American University in Dubai A School of Engineering Infrastructure Sustainability and Assessment Center
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1 American University in Dubai A School of Engineering Infrastructure Sustainability and Assessment Center Service Life Assessment of Concrete Structures in the GCC Countries By Mohamad Nagi
2 Corrosive Environment
3 What is Durability Durability by definition is the ability of concrete to resist weathering action, chemical attack, and abrasion while maintaining its desired engineering properties
4 Degradation Mechanisms Physical attack Chemical attack Salt crystallization Freezing-and-thawing attack Abrasion, erosion, and cavitation Thermal damage Leaching Acid and base attack Alkali-silica reactions Delayed ettringite formation Sulfate attack Steel reinforcement corrosion
5 Degradation Mechanisms Physical attack Chemical attack Salt crystallization Freezing-and-thawing attack Abrasion, erosion, and cavitation Thermal damage Leaching Acid and base attack Alkali-silica reactions Delayed ettringite formation Sulfate attack Steel reinforcement corrosion
6 Alkali Silica Reactivity This is caused by reaction of certain aggregates with alkali in cement to form expansive gel that eventually leads to craking
7 Sulphate Attack A reaction between sulphate ions and calcium hydroxide and form gypsum and ettringite. BRE and ACI 201 Classification in UAE Low w/c ration and use of SCM
8 What is Corrosion Deterioration of a material as a result of reaction with its environment-m.g. Fontana Destructive attack of a metal by chemical or electrochemical reaction with its environment-h.h. Uhling. Metal corrode because they have a strong driving force to return to their natural state
9 Requirements for Corrosion Cathode Anode Electrolyte Electrical connection between anode and cathode
10 Definition of Anode&Cathode Loss of electrons is oxidation Gain of electrons is reduction
11 Chloride-Induced Corrosion of Steel in Concrete Cathode and anode sites co-exist on the Steel The steel is the conductor, and Concrete acts as electrolyte Passivity layer is damaged by chloride ions
12 O 2 H 2 O Cl -
13 O 2 H 2 O Cl -
14 United Corrosion Technologies 2010
15 Why Should We Care About Corrosion Why Should we Care about Corrosion Safety Conservation of Resources Cost
16 Cost of Corrosion in the GCC States-2004 Kingdom of Bahrain 0.5 B. State of Kuwait 2.17 B. Sultanate of Oman 1.3 B. State of Qatar 1.1 B. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 13.0 B. United Arab Emirates 3.7 B.
17 Environment Depletion of iron ore resources Concrete carbon foot-print
18 Service Life One Century of Service Life Is Required???
19 Codes are not written for our environment Avg Temp (Degrees C) UAE London New York 5 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
20 Water Salinity Ref. King Fahed University of Petroleum and Minerals Black Med. North Atlantic Arabian Red Sea Sea Sea Ocean Gulf Sea Cl - 9,500 21,270 16,550 20,000 36,900 22,660 SO 3 1,362 2,596 2,220 2,180 5,120 3,050
21 Saline Groundwater Ref.CONCRETE SOCIETY CS163 (Guide to the Design of Concrete Structures in the Arabian Peninsula) table 5 - P. 15 SITE Cl - mg/l in groundwater SO4-2 mg/l in groundwater Burj Khalifa Emirates Towers 17-90, , Doha Convention Centre 31, (max) Dubai Tower (Qatar) 6,400-30, Aweer 9,200 Not Measured
22 Service Life Service Life The period of time during which a structure meets or exceeds the minimum requirements set for it Requirements limitation can be technical, functional or economical Durability ASR Sulfate attack Corrosion
23 Kyosti Tuuti s Service Life Model
24 Kyosti Tuuti s Service Life Model Loss of cross-section Concrete Cover Diffusion Coefficient Time
25 Kyosti Tuuti s Service Life Model Loss of cross-section Chloride Threshold Concrete Cover Diffusion Coefficient Time
26 Kyosti Tuuti s Service Life Model Loss of cross-section Chloride Threshold Concrete Cover Diffusion Coefficient Corrosion Rate (µm/year) End of Service Life Time
27 Kyosti Tuuti s Service Life Model Loss of cross-section Chloride Threshold Concrete Cover Diffusion Coefficient Corrosion Rate (µm/year) End of Service Life Time
28 How to Achieve it Concrete Mix Design Use of GGBS, Fly ash and Microsilica Use of corrosion inhibitor and other corrosion preventive methods. Construction practice Curing, surface protection, curing temperature QA/QC procedures
29 Designing Durable Structures ACI 318 AASHTO EUROCODE 2 BS 5400 BS 8500 CS 163
30 Guide to the Design of Concrete Structures in the Arabian Penn. Provides Exposure classes relevant to the region Categorizes structures as Normal vs. Special
31 Special Structures Service Life in excess of 30 years Exposed to severe environment Recommends Project-Specific Durability Study / Service-Life Prediction Additional Durability Enhancement Methods
32 Special Structures Service Life in excess of 30 years Exposed to severe environment Recommends Project-Specific Durability Study / Service-Life Prediction Additional Durability Enhancement Methods
33 Structural Design ACI 318 =??? years AASHTO = 75 years EUROCODE 2 = 50 years BS 5400 = 50 years BS 8500 = 50 years
34 Additional Durability Enhancement Techniques Admixtures Reinforcement Surface Electrochemical Waterproofers Corrosion Inhibitors Unreinforced Design Epoxy Coated Steel Corrosion Resistant Steel Galvanized Controlled Permeability Formwork Sealers Coatings Monitoring Cathodic Protection
35 MEDRC Research Selected Concrete Mix Design. Laboratory Tests Service Life Prediction Field Testing Stations
36 Standard Durability Tests Water Permeability, BS EN 12390/DIN 1048 Water Absorption, BS Rapid Chloride Penetration, ASTM C 1202
37 ASTM G 109 Test
38 ASTM G 109 Specimens
39 Further Research to Improve our Understanding of SLP Integrated Current (Coulombs) OPC OPC/MCI
40 Conclusions The Gulf region is considered the most corrosive location in the world Corrosion is the main durability factor leads to deterioration of concrete structures Use of Quality Concrete and good QA/QC system are the key to achieve the required service life Use of corrosion protection systems such as corrosion inhibitors extend the service life of structures
41 Thank you شڪرا Questions?
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