The student will be able to: Describe the process of electromagnetic induction Identify the major components
More informationWHITE PAPER. DC Motors Explained. DC Motors Explained: White Paper, Title Page
DC Motors Explained: White Paper, Title Page DC Motors Explained By Joe Kimbrell, Product Manager, Drives, Motors & Motion, AutomationDirect DC Motors Explained: White Paper, pg. 2 How many types of DC
More informationNEW ADVANCES IN PULSE WIDTH MODULATED SLIP POWER RECOVERY DRIVES FOR PUMPS
NEW ADVANCES IN PULSE WIDTH MODULATED SLIP POWER RECOVERY DRIVES FOR PUMPS Stephan Bondy Douglas Phares Manish Verma Bill Horvath Oil & Gas segment leader Market leader, Global Drives Sales Application
More informationPower System Harmonics
Pacific Gas and Electric Company Power System Harmonics What are power system harmonics? Ideally, voltage and current waveforms are perfect sinusoids. However, because of the increased popularity of electronic
More informationPhase-Control Alternatives for Single-Phase AC Motors Offer Smart, Low-Cost, Solutions Abstract INTRODUCTION
Phase-Control Alternatives for Single-Phase AC Motors Offer Smart, Low-Cost, Solutions by Howard Abramowitz, Ph.D EE, President, AirCare Automation Inc. Abstract - Single Phase AC motors continue to be
More information*ADVANCED ELECTRIC GENERATOR & CONTROL FOR HIGH SPEED MICRO/MINI TURBINE BASED POWER SYSTEMS
*ADVANCED ELECTRIC GENERATOR & CONTROL FOR HIGH SPEED MICRO/MINI TURBINE BASED POWER SYSTEMS Jay Vaidya, President Electrodynamics Associates, Inc. 409 Eastbridge Drive, Oviedo, FL 32765 and Earl Gregory,
More informationDesign and Development of Speed Control of Induction motor drive using Pulse-Width Modulation
Design and Development of Speed Control of Induction motor drive using Pulse-Width Modulation Jigar Vaidya 1, Vatsal Shukla 2, Darshan Kale 3 1 UG Student, Electrical Department,jdv27993@gmail.com, +91-9662532919
More informationUSE OF ARNO CONVERTER AND MOTOR-GENERATOR SET TO CONVERT A SINGLE-PHASE AC SUPPLY TO A THREE-PHASE AC FOR CONTROLLING THE SPEED OF A THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR BY USING A THREE-PHASE TO THREE-PHASE CYCLOCONVERTER
International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology (IJEET) Volume 7, Issue 2, March-April, 2016, pp.19-28, Article ID: IJEET_07_02_003 Available online at http:// http://www.iaeme.com/ijeet/issues.asp?jtype=ijeet&vtype=7&itype=2
More informationAdditional Benefits of VFDs In addition to energy savings and better process control, VFDs can provide other benefits:
Variable Frequency Drives (or VFDs) are becoming almost standard part of aquatics equipment room packages. Most VFDs are fairly simple to install and operate however, they are quite complex with respect
More informationSiemens Standard Drives. Application Handbook
Siemens Standard Drives Application Handbook Martin Brown Siemens Standard Drives Congleton December 1997 1. Introduction....4 1.1 What is a Variable Speed Drive?...4 1.2 The Variable Frequency Inverter...7
More informationConsidering the effects of UPS operation with leading power factor loads
Considering the effects of UPS operation with leading power factor loads Over the past five years, a new generation of data processing and communications equipment has become prevalent in modern data centers
More informationInstallation Considerations for IGBT AC Drives
Installation Considerations for IGBT AC Drives G. Skibinski Rockwell Automation 6400 W. Enterprise Drive Mequon, WI 53092 Abstract: In the last four years, Adjustable Speed ac Drive (ASD) manufacturers
More informationCentrifugal Fans and Pumps are sized to meet the maximum
Fans and Pumps are sized to meet the maximum flow rate required by the system. System conditions frequently require reducing the flow rate. Throttling and bypass devices dampers and valves are installed
More informationAnalysis of Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation VSI Induction Motor on various conditions
Analysis of Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation VSI Induction Motor on various conditions Padma Chaturvedi 1, Amarish Dubey 2 1 Department of Electrical Engineering, Maharana Pratap Engineering College,
More informationHVDC Light, a tool for electric power transmission to distant loads
Presented at VI Sepope Conference, Salvador, Brazil, May 1998 HVDC Light, a tool for electric power transmission to distant loads by Gunnar Asplund Kjell Eriksson* Ove Tollerz ABB Power Systems AB ABB
More informationvacon ac drives for mining & minerals
vacon ac drives for mining & minerals 1 strong experience in mining & minerals Vacon AC drives are robust to handle your most demanding requirements from simple ventilation to the most complex load sharing
More information7-41 POWER FACTOR CORRECTION
POWER FTOR CORRECTION INTRODUCTION Modern electronic equipment can create noise that will cause problems with other equipment on the same supply system. To reduce system disturbances it is therefore essential
More informationCase Studies in On-Line Measurement of PD in Motors Fed by Voltage Source PWM Drives
Case Studies in On-Line Measurement of PD in Motors Fed by Voltage Source PWM Drives G.C. Stone, I. Culbert, H.G. Sedding Qualitrol-Iris Power Mississauga, Ontario, Canada Abstract On-line partial discharge
More informationTamura Closed Loop Hall Effect Current Sensors
Tamura Closed Loop Hall Effect Current Sensors AC, DC, & Complex Currents Galvanic Isolation Fast Response Wide Frequency Bandwidth Quality & Reliability RoHs Compliance Closed Loop Hall Effect Sensors
More informationPHASE CONVERSION TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW
Dr. Larry Meiners, Ph.D. PHASE CONVERSION TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW Introduction A wide variety of commercial and industrial electrical equipment requires three-phase power. Electric utilities do not install
More informationRESEARCH TO STUDY VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVE AND ITS ENERGY SAVINGS
A DISSERTATION REPORT ON RESEARCH TO STUDY VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVE AND ITS ENERGY SAVINGS Submitted for partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the Degree of MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY In ELECTRICAL
More informationUnidrive M Energy Savings
Unidrive M Energy Savings Why is this important? Some Data: Money, Lots of Money >13.5m electric motors 1Hp or greater installed in US industrial process operations. Industry spends >$33b annually on electricity
More informationCable Solutions for Servo and Variable Frequency Drives (VFD)
Cable Solutions for Servo and Variable Frequency Drives (VFD) Electric drive systems with continuous torque and speed control are widespread today. They allow an optimal adjustment of the drive with respect
More informationEquipment: Power Supply, DAI, Wound rotor induction motor (8231), Electrodynamometer (8960), timing belt.
