Unit 5 Vowels (2) Some differences between English and German vowels and diphthongs

Transcription

1 Unit 5 Some differences between and German vowels and diphthongs Phonetics lecture given on 8 prairial de l an CCXXI de la République / 27 May 2013 vowels and German/ Angewandte Sprachwissenschaft Universität des Saarlandes 5.1

2 Phonetics: Unit 5: [ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ fəˈnetɪks ˈjuːnɪt ˈfaɪv] [ˈvaʊəlz ˈtuː] Some differences between and German vowels and diphthongs [ˈsʌm ˈdɪfɹ ənsəz bəˌtw iːn ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ ən ˈdʒɜːmən ˈva ʊəɫz ən ˈdɪfθɒŋz] [ˈsʌm ˈdɪfɹ ənsɪz bɪˌtw iːn ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ ən ˈʤɜːmən ˈva ʊəɫz ən ˈdɪfθɒŋz] vowels and German/ 5.2

3 The goals of today s session are:.1 To check the answers to the homework (8 mins) vowels and German/ 5.3

4 The goals of today s session are:.1 To check the answers to the homework (8 mins).2 To give an overview of the system of vowel and diphthong phonemes in, contrasting it with the corresponding system in German (10 mins) vowels and German/ 5.3

5 The goals of today s session are:.1 To check the answers to the homework (8 mins).2 To give an overview of the system of vowel and diphthong phonemes in, contrasting it with the corresponding system in German (10 mins).3 To give one example of how phonetically similar two phonologically very different syllables can be (2 mins) vowels and German/ 5.3

6 The goals of today s session are:.1 To check the answers to the homework (8 mins).2 To give an overview of the system of vowel and diphthong phonemes in, contrasting it with the corresponding system in German (10 mins).3 To give one example of how phonetically similar two phonologically very different syllables can be (2 mins).4 To compare the typical phonetic realizations (phones, allophones) of the vowel and diphthong phonemes of and German (20 mins) vowels and German/ 5.3

7 Homework (1).1 Describe the following cardinal vowels in terms of the three dimensions front back, close open, rounded unrounded:.1 [i] front, close, unrounded.2 [a] front, open, unrounded.3 [u] back, close, rounded.4 [y] front, close, rounded.5 [o] back, close mid, rounded.6 [e] front, close mid, unrounded vowels and German/ 5.4

8 Homework (2) In each case, give the phonetic symbol for the cardinal vowel that is defined by the set of features listed:.1 near close, near back, rounded [ʊ].2 open mid, front, unrounded [ɛ].3 mid, central, unrounded [ə].4 open, back, rounded [ɒ].5 open mid, back, unrounded [ʌ].6 near open, front, unrounded [æ] vowels and German/ 5.5

9 Homework (3) Write the following words in standard orthography:.1 /dɔː/ door.2 /heə/ hair.3 /bɪə/ beer.4 /peɪ/ pay.5 /raɪt/ write ( schreiben ) rite ( Ritus ) -wright ( -macher ) right ( richtig, recht, ).6 /red/ red ( rot ), read ( las, gelesen ) vowels and German/ 5.6

10 Homework (4) Give the phonemic transcription of the following words:.1 play /pleɪ/.2 me /miː/.3 some /sʌm/ /səm/.4 more /mɔː/.5 music /ˈmjuːzɪk/.6 please /pliːz/ vowels and German/ 5.7

11 vowels and The following slides constitute a tabular list of all vowels and diphthongs (dialect: Southern British). vowels and German/ 5.8

12 vowels and The following slides constitute a tabular list of all vowels and diphthongs (dialect: Southern British). The representation is highly schematic, based on a stylized vowel square. But even the standard vowel quadrilateral is already quite stylized anyway. vowels and German/ 5.8

13 vowels and The following slides constitute a tabular list of all vowels and diphthongs (dialect: Southern British). The representation is highly schematic, based on a stylized vowel square. But even the standard vowel quadrilateral is already quite stylized anyway. We ll do a quick overview, concentrating on noticeable differences between some of the main varieties of (e.g., RP, Southern British, Northern British, General American, Australian), then zero in on key differences between German and vowels and diphthongs. vowels and German/ 5.8

14 vowels and The following slides constitute a tabular list of all vowels and diphthongs (dialect: Southern British). The representation is highly schematic, based on a stylized vowel square. But even the standard vowel quadrilateral is already quite stylized anyway. We ll do a quick overview, concentrating on noticeable differences between some of the main varieties of (e.g., RP, Southern British, Northern British, General American, Australian), then zero in on key differences between German and vowels and diphthongs. We ll keep the IPA character picker a mouseclick away: vowels and German/ 5.8

15 vowels and The following slides constitute a tabular list of all vowels and diphthongs (dialect: Southern British). The representation is highly schematic, based on a stylized vowel square. But even the standard vowel quadrilateral is already quite stylized anyway. We ll do a quick overview, concentrating on noticeable differences between some of the main varieties of (e.g., RP, Southern British, Northern British, General American, Australian), then zero in on key differences between German and vowels and diphthongs. We ll keep the IPA character picker a mouseclick away: vowels and German/ 5.8

