Biological Phosphorus Removal Activated Sludge Process in Warm Climates

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1 Biological Phosphorus Removal Activated Sludge Process in Warm Climates CaoYe Shi Publishing London* New York

2 Contents Preface Acknowledgements About the author Nomenclature ix xi xiii xv Chapter 1 General introduction Wastewater treatment in warm climates Biological nitrogen removal in warm climates Enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) in warm climates Focus areas of the book Approaches: between up- and down-streams Structure of the book 3 Chapter 2 Introduction: biological phosphorus removal activated sludge process of municipal wastewater treatment in warm climates Biological nitrogen removal in warm climates Enhanced biological phosphorus removal: PAO and GAO Metabolisms of PAO and GAO Temperature and sludge retention time IWA Publishing. Biological Phosphorus Removal Activated Sludge Process in Warm Climates. By Cao Ye Shi. ISBN: Published by IWA Publishing, London, UK.

6 Structure of the book 3 Chapter 2 Introduction: biological phosphorus removal activated sludge process of municipal wastewater treatment in warm climates 5 2.

3 vi Biological Phosphorus Removal Activated Sludge Process in Warm Climates ph Types of substrates and COD/P ratio Modelling Identification of PAO and GAO An unanswered question: Whether EBPR works in warm climates under practical site conditions? Objectives and the research programme Objectives Research programme 12 Chapter 3 Enhanced biological phosphorus removal in a full-scale AIO activated sludge process at 30 C Introduction Materials and methods Site conditions Sampling and analysis Results and discussion Hydraulic flow and characterization of conventional parameters and SCFAs of primary effluent Performance of Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal (EBPR) Fates of the SCFAs Phosphate Accumulating Organism (PAO) development SVI and sludge morphology changes Conclusions 26 Chapter 4 Enhanced biological phosphorus removal during the retrofitting from an anoxic to an anaerobic selector in a full-scale activated sludge process at 30 C Introduction Materials and methods Activated sludge unit Sampling and analysis Sequencing batch reactor experiment Results and discussion Characterisation of the primary effluent Performance development of the activated sludge process Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal (EBPR) Mechanism(s) of the Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal Conclusions 39

Objectives and the research programme 12 2.4.1 Objectives 12 2.4.2 Research programme 12 Chapter 3 Enhanced biological phosphorus removal in a full-scale AIO activated sludge process at 30 C 15 3.

4 Contents vii Chapter 5 Process performance and competition between PAO and GAO in the enhanced biological phosphorus removal activated sludge process of the municipal sewage treatment at 30 C, 20 C and 15 C Introduction Materials and methods Laboratory system and process Sampling program and analysis FISH and chemical staining Phosphorus release and uptake batch test Results Characterisation of primary effluent Performance of the process Process analysis and microbial community study Discussion Effects of additional COD (HAc) Effects of ph control Anoxic and aerobic P uptake Microbial community: PAO and GAO Different mechanisms of EBPR Effects of temperature Interrelationships between temperature, carbon, ph, microbial community and performance Denitrification, P uptake and release in the FST EBPR in warm climates Operational strategy of the EBPR activated sludge process to cope with seasonal temperature changes Conclusions 83 Chapter 6 Pilot investigation of the EBPR of industrial wastewater treatment with an integrated UASB, activated sludge-membrane process at 30 C Introduction Materials and methods Pilot system and process configurations Sampling program and analysis Results and discusions Wastewater characterisation Performance of the UASB reactor Performance of the MBR process Process analysis of EBPR Microbial community study 106

3 Results 47 5.3.1 Characterisation of primary effluent 47 5.3.2 Performance of the process 48 5.3.3 Process analysis and microbial community study 52 5.4 Discussion 75 5.4.1 Effects of additional COD (HAc) 75 5.

5 viii Biological Phosphorus Removal Activated Sludge Process in Warm Climates Cleaning of the MBRand RO membranes Effluent quality and feasibility of reuse Conclusions 110 Chapter 7 Summary and outlook Experimental conditions Sewage in warm climates Process configuration Major findings Fate of HAc and HPr Effects of additional HAc Anoxic and aerobic P uptake Mechanisms of the EBPR Microbial community: PAO and GAO Effect of temperature Interrelationships between temperature, carbon substrate, ph, microbial community and performance Recommendations for the practical applications of EBPR of municipal sewage treatment in warm climates EBPR of industrial wastewater treatment in warm climates Outlook Microbiology study Process investigation Modelling Long term perspective on nutrient removal 120 References 121 Index 127

2.2 Effects of additional HAc 114 7.2.3 Anoxic and aerobic P uptake 115 7.2.4 Mechanisms of the EBPR 115 7.2.5 Microbial community: PAO and GAO 115 7.2.6 Effect of temperature 116 7.2.7 Interrelationships between temperature, carbon substrate, ph, microbial community and performance 116 7.

TABLE OF CONTENTS 2. PHOSPHORUS AND NITROGEN IN WASTEWATER 3. PHOSPHORUS AND NITROGEN REMOVAL MECHANISM 4. PROCESS REQUIREMENT AND CONTROL FACTOR

TABLE OF CONTENTS 2. PHOSPHORUS AND NITROGEN IN WASTEWATER 3. PHOSPHORUS AND NITROGEN REMOVAL MECHANISM 4. PROCESS REQUIREMENT AND CONTROL FACTOR TABLE OF CONTENTS Submittal 1. INTRODUCTION 2. PHOSPHORUS AND NITROGEN IN WASTEWATER 3. PHOSPHORUS AND NITROGEN REMOVAL MECHANISM 3.1 Chemical Phosphorus Removal 3.2 Biological Phosphorus Removal 3.2.1