Running head: THE PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE 1. The Psychological Effects of Domestic Violence

Transcription

1 Running head: THE PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE The Psychological Effects of Domestic Violence Janet Goris GEN499: General Education Capstone (GSV54B) Instructor: Lance Bernard April 20, 205 [no notes on this page] - -

2 THE PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE 2 The Psychological Effects of Domestic Violence Children who have witnessed violence between their parents have become visibly the center of public attention. Domestic violence is a continuing experience of psychological, physical, and sexual abuse in some homes. It is used to establish control and power over one another. Major research has focused on the implications of domestic violence on some key victims. Witnessing domestic violence has major effects on secondary victims including children who live in houses where the partners fight. In America, for instance, 3.2 million children witness incidents of violence annually. (Bowland, 202) It is important to understand that there are secondary impacts of domestic violence. Witnessing violence can cause children to develop negative including psychological ones. Women whose rights were violated may also be affected by these events. They are at a risk of internalized behavior including depression and anxiety, while children are at a risk of externalized behavior, including bullying, fighting, lying, and cheating. The results of these are disobedience in school and at home and social competence problems including difficulty in relationships with others and poor school performance. This paper reviews literature on the primary and secondary psychological impacts of domestic violence, and how it changes the victims. Bowland, S., Edmond, T., & Fallot, R. D. (202). Evaluation of a spiritually focused. victims. the thesis statement isn't quite clear here [Lance Bernard] intervention with older trauma survivors. Social Work, 57(), The study by Bowland et al. (202) was used to evaluate the efficiency of an elevensession focus group involving older women who had endured domestic violence. It sought information from women aged fifty-five and above and who survived personal trauma including sexual assault, child abuse or domestic violence. The intention was to help reduce trauma-related - 2 -

3 THE PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE 3 depression symptoms ranging from anxiety, post-traumatic stress, and trauma-related depressive symptoms. Forty three women were randomly picked for treatment. They discussed spiritual struggles that come as a result of abuse and the spiritual resources the group developed for handling. The group had low depressive symptoms and anxiety than the control group. In another analysis, the symptoms of post-traumatic stress also dropped considerably. The results were supported with a three month follow up. The study showed the usefulness of focused group intervention for survivors of trauma of a Christian background.. three month three-month [Lance Bernard] Ehrensaft, M. K., Cohen, P., Brown, J., Smailes, E., Chen, H., & Johnson, J. G. (2003). Intergenerational Transmission of Partner Violence: A 20-Year Prospective Study. Journal of Consulting And Clinical Psychology, This study was carried out on 543 children and was tracked for over twenty years to test the separate impacts of mistreatment, exposure to domestic violence between parents, emerging adult abuse of drugs and alcohol disorders, and adolescent disruptive behavior disorders. The strongest risk that committed violence from their partner for both sexes was conduct disorder, which was followed by witnessing domestic violence between the parents, and power assertive punishment. The effect of child abuse was attributed to these three risks, the exposure to domestic violence between parents proved to be the greatest danger of being victims of violence from a partner while conduct disorder increased the chances of being victimized by a partner but it did not provide any solutions. Conduct disorder and child abuse were the strongest autonomous risks for injury to people. Substance abuse disorder served to mediate the impact of adolescents conduct disorder, not to an injury by a partner, but on a partner. Suggestions for prevention are highlighted in the article

4 THE PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE 4 Hassija, C., & Gray, M. (20). The Effectiveness and Feasibility of Videoconferencing Technology to Provide Evidence-Based Treatment to Rural Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault Populations. Telemedicine and E-Health, 7(4), The article by Hassija, C., & Gray, M. (20). The Effectiveness and Feasibility of videoconferencing Technology to Provide Evidence-Based Treatment to Rural Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault Populations discussed a study involving participants from the Wyoming Trauma Telehealth Treatment Clinic (WTTTC). It intended to provide psychological services through videoconferencing from rape cases and domestic violence centers located in Wyoming. The study involved fifteen female victims of violence that were given at least four sessions of treatment through videoconferencing at remote domestic violence crisis and rape centers. The participants met measures of depression symptoms and post traumatic disorder. The article by Hassija, C., & Gray, M. (20). The Effectiveness and Feasibility of videoconferencing Technology to Provide Evidence-Based Treatment to Rural Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault Populations not all of this is needed (just "this article" would really work better) [Lance Bernard] seriousness and client satisfaction. Evidence showed that the treatment through videoconferencing showed increased descents on the extent of depression and post-traumatic disorder. Participants were also satisfied with the video-conferencing administered services. The results that were provided in support for video conferencing were significant and it was proven to an effective way of providing psychological services to sexual assault victims and rural domestic violence. Johnson, K. (2008). Association of Combatant Status and Sexual Violence with Health and Mental Health Outcomes in Post-conflict Liberia. JAMA, 300 (6), 676. The authors in the article, Association of Combatant Status and Sexual Violence with Health and Mental Health Outcomes in Post-conflict Liberia, evaluated the growth and effect of a psychosocial ordeal and information on the participation in wars, social functioning, mental - 4 -

