Threats to shipping (Oil tankers) Since the vast majority of the Western market oil is imported, terrorist groups can disrupt the free flow of crude o

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1 Threats to shipping (Oil tankers) Tankers make extremely vulnerable targets. Such vessels are extremely large and comparatively slow, operated by a small crew, carry a commodity which may have great political implications with no protection and nowhere to hide once attacked.

2 Threats to shipping (Oil tankers) Since the vast majority of the Western market oil is imported, terrorist groups can disrupt the free flow of crude oil into Europe, Japan and the U.S. by damaging or threatening oil transportation routes. Disruption of oil flows through any of these routes could have significant impact on oil prices.

3 Possible consequences once attacked (tankers) Loss of seafarers lives or injuries Pollution Severe disruption to other vessels if it is sunk in a major shipping lane Financial implications for the insurers of the vessel Hull and Machinery, P&I Club and the cargo insurer Negative publicity for the shipping company and the port area in which the attack occurs Vessels avoiding the area, thus leading to potential oil shortages in importing nations Loss of revenue for the vessel owner

4 High security risk routes for tankers It is recognised that well-known oil shipping routes, particularly the Arabian Gulf and Horn of Africa areas, are under high risks. The threat from terrorists is not simply limited to shipping lanes as it includes ports, cargo handling facilities and even support infrastructure. In addition to the threats on high seas, these vessels must pass through narrow straits like the entrance to the Red Sea, the Persian Gulf and the Malacca Straits.

5 Horn of Africa

6 Persian (Arabian) Gulf

7 Malacca Straits

8 Threats to shipping (Oil tankers) The threat of attack on tankers and their infrastructure was emphasised in a 2002 statement from al Qaeda Political Bureau which said the operation of attacking the French oil tanker, Limburg, is not merely an attack against a tanker- it is an attack against international oil transport lines and all its various connotations.

9 Threats to shipping (Containers) Often the largest threat posed to container vessels is from cargoes delivered. In many instances such kinds of threat is not aimed at the vessel but at placing the container with the port/country selected by the terrorist.

10 Threats to shipping (Containers) The majority of the world finished goods is moved by containers. As such the trade needs to stay at the forefront of rapid cargo transit. To do this, containers operators are often the first to trial and develop new technology to keep the movement of containers flowing. The use of Radio Frequency Identification Tags (RFID) has been mooted as a possible solution to the dichotomy of fast turnaround of secure of cargoes.

11 The strengths of RFID for shippers and carriers Consistently monitoring container security and integrity Speeding up shipments through the supply chain Verifying whether containers are loaded at secure loading points Significantly reducing the likelihood of tampering in transit, with containers accountability from point of origin to destination Gathering data to conduct a virtual inspection in advance of arrival Guaranteeing that shipping containers meet governmental security regulations

12 Threats to shipping (LNG) Research into potential effects of a LNG leak and explosion have indicated that within three minutes, the fire could spread two-third of a mile from the ship; and that safety responses would be impotent in the face of such a ferocious large fire. The primary LNG hazards are pool fires and vapour clouds.

13 Threats to shipping (LNG) The USCG has implemented a number of precautions to minimise the risk of attack against LNG tankers. Fast escort boats marshal each gas tanker as it travels to the terminal. A security zone extending 500 yards on each side, two miles ahead and a mile behind the tanker is imposed and other vessels are instructed to give the tanker a wide berth during its passage and discharge.

14 Threats to shipping (LPG) LPG (commercial propane and butane) is more combustible than LNG, but is delivered in smaller shipments. If an LPG spill were to occur it could have devastating effects as it is heavier than air and the vapour cloud will disperse at a low level until it locates a source ignition, if it is between its lower and upper explosive limites (1.9% and 9.5 in air).

15 Threats to shipping (Bulk carriers) Bulk carriers come in all sizes but in the main are slow moving operated by small crewmembers. Such vessels are often targeted by pirates, some of which are escalated into hijacks and subsequently become phantom ships. In general, most bulkers are simply the targets of opportunists seeking moving objects with little or no real signs of life onboard as a relatively easy picking.

16 Threats to shipping (Passenger ships/cruise ships) Passenger vessels have long been considered the forerunners of maritime security. In the wake of the Achille Lauro attack, the cruise industry immediately reassessed their security vulnerabilities and sought to address them. The first priority of the industry is to ensure the safety and security of its passengers and crew.

17 Threats to shipping (Passenger ships/cruise ships) In 1986, the US government introduced the International Maritime and Port Security Act, providing the USCG with authority to carry out inspections, port and harbour patrols, the establishment of security and safety zones and the development of contingency plans and procedures, to prevent or respond to acts of terrorism. This law also requires a proposed plan of action for implementation of security measures at US ports and passenger ships operating from those ports.

18 Security measures have long been common on passenger/cruise ships Screening of all passenger baggage, carry-on luggage, ship stores and cargoes, screening of passenger lists and passenger identification. It is noted that a thorough x-ray check of each bag coming onboard ships is in place. The use of metal detectors and photo identification is required for all passengers and crewmembers at every point of embarkation.

19 The basics of cruise ships security Controlled access Professional security Surveillance

20 Threats to shipping (Ferries) According to USCG study, large ferries received the highest risk assessment score among 80 maritime terrorist scenarios., tying with a ship carrying hazardous cargo near an urban area. However, despite this, such vessels have never adopted the security mentality of cruise ships and therefore represent relatively soft targets.

21 Threats to shipping (Ports) Ports are extremely attractive targets to terrorists, especially those intending to damage trade rather than property or life. Since July 2004, ports must look more closely at security and take all necessary measures to protect themselves as required by the International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code.

22 Common security elements in ports Physical security Surveillance Waterside access control and response Landside patrols Personnel

23 Security-related software for the preliminary design of naval ships Preliminary Vulnerability Evaluation of enemy Threats (PREVENT) is a preliminary design tool used to assess the vulnerability of ships against a variety of potential threats. It calculates the extent of damage following a weapon hit and assesses the possible outcome to key systems and the major components associated. Therefore, vulnerability of the ship attacked can be immediately acquired for a range of scenarios.

24 The design and construction of a vessel from a security perspective Accommodation-reduced access points but remaining easy to exit Protection of vital equipment Access control Means of access and through routes Monitoring of vessels Hull strength Emergency exits