Lab 13: Wound rotor induction motor. Objective: to examine the construction of a 3-phase wound rotor induction motor; to understand exciting current, synchronous speed and slip in this motor; to determine
More informationPRECISION CAPACITOR CHARGING SWITCHING POWER SUPPLIES
GENERAL ATOMICS ENERGY PRODUCTS Engineering Bulletin PRECISION CAPACITOR CHARGING SWITCHING POWER SUPPLIES Joe Jichetti, Andrew Bushnell, Robert McDowell Presented at: IEEE Pulsed Power Conference June
More informationVariable Frequency Drive Troubleshooting with U1610A/U1620A
Variable Frequency Drive Troubleshooting with U1610A/U1620A Application Note Electric motors form the backbone of most industrial and manufacturing environments. Variable frequency drives (VFDs) (also
More informationEquipment: Power Supply, DAI, Synchronous motor (8241), Electrodynamometer (8960), Tachometer, Timing belt.
Lab 9: Synchronous motor. Objective: to examine the design of a 3-phase synchronous motor; to learn how to connect it; to obtain its starting characteristic; to determine the full-load characteristic of
More informationDigital Energy ITI. Instrument Transformer Basic Technical Information and Application
g Digital Energy ITI Instrument Transformer Basic Technical Information and Application Table of Contents DEFINITIONS AND FUNCTIONS CONSTRUCTION FEATURES MAGNETIC CIRCUITS RATING AND RATIO CURRENT TRANSFORMER
More informationChapter 4. LLC Resonant Converter
Chapter 4 LLC Resonant Converter 4.1 Introduction In previous chapters, the trends and technical challenges for front end DC/DC converter were discussed. High power density, high efficiency and high power
More information1 Temperature Derating Guide
VLT HVAC Drive FC 02 Application Note Temperature Derating Guide Temperature Derating Guide.. Abstract This paper provides detailed data regarding the operation of the VLT HVAC Drive FC02 at varying ambient
More informationSimulation and Analysis of Parameter Identification Techniques for Induction Motor Drive
International Journal of Electronic and Electrical Engineering. ISSN 0974-2174 Volume 7, Number 10 (2014), pp. 1027-1035 International Research Publication House http://www.irphouse.com Simulation and
More informationModeling and Analysis of DC Link Bus Capacitor and Inductor Heating Effect on AC Drives (Part I)
00-00-//$0.00 (c) IEEE IEEE Industry Application Society Annual Meeting New Orleans, Louisiana, October -, Modeling and Analysis of DC Link Bus Capacitor and Inductor Heating Effect on AC Drives (Part
More informationDRIVE CIRCUITS FOR POWER MOSFETs AND IGBTs
DRIVE CIRCUITS FOR POWER MOSFETs AND IGBTs by B. Maurice, L. Wuidart 1. INTRODUCTION Unlike the bipolar transistor, which is current driven, Power MOSFETs, with their insulated gates, are voltage driven.
More informationTorque control MSF Softstarter
Torque control MSF Softstarter INTRODUCTION Soft starting an AC motor refers to any one of several starting methods that limit the starting current and torque of the motor. The method discussed in this
More informationAMZ-FX Guitar effects. (2007) Mosfet Body Diodes. http://www.muzique.com/news/mosfet-body-diodes/. Accessed 22/12/09.
Pulse width modulation Pulse width modulation is a pulsed DC square wave, commonly used to control the on-off switching of a silicon controlled rectifier via the gate. There are many types of SCR s, most
More informationPower Supplies. 1.0 Power Supply Basics. www.learnabout-electronics.org. Module
Module 1 www.learnabout-electronics.org Power Supplies 1.0 Power Supply Basics What you ll learn in Module 1 Section 1.0 Power Supply Basics. Basic functions of a power supply. Safety aspects of working
More informationAC-Synchronous Generator
Design Description AC Generators come in two basic types synchronous and non-synchronous. Synchronous generators lock in with the fundamental line frequency and rotate at a synchronous speed related to
More informationABB drives. Technical guide No. 4 Guide to variable speed drives
ABB drives Technical guide No. 4 Guide to variable speed drives 2 Guide to variable speed drives Technical guide No. 4 Technical guide No. 4 Guide to variable speed drives Copyright 2011 ABB. All rights
More information