Thomas Schorner-Sadenius. Editor. Hadron Collider. The Large. Harvest of Run 1. i Springer

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1 Thomas Schorner-Sadenius Editor The Large Hadron Collider Harvest of Run 1 i Springer

2 Contents 1 The Large Hadron Collider Background and History 1 Thomas Schorner-Sadenius 1.1 The LHC A Marvel in Every Respect The Origins of the LHC The Picture of the Microcosm Around Arguments for the LHC and First Design Parameters pp and pp Colliders Before the LHC 5 Versus Colliders Fixed-Target Experiments Intersecting Storage Rings (ISR, ) Super Proton-Antiproton Synchrotron (SppS, ) Tevatron (1983/ ) UNK Super-Conducting Super Collider (SSC, ) LHC Development and Timelines From First Ideas to First Approval From First Approval to First Beams Evolution of High Energy Physics Since LHC Funding and Construction Timelines Superconducting Magnets for Particle Physics Forming the Collaborations Conclusion 24 References 25 2 A Journey to the Heart of the LHC 27 Bernhard Holzer and Reyes Alemany-Fernandez 2.1 Introduction and Basics of the LHC Machine Design Parameters Layout of the Machine 30 ix

3 x Contents Lattice Beam Optics and Magnet Luminosity LHC Performance Limits in Run Space-Charge Effect Beam-Beam Effect Electron-Cloud Effect LHC Operation Protecting the LHC from Itself The LHC Cryogenic System: One of the Coldest Places on Earth Start-Up of the LHC in A Forced Break LHC Proton Run Special LHC Runs Heavy-Ion Runs Proton-Lead Run LHC Upgrade Plans and the High-Luminosity LHC Plans for Future Colliders at CERN 53 References 55 3 The LHC Detectors 57 Ingrid-Maria Gregor and Arno Straessner 3.1 The LHC Detectors The Big Picture General Requirements Identifying Physics Objects The Four Main Detectors Tracking Detectors Silicon Detectors and the Harsh LHC Environment Performance of the Tracking Systems Calorimetry Detectors Electromagnetic Calorimeters Hadronic Calorimeters Calibration and Performance Muon Spectrometers Performance Particle-Identification Detectors Trigger Systems Luminosity Measurement Conclusions and Outlook 93 References 93

4 Contents xi 4 Electroweak Standard Model Physics 95 Maarten Boonekamp, Stefan Dittmaier and Matthias Mozer 4.1 Introduction The Standard Model Lagrangian The Gauge Structure of the Standard Model Electroweak Symmetry Breaking and the Higgs Mechanism Yukawa Couplings and Fermion Masses The Input Parameters of the Standard Model Higher-Order Electroweak Effects Electroweak Corrections at High Energies Photonic Final-State Radiation Off Leptons Photonic Corrections to the Initial State Combining QCD and Electroweak Corrections Treatment of W/Z Resonances Experimental Techniques Ill 4.5 Drell-Yan Processes and EW Precision Observables Theoretical Preliminaries Total and Differential Cross Sections Effective Weak Mixing Angle The W-Boson Mass Global Fits Diboson Production and Anomalous Triple Gauge Couplings The Effective Lagrangian Predictions for Diboson Production Diboson Measurements and Limits on Triple Couplings Triple Gauge-Boson Production and Vector-Boson Scattering Anomalous Quartic Gauge-Boson Couplings Triple Gauge-Boson Production Vector-Boson Scattering Outlook to Run References Studies of Quantum Chromodynamics at the LHC 139 Tancredi Carli, Klaus Rabbertz and Steffen Schumann 5.1 Introduction Basic Elements of QCD Perturbative QCD Cross-Section Predictions Fragmentation and Hadronic Jets 145

5 xii Contents 5.4 Parton Showers: The Bulk of the Emissions Colour Coherence Azimuthal Decorrelation NLO: The New Standard Jet Counting Jets and the Gluon PDF Jets, Cross-Section Ratios, and the Strong Coupling NNLO: The Quest for Precision Inclusive Vector-Boson Production Differential Vector-Boson Cross Sections Production of Photon Pairs with Large Invariant Mass Multi-jets: Precision Meets Multiplicity Weak Bosons and Jets Weak Bosons and Jets with Flavour Resummation: The Realm of Large Logarithms Jet Vetos and Gap Fractions The Jet-Mass Distribution Beyond Perturbative QCD Jet Shapes Jet-Radius Ratio Soft Hadron-Hadron Collisions The Underlying Event and Multi-Parton Interactions Double-Parton Scattering Summary and Outlook 187 References Higgs-Boson Physics at the LHC 195 Karl Jakobs, Giinter Quast and Georg Weiglein 6.1 Electroweak Symmetry Breaking and Higgs Physics Theoretical Higgs-Boson Mass Bounds Indirect Experimental Constraints on the Mass of the Higgs Boson in the Standard Model Higgs-Boson Decay Modes Early Higgs-Boson Searches Direct Searches at the LEP e+e~ Collider Searches at the Tevatron Collider Higgs-Boson Phenomenology at the LHC Higgs-Boson Production at the LHC Statistical Treatment: Exclusion Limits and Significance of a Discovery 209