16 Some terms and definitions (1): stressed A syllable can be either stressed or unstressed, depending on where it occurs within the foot. vowels and German/ 5.9

17 Some terms and definitions (1): stressed A syllable can be either stressed or unstressed, depending on where it occurs within the foot. Assuming there is no silent beat, the first syllable in the foot (the Ictus) is stressed, all other syllables within that foot (the Remiss) are unstressed. vowels and German/ 5.9

18 Some terms and definitions (1): stressed A syllable can be either stressed or unstressed, depending on where it occurs within the foot. Assuming there is no silent beat, the first syllable in the foot (the Ictus) is stressed, all other syllables within that foot (the Remiss) are unstressed. Example: / Ar-thur and / Jane have / left for / It-a-ly the beginning of each new foot is shown by a slash; the stressed syllables are printed in boldface type; all other syllables are unstressed. vowels and German/ 5.9

19 Some terms and definitions (2): checked vs. unchecked vowels/nuclei, open vs. closed syllables A syllable consists of an Onset followed by a Rhyme; the Rhyme consists of a Nucleus followed by a Coda. vowels and German/ 5.10

20 Some terms and definitions (2): checked vs. unchecked vowels/nuclei, open vs. closed syllables A syllable consists of an Onset followed by a Rhyme; the Rhyme consists of a Nucleus followed by a Coda. The Nucleus may be checked (i.e. its vowel may be cut off abruptly) or unchecked (i.e. its vowel may be allowed to unfold fully). vowels and German/ 5.10

21 Some terms and definitions (2): checked vs. unchecked vowels/nuclei, open vs. closed syllables A syllable consists of an Onset followed by a Rhyme; the Rhyme consists of a Nucleus followed by a Coda. The Nucleus may be checked (i.e. its vowel may be cut off abruptly) or unchecked (i.e. its vowel may be allowed to unfold fully). In addition, the syllable may be open or closed, depending on whether or not the Coda element is realized by a consonant. vowels and German/ 5.10

22 Some terms and definitions (2): checked vs. unchecked vowels/nuclei, open vs. closed syllables A syllable consists of an Onset followed by a Rhyme; the Rhyme consists of a Nucleus followed by a Coda. The Nucleus may be checked (i.e. its vowel may be cut off abruptly) or unchecked (i.e. its vowel may be allowed to unfold fully). In addition, the syllable may be open or closed, depending on whether or not the Coda element is realized by a consonant. Example: / Ar-thur and / Jane have / left for / It-a-ly the Nucleus is checked in left and It, unchecked in Ar and Jane (note that the Onset is empty in It and Ar); the syllable is open in Ar, closed in Jane, left and It. vowels and German/ 5.10

23 Some terms and definitions (2): checked vs. unchecked vowels/nuclei, open vs. closed syllables A syllable consists of an Onset followed by a Rhyme; the Rhyme consists of a Nucleus followed by a Coda. The Nucleus may be checked (i.e. its vowel may be cut off abruptly) or unchecked (i.e. its vowel may be allowed to unfold fully). In addition, the syllable may be open or closed, depending on whether or not the Coda element is realized by a consonant. Example: / Ar-thur and / Jane have / left for / It-a-ly the Nucleus is checked in left and It, unchecked in Ar and Jane (note that the Onset is empty in It and Ar); the syllable is open in Ar, closed in Jane, left and It. These factors play a major role in determining what vowels or diphthongs can occur in a syllable vowels and German/ 5.10

24 Some terms and definitions (3): reduced If a syllable is unstressed in, it can (and typically does) contain a reduced vowel perhaps shortened in quantity, or simplified in quality, or both. vowels and German/ 5.11

25 Some terms and definitions (3): reduced If a syllable is unstressed in, it can (and typically does) contain a reduced vowel perhaps shortened in quantity, or simplified in quality, or both. shortened in quantity: u [u] (not [uː]) in rubella [ruˈbelə] (not [ruːˈbelə]) vowels and German/ 5.11

26 Some terms and definitions (3): reduced If a syllable is unstressed in, it can (and typically does) contain a reduced vowel perhaps shortened in quantity, or simplified in quality, or both. shortened in quantity: u [u] (not [uː]) in rubella [ruˈbelə] (not [ruːˈbelə]) simplified in quality: the vowel almost invariably becomes [ə] a mid central vowel with almost no features. vowels and German/ 5.11

27 Short vowels in stressed or unstressed closed syllables ɪ ʊ German ɪ ʏ ʊ e ʌ cf. ɛ œ ɔ æ ɒ All six sounds are distinctively different, i.e. they are phonemes /sɪks/, /seks/, /sæks/, /sɒks/, /sʌks/, /sʊks/ are the six different words six, sex, sax, socks, sucks, sooks. We ll draw the exact locations of the phonetic realizations of these phonemes on the proper vowel quadrilateral on the whiteboard. The phoneme / ʌ / varies considerably in its phonetic realization from dialect to dialect. (Why?) Which vowel letters can be used to write the phoneme / ʌ / in? a vowels and German/ 5.12

