Segmental vs. Suprasegmental Features Length Pitch Stress Summary. Phonetics. Suprasegmental Features. Darrell Larsen.
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1 Suprasegmental Features Linguistics 101
2 Outline Intonation Tone 4 5
3 Segmental features are (generally) easy to determine in isolation. Suprasegmental features are relative and determined across segments. Single suprasegmental features may occur over a single segment or a sequence of segments.
4 Notes
5 The length of individual phones may differ. The length of a phone may depend on pragmatic reasons, phonetic reasons, or phonemic reasons (i.e. to distinguish words).
6 Notes
7 Non-distinctive In English, vowels preceding voiced consonants are longer than vowels preceding voiceless consonants bead > beat bag > back When identical phones end up adjacent to each other, they may be pronounced as a single, long sound two plus seven > two plus eight ghos(t)s [gouss]
8 Notes
9 Distinctive In some languages, changing the length of a phone can change a word s meaning. Korean (older generation) [mal] horse [ma:l] speech [nun] eye [nu:n] snow Czech [bit] [bi:t] [dal] [da:l] apartment to be gave further Question In English, some vowels are pronounced longer than others. Why is this not distinctive?
10 Notes
11 and Speech Intonation Tone All speakers have different average pitch.* A speaker s pitch may be culturally (and situationally) influenced.* as part of language includes both intonation and tone. *These facts are not related to language proper, though sociolinguists and anthropologists may study these
12 Notes Intonation Tone
13 Intonation Intonation Tone pitch as it operates over phrases and sentences does not distinguish individual words plays a role in determining utterance meaning
14 Notes Intonation Tone
15 Edge Tones Intonation Tone occur at the end of phrases (including sentences). shape the meaning in various ways aid in processing sentence structure (1) a. You got an A on the test. b. You got an A on the test? c. You got an A on the test, a C on the homework, and a B on the quiz. (2) a. Yes. (answer) b. Yes? (guessing) c. Yes. ( What do you want? ) d. Yes. ( I see... said evilly)
16 Notes Intonation Tone
17 Accent Intonation Tone refers to the use of pitch used to give prominence to a word used in English to focus words (3) a. Who kissed Peter? b. MARY kissed Peter. (4) a. Who did Mary kiss? b. Mary kissed PETER. (5) a. What did Mary do to Peter? b. Mary KISSED Peter. note that pitch accent may also be used to describe a type of distinctive use of tone over a syllable
18 Notes Intonation Tone
19 Tone Intonation Tone pitch operating over syllables to distinguish words found in tone languages tones can be level or contour tone languages may use both types of tones, or just one
20 Notes Intonation Tone
21 Cantonese Tones Intonation Tone Cantonese (spoken in and around Hong Kong) has six tones Cantonese has both level and contour tones Applying tones to [si] Pronunciation Meaning Tone [ Ć si ] poem 53 [ Ă si ] to try 33 [ Ă si ] matter 22 [ Ă si ] time 11 [ Ě si ] to cause 45 [ Ę si ] city 13
22 Notes Intonation Tone
23 refers to prominence due of a particular syllable due to increased amplitude, pitch, and length placement may be predictable or unpredictable. Predictable stress need not be memorized with words. Languages frequently have some predictable and some non-predictable stress.
24 Notes
25 Predictable Placement In Czech, stress always falls on the first syllable. In Polish, stress falls on the penultimate syllable.
26 Notes
27 Non-predictable Placement In Dutch, stress placement is sometimes distinctive: vóórkomen to occur, voorkómen to prevent In English, stress is sometime non-predictable, sometimes predictable. stress placement on words must be memorized: convoy, convey, magazine distinguishes some nouns from verbs: insult vs insult affixes affect stress in regular ways: communicate communication, implicate implication
28 Notes
29 All languages make use of segmental and suprasegmental features. All languages use at least segmental features distinctively. Some languages use suprasegmental features distinctively.
30 Notes
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