Central Processing Unit (CPU)

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1 Central Processing Unit (CPU) The brain of computer. Main function: to handle the information processing based on task given. 3 Components: Control Unit Register Arithmetic and Logic Unit

2 Component of CPU Control Unit: To handle CPU Operation based on control signal. Arithmetic and Logic Unit : Arithmetic Operation addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and etc Logic Operation AND, OR, NOT, NAND etc Register: Temporary memory space for keeping the processing result and controlling information. The are some important register for specific functions. Among them, the example of register such as: Programming counter register keeping for next instruction. Information Register keeping the current running instruction

3 CPU, I/O Module and Main Memory Main Memory PC IR Execution Unit MAR MBR I/O AR I/O BR System Bus... Instruction Instruction... Data Data n-2 n-1 I/O Module Buffers PC = Program Counter IR = Instruction Register MAR = Memory Address Register MBR = Memory Buffer Register I/O AR= I/O address register

4 Execution of Instruction User The Result for Execution of Instruction Instruction High Level Language Translated Computer Machine Language

5 Execution of Instruction Read the instruction from Instruction Register Identify the instruction Identify the data placed in the memory Collect the data and put into the internal register in CPU. Execute the instruction. Store the result into the suitable place (some related register) Read/Take the next instruction.

6 Interrupt Interrupt is the external signal sent to CPU for immediate treatment The processes that are being implemented by the CPU will be stopped immediately. 3 type of interrupt: External Usually from I/O Peripherals Internal From injustice or invalid data such as a number divided of zero. Software From the operating system such as switch mode to use operating system How to deal with multiple interrupts?

7 Microprocessors It is small CPU which are in chip. It is also the engine for computer Can perform arithmetic and logic operations. The first instruction was received from the BIOS (Basic Input Output System) in the ROM Then either accept the instruction from the BIOS or OS.

8 Major Producers of Microprocessors Intel First product Intel 4004 Introduced the term of microprocessors Collaborated with MIcrosoft MIPS Subsidiary of Silicon Graphic Inc. Designer for RISC MOS Technology Designed 6502 faster and cheaper Collaborated with Apple to produce Macintosh

9 Other Major Producers for Microprocessors Motorola NEC Ross Technology Sun Microsystems Texas Instruments Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) AT&T Cyrix Digital Equipment Corporation Fairchild Semiconductor Fujitsu Hewlett-Packard IBM Inmos Integrated Device Technology (IDT)

10 Microprocessors 1970s Introduced 15/11/71 1/4/72 1/4/74 8/6/78 1/6/79 Speed Hours Width of Bus Number of Transistor 108KHz 108KHz 2MHz 10MHz 8MHz 4 bit 8 bit 8 bit 16 bit 8 bit ,000 29,000 Memory 640b 16Kb 64Kb 1Mb 1Mb

11 Microprocessors 80an DX 80386SX 80486DX Introduced 1/2/82 17/10/85 16/6/88 10/4/89 Speed Hours Width of Bus Number of Transistor 12.5MHz 33MHz 33MHz 16bit 32bit 16bit 134, , ,000 50MHz 32bit 1.2million Memory 16Mb 4Gb 4Gb 4Gb

12 Mikropemproses 90an 486SX Pentium Pentium Pro Pentium II Introduced 22/4/91 22/3/93 01/11/95 07/5/97 Speed Hours Width of Bus Number of Transistor 33MHz 166MHz 200MHz 32bit 32bit 64bit 1.185million 3.1million 5.5million 300MHz 64bit 7.5million Memory 4M 4G 64G 64G

13 Mikropemproses Intel Chip bit processor The first ever single chip Used in calculator 4-bit data processing and 8-bit instruction. Chip 8008 It is the first chip used seriously. The enhancement from Using 8-bit data stream The memory size 16KB

14 Intel 4004

15 Intel Microprocessors 8080 The advancement of times more memory than times faster than

16 Intel 8008

17 Intel 8086

18 Intel 8087 Math Co Processors

19 Intel Replacing the 8088 microprocessor Have pins on 4 sides 17 pins on each side The total of 68 pins. 24 pin for addressing signal 16 pin for data 16 pin for controlling signal The rest is for reservation 3 features of improvements: Execution of instruction simultaneously Can achieve 16-bit data The speed of processing

20 Intel Has 4 units functions Bus Unit Received the necessary instruction and data The instruction is sent to instruction unit Instruction Unit Hold the instruction received from the bus unit Send the instruction to execution units Execution Unit Execute the Instruction Addressing Unit Implement the actual addressing and virtual memory

21 Intel 80286

22 Mikropemproses Intel Addressing Unit Bus Unit Execution Unit Instruction Unit

23 Intel The first ever 32-bit chip from Intel It has 132 pin Containing 8 units of function addressing unit and execution unit broken down into units that function independently subunit 2 types 386SX Memory address 32 bit Size of data 16 bit 386DX Memory address and size of data 32 bit

24 Intel Used 1.2 million of transistor 168 pin Ada 2 jenis 486SX Without Math co-processors 486DX With Math Co-processors

25 Intel DX

26 Pentium Initially introduced as P5 or Intel Some improvement in terms of: Cache structure: For data For instruction Wider Data Bus Faster co-processors Two integer processors Use 237 pins on 2 sides only as found in 8088

28 Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) PDP series. PDP-8 was the first successful commercial minicomputer in 1960s. Used diode-transistor logic. The size of a refrigerator. VAX VAX was an instruction set architecture (ISA). 32 bit complex instruction set computer ISA. To replace PDP.

29 PDP - 8

30 DEC VAX 8350 based on PDP-11

Computer System: User s View. Computer System Components: High Level View. Input. Output. Computer. Computer System: Motherboard Level

Computer System: User s View. Computer System Components: High Level View. Input. Output. Computer. Computer System: Motherboard Level System: User s View System Components: High Level View Input Output 1 System: Motherboard Level 2 Components: Interconnection I/O MEMORY 3 4 Organization Registers ALU CU 5 6 1 Input/Output I/O MEMORY