28 Reduced short vowel(s) in unstressed open or closed syllables (ɪ) ə cf. German ɘ ɐ Australians and Americans tend to use only the schwa : The wicked witch ( die böse Hexe ) [ðə ˈwɪkəd ˈwɪtʃ] Speakers of Southern British would say: [ðə ˈwɪkɪd ˈwɪtʃ] Note that the German schwa is different from the one. Compare bitter [ˈbɪtə], German bitte [ˈbɪtɘ], German bitter [ˈbɪtɐ ]. vowels and German/ 5.13

29 Unchecked vowel in unstressed open syllables (1) i Consider the word city. Some dictionaries give the pronunciation as /ˈsɪtɪ/ This breaks the rule that /ɪ/ (like all other short vowels) can only occur in closed syllables. But it does in fact correspond to the pronunciation used by many upperclass speakers of Southern British. Some highschool textbooks give the pronunciation as /ˈsɪtiː/ This tends to encourage an awkward rhythm in German -learners. But it does in fact correspond to the pronunciation used in some parts of Britain. vowels and German/ 5.14

30 Unchecked vowel in unstressed open syllables (2) The modern trend seems to be; to give the pronunciation as /ˈsɪti/ This final vowel is unchecked, and potentially tense, but nevertheless short Eckert & Barry give an elegant solution by saying that the phoneme /iː/ has two allophones, [iː] as in beat and [i] as in happy vowels and German/ 5.15

31 Long vowels iː ɜː uː ɔː cf. German iː yː uː eː øː oː ɛː ɑː There are no front rounded vowels in. The long close vowels in tend to be slightly diphthongized (rising diphthongs). The other long vowels in tend to alternate with centering diphthongs. ɑː vowels and German/ 5.16

32 Rising (= verengende ) diphthongs German eɪ aɪ ɔɪ aʊ əʊ IPA symbols are placed roughly at the starting position of the diphthong, i.e. the position from which the gliding movement begins. /əʊ/ was originally /oʊ/ its original partner /ɛʊ/ has turned into /juː/ so mew, which for Shakespeare was the noise made by a cat (/mɛʊ/), is now the noise made by a kitten (/mju:/) aɪ aʊ ɔʏ vowels and German/ 5.17

33 Centering diphthongs ɪə eə ʊə (ɔə) vowels and In most varieties of there is no difference between /ʊə/, /ɔə/ and /ɔː/. Some books write /ɛə/, others /eə/. German/ 5.18

34 Triphthongs? eɪə əʊə ɔɪə aɪə aʊə These tend to lose the middle element: /eɪə/ becomes [e(ː)ə], etc. /aɪə/ and /aʊə/ go one step further, turning into the monophthongs [aː] and [ɑː]: tire /taɪə/ [tʰaː], tower /taʊə/ [tʰɑː] Not everyone recognizes the existence of triphthongs; a triphthong may simply be a diphthong followed (in the next syllable) by a schwa. But note the difference between disyllabic prayer ( Betender ) /ˈpreɪ.ə/ and monosyllabic prayer ( Gebet ) /preə/ vowels and German/ 5.19

35 Announcing a coming programme, a BBC World News journalist said, in perfect Indian, After the U.S. and the UK, it s France s turn to woo India. vowels and German/ 5.20

36 Announcing a coming programme, a BBC World News journalist said, in perfect Indian, After the U.S. and the UK, it s France s turn to woo India. I heard her say: After the U.S. and the UK, it s France s turn to rule India. vowels and German/ 5.20

37 Announcing a coming programme, a BBC World News journalist said, in perfect Indian, After the U.S. and the UK, it s France s turn to woo India. I heard her say: After the U.S. and the UK, it s France s turn to rule India. What s going on here (phonetically)? vowels and German/ 5.20

38 German/ Now let s look in more detail at the differences between the vowels and diphthongs of and the vowels and diphthongs of German vowels and German/ 5.21

39 German/ Now let s look in more detail at the differences between the vowels and diphthongs of and the vowels and diphthongs of German Examine the figures on pages 111 and 149 of Eckert and Barry. vowels and German/ 5.21

40 German/ Now let s look in more detail at the differences between the vowels and diphthongs of and the vowels and diphthongs of German Examine the figures on pages 111 and 149 of Eckert and Barry. Draw several empty vowel quadrilaterals. vowels and German/ 5.21

41 German/ Now let s look in more detail at the differences between the vowels and diphthongs of and the vowels and diphthongs of German Examine the figures on pages 111 and 149 of Eckert and Barry. Draw several empty vowel quadrilaterals. Consult the list of differences on your handout, which is available online at: differences/index.pdf vowels and German/ 5.21

42 German/ Now let s look in more detail at the differences between the vowels and diphthongs of and the vowels and diphthongs of German Examine the figures on pages 111 and 149 of Eckert and Barry. Draw several empty vowel quadrilaterals. Consult the list of differences on your handout, which is available online at: differences/index.pdf Don t be afraid of using diacritic symbols such as [ ɔ ] [ e ] [ ɪ ], [ ɪ ], consult your printout of the IPA! vowels and German/ 5.21