Ch. 14 Section 1: Reconstruction Plans

Transcription

1 Ch. 14 Section 1: Plans Main Idea Details/Notes The term used for the period of rebuilding the South after the Civil War. It also refers to the various plans for carrying out the rebuilding.

2 Radical Lincoln Ten Percent Plan Wade-Davis Bill A period when Radical Republicans in Congress created a plan that was more radical or extreme than Lincoln s. They felt that the foundations of the South must be broken up and re-laid, or all our blood and treasure have been spent in vain. He was very careful about how to rebuild the South after the war. He did not want to follow the Radical Republican s plans because he thought that punishment would only delay healing the nation. His assassination changed the course of because it was out of his hands. The first plan proposed by Lincoln to accept the South back into the Union. When ten percent of the voters of a state took an oath of loyalty to the Union, the state could form a government and adopt a new constitution that banned slavery. Lincoln wanted to encourage pro-union Southerners to run the state governments. It was a plan that was more radical than the Ten Percent Plan. 1) Most white males in a state had to swear loyalty to the Union. 2) Only white males who swore they had not fought the Union could vote for delegates to a constitutional convention. Former Confederates were barred from public office. 3) Any new state constitution had to end slavery. Only then could a state rejoin the Union. Freedmen s Bureau A government agency created by Congress and the president to help former enslaved persons or freedmen adjust to freedom after the war. The bureau helped African Americans by distributing food and clothing, and providing medical services that lowered the death rate among freed African Americans. It also established schools and helped freedmen acquire land.

3 Andrew Johnson Thirteenth Amendment Ch. 14 Sec. 2 Radicals in Control Main Idea Black Codes Fourteenth Amendment He became president after Lincoln s death. In his plan for, he allowed high-ranking Confederates to be pardoned. He was not a popular as Lincoln and did not get along with Congress. He was strongly opposed to Radical. He was later impeached in Passed by Congress in January of 1865, the amendment abolished slavery in all of the United States. Details/Notes By the spring of 1866, Southern states had passed laws that aimed to control freed men and women. The codes trampled the rights of African Americans. The codes permitted plantation owners to exploit African American workers and allowed officials to arrest and fine jobless African Americans. The black codes also banned African Americans from owning or renting farms. Congress tried to counteract the effects of Black Codes by: setting up civil rights courts to try anyone suspected of violating someone s civil rights, passed a civil rights bill that overturned the codes, and later passed the Fourteenth Amendment. In 1866 Congress passed this amendment in order to guarantee full rights to African Americans that the Thirteenth Amendment did not do. This new amendment gave full citizenship to all people born in the U.S. It also required every state to grant its citizens equal protection of the laws. Republican Victory In the Congressional elections of 1866, the Republicans won a solid victory due to help from African American voters. This allowed Radical

4 Tennessee Tenure of Office Act Fifteenth Amendment Ch. 14 Sec. 3 The South During Main Idea Hiram Revels Frederick Douglas to begin. Congress now had the power to override any presidential vetoes. The only state in March of 1867 to have ratified the Fourteenth Amendment so they did not have to be part of the Military Districts. It was the first state to rejoin the Union. This act passed by Congress prohibited the president from removing government officials, including members of his own cabinet, without the Senate s approval. It threatened presidential power. When Johnson fired his Secretary of War, Edwin Stanton, without Senate s approval, the House of Representatives voted to impeach. This was the last major piece of legislation became law in February It prohibited the state and federal governments from denying the right to vote to any male citizen because of race, color, or previous condition or servitude. African American men won the right to vote. Details/Notes He was an African American man who was elected to the Senate in He was an ordained minister who had recruited African Americans for the Union Army. He also started a school for freed African Americans in Missouri and served as chaplain of an African American regiment in Mississippi. He was an important leader who insisted on full equality for African Americans. He supported Radical over Johnson s plan because it extended equal right to African

5 Americans. Blanche K. Bruce scalawags He was an African American who was elected to the Senate in He also came from Mississippi. He was a former runaway slave, who taught in an African American school in Missouri. This is a term meaning worthless rascal used by former Confederates to refer to some Southern whites who were non-slave holding farmers, or pro- Union business leaders who backed the Republicans.

6 Resistance to Ku Klux Klan Public Schools Sharecropping Most Southern whites opposed efforts to expand African Americans rights. Life soon became difficult for African Americans. Most white land owners refused to rent land to freedmen. Store owners refused African Americans credit, and employers would not hire them. Other times violence and fear were used to scare the African Americans. Some plantation owners ordered them not to leave the plantation. The secret society called the Ku Klux Klan was formed to deny rights to freed men and women. This group was made up of mostly ex-confederate soldiers who were backed by Southerners. While wearing sheets and hoods they killed many African Americans and the white friends of the African Americans. They beat and wounded many more and burned African American homes, schools and churches. In the 1870, governments began creating public school systems for both races. Schools ended up being the only lasting gain for Southern African Americans. In this system, a landowner rented a plot of land to a sharecropper, or farmer, along with a crude shack, some seeds and tools, and perhaps a mule. Sharecroppers did not pay their rent in cash. Instead, they paid a share of their crops often as much as one-half to two-thirds to cover their rent as well as the cost of the seed, fertilizer, tools, and animals they needed. After paying the landowner, little was left to sell. Many had hardly enough to feed their family. For many, sharecropping was little better than slavery.

7 Ch. 14 Section 4: Change in the South Main Idea Details/Notes ends As support for weakened in the North, Southern Democrats regained political and economic power. For the first time since the Civil War, the Democratic party controlled a part of the federal government. This situation further weakened Congress s commitment to and protecting the rights of newly freed African Americans. African Americans in Congress Election of 1876 Amnesty Act Compromise of 1877 After the Civil War many African Americans played an important role in government both as voters and as officials. After however many lost their seats in Congress. Because of disputed votes in this election there was no clear winner for president. Republicans wanted Rutherford B. Hayes as president. Finally, Republican and Southern Democratic leaders met secretly to work out an agreement. In May 1872, Congress passed the Amnesty Act, which pardoned most former Confederates. Nearly all white Southerners could vote and hold office again. In the end, Southern Democratic leaders agreed to accept Hayes as president. The deal, however, included several favors to the South. The main favor was that the new Republican government would give more aid to the region and withdraw all remaining troops from Southern states. In conclusion, President Hayes declared that the federal government would no longer attempt to shape Southern society or help Southern African Americans. was over.

8 Redeemers Voting Restrictions Jim Crow Laws They are leaders in the South who supported economic development and opposed Northern interference. They differed from the men who held power in the South before the Civil War because they favored industrial growth. Southern leaders found ways to get around the Fifteenth Amendment and prevent African Americans from voting. One was the poll tax. It was a tax people had to pay before voting. Many African Americans and poor whites were unable to pay the tax, therefore, they could not vote. Another approach was the literacy test. People had to read and explain difficult parts of the state constitution. Since many African Americans had little education they could not pass the test. Literacy tests could also keep some whites from voting so some states passed grandfather clauses. This allowed individuals who did not pass the literacy test to vote if their fathers or grandfather voted before. These laws required African Americans and whites to be separated in almost every public place where they might come in contact with each other. The Supreme Court said it was legal as long as African Americans had access to public facilities or accommodations equal to those of the whites. One problem, however, was that the facilities were separate, but in no way equal.