Memory. What is memory?

Transcription

1 Memory p. 220

2 Memory What is memory? An active system that receives information from all senses, puts that information into a usable form, organizes it as it stores it away, and then retrieves the information from storage Many models.same procedures Encoding, Storage, and Retrieval

3 Memory Encoding 1 st step in memory systems The set of mental operations that people use to convert sensory information (sight, sound, etc.) into a form that the brain can use (convert stimuli into psychological formats) Examples: rehearsal, elaborating

4 Memory Storage 2 nd step in memory systems Holding on to the information for an undetermined period of time Example: hold on to information for 20 seconds..just long enough to use it, or hold on to the information permanently

5 Retrieval Memory 3 rd /final step of memory systems Getting information that is in storage out and into a form that can be used This is the step that people have the most trouble with

6 Information Processing Model Models of Memory Model of memory that assumes the processing of information for memory storage is similar to the way a computer processes memory in a series of three stages (encoding, storage, retrieval) Assumes that how long a memory will be remembered depends on the stage of memory the information is stored

7 Models of Memory Levels-of-Processing Model Model of memory that assumes information that is more deeply processed or processed according to its meaning rather than just a sound or physical characteristic will be remembered more efficiently and for a longer period of time

8 Models of Memory Levels-of-Processing Model Therefore, thinking about the meaning of something is a deeper level of processing and results in longer retention of the information.why I tell stories

9 Models of Memory Parallel Distributed Processing (PDP) Model Model of memory in which memory processes are proposed to take place at the same time over a large network of neural connections In other words, this model processes information for memory (encoding, storage, retrieval) all at once, allowing the information to spread across the entire network of neural connections

10 Stages of Memory (based off the Information Processing Model) Sensory Memory 1 st stage of memory one encounters a stimulus Information enters the body (nervous system) through the sensory systems (eyes, ears, nose, mouth, hands) Two kinds Iconic and Echoic Memory

11 Stages of Memory Iconic Sensory Memory Visual sensory memory (mental representations of visual stimuli) Lasts only a fraction of a second (1/4) Old information is replaced by new information Process is called masking Eidetic Imagery Photographic Memory The ability to access a visual memory for 30 seconds or more

12 Stages of Memory Echoic Sensory Memory Brief memory of something a person has just heard..you hear something, but your brain doesn t processes it What? Have about 4 seconds to: Realize something was said Try to remember what it was that was said

13 Stages of Memory Short-Term and Working Memory 2 nd stage of memory Memory system in which information is held for brief periods of time (about 1 minute) while being used (tends to be encoded in auditory form) How? Selective attention or Cocktail Party Effect» Ability to focus on only one stimulus from all avenues of sensory input

14 Stages of Memory Working Memory.part of short-term memory An active system that processes the information in short-term memory Makes it permanent or information goes away

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16 Stages of Memory Short-Term Memory Only holds about 7 items or pieces of information (only lasts from about seconds without rehearsal) Can be fooled.how? Chunking Information is combined into meaningful units or chunks

17 Short-Term Memory Stages of Memory Rehearsal can also make short-term memory last longer Maintenance Rehearsal The practice of saying information to be remembered over and over in one s head in order to maintain it in short-term memory (we all have done this with phone numbers) When rehearsal stops.memory rapidly decays and is forgotten

18 Stages of Memory Long-Term Memory 3 rd stage of memory System of memory into which all the information is placed to be kept more or less permanently Capacity is limitless.

19 Long-Term Memory Stages of Memory A physical change occurs in the brain when a LTM is formed Why LTM is permanent..however, the memories may be available but not accessible LTM is encoded in meaningful forms A mental storehouse of the meanings of words, concepts, and events

20 Stages of Memory LTM is best encoded through elaborative rehearsal A method of transferring information from STM into LTM by making the information meaningful How? Connect new information with something that is already well known

21 Stages of Memory Types of Long-Term Memory Procedural (Nondeclarative) LTM Includes memories for skills, procedures, habits, and conditioned responses May or may not be conscious Examples: tying a shoe, riding a bike Often called: Implicit Memory Memory that is not easily brought into conscious awareness

22 Stages of Memory Types of Long-Term Memory Declarative LTM Memories that contain information that is conscious and known Two types : Semantic and Episodic Semantic and Episodic Memories are also examples of Explicit Memories» Memories that are easily made conscious and brought from long-term storage into short-term memory

23 Stages of Memory Types of Long-Term Memory Semantic Memory Memories of general knowledge, such as knowledge of language and information learned in formal education Examples: knowledge that would be used on shows such as Jeopardy and Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?

24 Stages of Memory Types of Long-Term Memory Episodic Memory Memories of the personal knowledge each person has of his or her daily life and personal history A kind of autobiographical memory Examples: Childhood events, birthdays, special daily events Updated and revised constantly

25 Stages of Memory How is Long-Term Memory Organized? Semantic Network Model Assumes that information is stored in the brain in a connected fashion with concepts that are related to each other stored physically closer to each other than concepts that are not highly related