Arkea : A Green Technology for Wastewater Treatment, Residuals Management, and Pathogen Reduction

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1 Arkea : A Green Technology for Wastewater Treatment, Residuals Management, and Pathogen Reduction OWEA ANNUAL MEETING JUNE 20, Michael H. Gerardi, Wastewater Biologist, ArchaeaSolutions, Inc. Steve C. Owens, P.E., Vice President, ArchaeaSolutions, Inc. ArchaeaSolutions, Inc. Bioaugmentation - Consulting - Results.

2 2 I. Introduction

3 ArchaeaSolutions, Inc. 3 Science-focused company Discovered how to use Archaea organisms to resolve environmental problems Since 2000, Archaea containing bio-systems have worked in hundreds of municipal and industrial plants, including wastewater treatment, food processing, chemical plants, and petroleum refineries Ongoing work in North America, Europe, and Africa

4 ArchaeaSolutions, Inc. 4 Scientists, Engineers, and Wastewater Professionals Specializing in Plant Optimization, Troubleshooting, Process Consulting, and Bioaugmentation Strategies Usual approach is to evaluate problem and situation, perform lab analysis, complete pilot program, and undertake full scale work

5 5 II. What are Archaea Archaea Key Driver in Waste Stabilization

6 Archaea not bacteria 6 Separate domain of life forms Characteristics of Archaea compared to bacteria Larger diversity of enzymes Higher metabolic rate Shorter generation time More tolerant of extremes Larger surface-to-volume ratio

7 Archaea and bacteria: syntrophic relationship 7 Archaea degrade wastes that bacteria cannot degrade Archaea solubilize wastes to substrates for bacteria bacterium Less polluting wastes, non-polluting wastes, decreased sludge production Archaea

8 Additional benefits of syntrophic relationship 8 Increase in numbers of higher life forms Ciliated protozoa Rotifers Free-living nematodes Increase in coating action removal of fine solids from bulk solution Increase in cropping action removal of dispersed growth from bulk solution

9 9 III. Archaea Bioaugmentation A. Waste Stabilization B. Process Optimization C. Pathogen Reduction

10 A. Waste Stabilization 10 Solubilize colloidal and particulate cbod and degrade solubilized cbod to non-polluting wastes and less polluting wastes 1 lb. of non-soluble cbod in and not solubilized is 1 lb. of solids out 1 lb. of non-soluble cbod in and solubilized is 0.6 lb. of solids out under aerobic conditions RESULT: Reduction in solid management costs (Energy, Dewatering, Transportation, Disposal)

11 Activated Sludge: Transformation of cbod (Sludge Yield) 11 Electron Acceptor Sludge Yield per lb of cbod degraded Oxygen, O 2 ~0.6 Nitrate, NO 3 - ~0.4 Sulfate, SO 4 2- ~ cbod, CH 2 O ~

12 Bacterial Growth (Sludge Production) Curve 12 Synthesis of cbod Endogenous/Basal Increasing Bacterial Population (MLVSS) LOG Uptake of soluble cbod LAG Increasing MCRT

13 Activated Sludge/Microbial Wastes 13 Non-polluting wastes Water (H 2 O) Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) Less polluting wastes Ammonium (NH 4+ ) Sulfate (SO 4 2- ) Orthophosphate(H 2 PO 4- /HPO 4 2- ) Acids, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones including VFA, VNC, VSC

14 Key role in nitrogen cycle 14 Nitrogen is removed by Archaea through anaerobic ammonia oxidation (ANAMMOX). ANAMMOX is the oxidation of ammonium to nitrite (NO 2 -) and then the removal of molecular nitrogen (N 2 ) from nitrite to the atmosphere by combining nitrite and ammonium under an anaerobic condition. ANAMMOX requires less dissolved oxygen and is not dependent upon carbon feed.

15 ANAMMOX reactions 15 2NH HCO O > NH NO CO 2 + 3H 2 O Step 1 NH NO > N 2 + 2H 2 O Step 2

16 Key role in sulfur cycle 16 Extremophilic Archaea domain are the source of strong sulfide-oxidizing bacterium such as Sulfolobus which break down hydrogen sulfide or its salts.

17 Control of malodors 17 Compete with sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) for substrate Degrade VFA, VNC, VSC Release wastes that inhibit SRB Prevent conversion of HS - to H 2 S Assimilate HS - as sulfur nutrient Oxidize HS - to S o

18 B. Process Optimization 18 Increase number of cbod-removing microbes without increasing MCRT Increase number of nitrifying microbes without increasing MCRT

19 Control of foam 19 Foam Biological Degrade lipids Degrade polysaccharides Chemical Degrade oils and grease Degrade surfactants

20 Provide resistance to toxic wastes 20 Degrade organic wastes such as phenol Safely bio-accumulate heavy metals

21 Heavy metal attack on microbial cell 21 Fibril Zn 2+ Cell Wall Cell Membrane Genetic Material Enzymes Polysaccharide Coat

22 Methane production 22 Larger variety of methanogens Larger variety of enzymes Larger diversity of wastes that can be converted to methane (CH 4 )

23 C. Reduction in E. coli and pathogens via Archaea augmentation 23 Reduction in sludge age or mean cell residence time (MCRT) Competition for soluble nutrients and soluble substrate Adsorption to floc particles or biofilm Increase in cropping action by ciliated protozoa and metazoa Increase in coating action by ciliated protozoa and metazoa Reduction in chlorine demand

24 Competition for soluble nutrients and soluble substrates 24 E. coli and some pathogens such as Klebsiella reproduce in wastewater! Because Archaea have a larger surface-to-volume ratio than E. coli and most pathogens, Archaea can out-compete E. coli and most pathogens for nutrients and substrates. Therefore, reduction in numbers of E. coli and some pathogens occurs!