6 Contents xiii 6.4 Higgs-Boson Searches at the LHC Discovery Channels Exclusion Limits with Early Data at the LHC Discovery of a Higgs Boson at the LHC The H -» ZZ* -> At Signal The H yy Signal The H -> WW* -> Mv Signal Combined Significances Summary: Status in Summer Results from the Full Run 1 Data Set Signals in the Bosonic Decay Modes Signals in Fermionic Decay Modes Rare Production and Decay Channels Summary of Results on Signal Strengths Searches for Additional Higgs Bosons Properties of the Discovered Higgs Boson Measurement of the Higgs-Boson Mass Measurement of Spin and CP Properties Off-shell Higgs Couplings to the Z Boson Higgs-Boson Couplings A Critical Look on the Interpretation of the Observed Higgs-Boson Signal Mass of the Observed Particle Spin and CP Properties Constraints on the Total Width Couplings to Gauge Bosons and Fermions Higgs-Boson Self-Couplings Vector-Boson Scattering Compatibility of the Experimental Results with Different Scenarios of Electroweak Symmetry Breaking Conclusions and Outlook 254 References Top-Quark Physics at the LHC 259 Kevin Kroninger, Andreas B. Meyer and Peter Uwer 7.1 Introduction Top-Quark Pair Production Inclusive it Cross Section Differential ft Cross Sections Top-Quark Pairs and Additional Jets Top-Quark Mass Tests of QCD Predictions 276

7 xiv Contents Charge Asymmetry Top-Quark Polarisation and Spin Correlation Top-Quark Pairs Tests of Electroweak Predictions W-Boson Polarisation Top-Quark Pairs and Additional Gauge Bosons Single Top-Quark Production r-channel Production Single Top-Quark Production in Association with a W Boson Determination of Vth Conclusions 296 References Quark-Flavour Physics 301 Stephanie Hansmann-Menzemer and Ulrich Nierste 8.1 Introduction Theoretical Concepts in Flavour Physics The LHC a True B Factory Theory of Neutral B Mixing and CP Violation Measurements of B Oscillations and CP Asymmetries Measurements of the Bd -Bd and B s -Ws Oscillation Frequencies CP Violation in Neutral fi-meson Mixing CP Violation in the Interference of Mixing and Decay B Hadron Lifetimes Direct CP Violation and the CKM Angle y Time-Integrated Analysis of y from Tree... Decays Time-Integrated Analysis of y from Loop Decays Time-Dependent Measurement of y Rare Decays Theory of Rare Decays and Electroweak Penguins Angular Distribution of Electroweak. 334 Penguin Decays Searches for Very Rare Decays Charm Physics Theoretical Background Measurement of Charm Mixing and CP Asymmetries Spectroscopy of Exotic Resonances Summary and Outlook 349 References 351

8 Contents xv 9 Heavy-Ion Physics at the LHC 355 Ralf Averbeck, John W. Harris and Bjorn Schenke 9.1 Introduction Heavy-Ion Collisions: From the Bevalac, AGS and SPS via RHIC to the LHC QCD at High Density and Temperature Geometry of Heavy-Ion Collisions Characterisation of the Final State at Freeze-Out Introduction Particle Multiplicity Spectra of Charged Particles and Identified Hadrons Hadron Yields and Chemical Freeze-Out The Quest for the Initial Temperature Correlations in Heavy-Ion Collisions Azimuthal Distributions in Heavy-Ion Physics Long-Range Correlations in Rapidity Elliptic Flow: v Higher Moments Viscosity of the Produced Medium: rj/s Directed Flow: vj Femtoscopy Hard Probes High Transverse-Momentum Processes Heavy-Flavour Production Quarkonium Production Conclusions Lessons Learned Open Questions 412 References Supersymmetry 421 Philip Bechtle, Tilman Plehn and Christian Sander 10.1 A Short Motivation Theoretical Introduction Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model Supersymmetry Breaking Signatures of SUSY Generic Searches for Supersymmetry Searches with Jets and Eiss Final States with Leptons and iss Final States with Ess and Photons Simplified Models: Virtues and Challenges 435

9 xvi Contents 10.4 The Rest of the Spectrum: SUSY Searches for Electroweak and Third-Generation Production Electroweak Production of SUSY Particles Searches for SUSY Particles of the Third Generation Exotic SUSY Scenarios Searches for Long-Lived SUSY Particles Searches for tf-parity-violating Models Compressed Spectra Current Status Global Fits Experimental Anomalies Prospects for LHC Run Summary 460 References Searches for Physics Beyond the Standard Model 463 Frank Ellinghaus, Kerstin Hoepfner and Thorsten Ohl 11.1 Introduction New Gauge Bosons New Heavy Neutral Bosons Z' New Heavy Charged Bosons W Compositeness Contact Interactions Excited Quarks and Leptons Composite Higgs and Technicolour Extra Dimensions Flat Extra Dimensions: ADD and UED Warped Extra Dimensions: The Randall-Sundrum Model Thermal Black Holes Quantum Black Holes Dark Matter Mono-X Searches Dark Matter Through the Higgs Portal Unification of Quarks and Leptons Searches for Long-Lived States Model-Unspecific Searches and Reinterpretation Other Analyses Summary 508 References 511

10 Contents xvii 12 Perspectives on the Energy Frontier 515 Eckhard Elsen and Christophe Grojean 12.1 The Structure of the Standard Model After LHC Run The New Physics Landscape Expectations for LHC Runs 2 and The Challenge of High-Luminosity LHC Physics Beyond the LHC Outlook 526 References 527 Index 529

Theoretical Particle Physics FYTN04: Oral Exam Questions, version ht15

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