5 THE PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE 5 health, and domestic and sexual violence. It surveyed 666 adults all aged 8 years and above using structured questionnaires and interviews. It was conducted during a period of three weeks in May 2008 and resulted in finding the symptoms of post traumatic disorder and major depressive disorder. Others included exposure to sexual exposure, social functioning, mental and health needs among adults in Liberia who had been involved in conflict in the previous few years. O'Farrell, T., Van Hutton, V., & Murphy, C. (999). Domestic violence before and after alcoholism treatment: a two-year longitudinal study. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 60 In the study titled, Domestic violence before and after alcoholism treatment: a two-year longitudinal study. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, eighty-eight males and their wives showed that domestic violence decreased substantially in the period following behavioral marital therapy. In order to determine whether violence decreases were constant, the study scrutinized domestic violence in the second year following the behavioral marital therapy for 75 couples who provided two-years of follow up information on violence. In the years following behavioral marital therapy, violence decreased and for those who did not show much change, their actions were determined by the level of alcohol consumption. The study showed that domestic violence was related to alcoholism although reformed alcoholics no longer had high violence levels when compared to matched controls. Findings from the study showed that violence decreased after therapy and for any recovering individuals, the rate of violence went down to the level of any ordinary citizen. Consequently, the other aspects of family, marital, and psychosocial functioning improved after a successful treatment for alcoholism. [no notes on this page] - 5 -

6 THE PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE 6 Sliep, Y., Weingarten, K., & Gilbert, A. (2004). Narrative Theatre as an Interactive Community Approach to Mobilizing Collective Action in Northern Uganda. Families, Systems, & Health, 22(3), doi:0.037/ The authors of the article, Narrative Theatre as an Interactive Community Approach to Mobilizing Collective Action in Northern Uganda. Families, Systems, & Health, address an interactive community approach, which addresses domestic violence in a refugee camp in Uganda. Domestic violence had become one of the community s most disturbing problems and narrative therapy was used to address and alter the possible outcomes of violence between individual and community levels. The strategy involved working together with local psychosocial workers. Some of the descriptions involved the ability of members to work individually or collectively and to keep focus on local dynamics. The study also considered the limits, as well as the potential of the approach to work continuously between community members and their society.. society. just slightly short of five full pages [Lance Bernard] - 6 -

7 THE PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE 7 References Bowland, S., Edmond, T., & Fallot, R. D. (202). Evaluation of a spiritually focused intervention with older trauma survivors. Social Work, 57(), Ehrensaft, M., Cohen, P., Brown, J., Smailes, E., Chen, H., & Johnson, J. (2003). Intergenerational transmission of partner violence: A 20-year prospective study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 7(4), doi:0.037/ x Hassija, C., & Gray, M. (20). The Effectiveness and Feasibility of Videoconferencing Technology to Provide Evidence-Based Treatment to Rural Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault Populations. Telemedicine and E-Health, 7(4), doi:0.089/tmj Johnson, K. (2008). Association of Combatant Status and Sexual Violence with Health and Mental Health Outcomes in Post-conflict Liberia. JAMA, 300 (6), 676. doi:0.00/jama O'Farrell, T., Van Hutton, V., & Murphy, C. (999). Domestic violence before and after alcoholism treatment: a two-year longitudinal study. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 60(3), doi:0.5288/jsa Sliep, Y., Weingarten, K., & Gilbert, A. (2004). Narrative Theatre as an Interactive Community Approach to Mobilizing Collective Action in Northern Uganda. Families, Systems, & Health, 22(3), doi:0.037/ [no notes on this page] - 7 -