25 Adsorption to floc particles or biofilm 25 Archaea are adsorbed (flocculated) to floc particles or biofilm and remain for long sludge retention time (SRT) in the treatment process. Flocculation reduces the number of dispersed bacterial cells including E. coli and pathogens that are present in the secondary effluent!

26 Mature floc particle Bulk solution has: Insignificant dispersed growth Insignificant particulate materials 26

27 Testate, free-swimming ciliates, Coleps Coleps Testate 27

28 Reduction in Chlorine Demand 28 Because Archaea are able to reduce significantly the quantity of cbod and nbod (ammonia) in the secondary effluent, the chlorine demand for disinfection of E. coli and pathogens is reduced. Therefore, the existing level of chlorine feed to the effluent is more effective.

29 29 IV. Arkea Field Applications

30 Arkea Substrate 30 ArchaeaSolutions, Inc. produces Arkea substrate containing a proprietary blend of Archaea organisms and other selected microbes. Several species of Archaeal methanogens have been identified in Arkea through gene sequencing analysis.

31 Arkea Substrate 31 Archaea is the key driver Other supporting microbes and factors Bacteria Fungi Nutrients/micronutrients Job specific microbes

32 Ohio and Indiana Installations - Sludge Reduction and Operational Cost Savings 32

33 WAS & Sludge Yield Reduction - OH 33 After the addition of Arkea in 2009, the lbs. of WAS declined. Sludge yield coefficient (lbs. WAS/lbs. BOD drop) also decreased. Year WAS Sludge Yield (lbs.) (lbs. WAS / lbs. BOD drop) , , ,969.80

34 34 Sludge Yield Reduction - OH

35 Operational Impact - OH 35 When OH project began, plant operated all four available sludge digesters Due to impact of Arkea, reduced operation to only two sludge digesters Confirmation of reduced sludge yield

36 Lagoon Biological Dredging - OH 36 Before: Note dark gray color After: Note green color and improved appearance

37 %TSS % VSS TSS and VSS Reductions - OH 37 TSS VSS TSS VSS /2/2010 7/21/2010 9/22/ /2/2010 7/21/2010 9/22/2010 Date Date

38 Accumulated Sludge Depth Reduction - TX Municipality Lagoon 38 Municipality with a 24/7 slaughterhouse upstream could not cost effectively manage their bio-solids Dark brown area is >100. Orange is Gold is Dark yellow is Yellow is Vanilla is <20. Fraction of cost of mechanical dredging Feb 19 March 21 May 22

39 Hydraulic Volume Increase - Texas Lagoon 39

40 Arkea Substrate Generation On Site Ammonia and Nitrate Reduction - AR 40

41 Ammonia Reduction Explosives Manufacturer - AR 41

42 Nitrate Reduction Explosives Manufacturer - AR 42

43 Poultry Processing WWT Lagoon - GA Total Nitrogen and Total Phosphorus Reduction 43 Before Arkea Treatment After Arkea Treatment

44 Poultry Processing Total Nitrogen - GA 44 Total Nitrogen: > 50% reduction

45 Poultry Processing Total Phosphorus - GA 45 Total Phosphorus: > 50% reduction

46 Phosphorus Field Results - FL 46 Phosphorous reduction on dairy farms in central Florida Normally the dairy lagoons would be filled with bio-solids and often have a bio-solid crust on top.

47 Sweden Refinery - Acid Tar By-Product 47 Reduction, Detoxification, and Re-Use

48 Ammonia Reduction - London 2012 Olympic Stadium 48

49 Bioremediation - Underground Petro Storage Tank - BTEX Reduction 49

50 50 V. Summary

51 Process Benefits of Arkea Bioaugmentation 51 More rapid degradation of wastes Reduction of waste by-products Reduction of sludge yield Reduction in concentrations of ammonia, nitrate, phosphorus, TKN, H 2 S, and sulfides Reduction in toxicity Overall improvement of effluent water quality Arkea are proven safe in the environment.

52 Operational Cost Savings 52 Arkea substrate improves operating profit. The operational cost savings will come from the following areas: Typically 25-50% reduction in sludge yield Reduced sludge handling and disposal costs Decreased energy costs Decreased chemical usage Improved overall plant efficiency and operation Arkea substrate does all this in a cost effective manner

53 Questions? ArchaeaSolutions, Inc. Bioaugmentation - Consulting - Results. Scientists, Engineers, and Wastewater Professionals Specializing in Plant Optimization, Troubleshooting, Process Consulting, and Bioaugmentation Strategies 100 Lloyd Ave., Suite D, Tyrone, GA Low Cost Performance-Based Arkea Trials Available Call us today to schedule a consultation and site visit!

BALANCING REDOX EQUATIONS. Each redox equation contains two parts -- the oxidation and reduction parts. Each is balanced separately.

BALANCING REDOX EQUATIONS. Each redox equation contains two parts -- the oxidation and reduction parts. Each is balanced separately. C & EE 255B Prof. M. K. Stenstrom Winter 2015 BALANCING REDOX EQUATIONS Balancing redox (oxidation-reduction) equations is a simple and very useful technique of performing balances from empirical equations