Thousand Cankers Disease of Walnut: What, Where & Why Do We You Care?

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1 Thousand Cankers Disease of Walnut: What, Where & Why Do We You Care? Jennifer Juzwik Northern Research Station USDA Forest Service St. Paul, Minnesota Kathryn Kromroy Plant Protection Division Minnesota Department of Agriculture St. Paul, Minnesota 55155

2 Thousand cankers disease (TCD) occurs on walnut trees (Juglans spp.) Juglans spp. in western hemisphere Susceptibility Black walnut (J. nigra) high J. nigra x J. sp. (Black walnut hybrids) J. hindsii J. californica Arizona walnut (J. major) Little walnut (J.microcarpa) low

3 TCD caused by an insect / disease organism complex Walnut twig beetle (Pityophthorus juglandis) Beetle s native range = distribution of AZ walnut (AZ, NM, Mexico) Appears to have made a host jump from AZ walnut to black walnut 1.8 mm Eastern black walnut is highly susceptible Entry / exit holes Beetle gallery

4 TCD caused by an insect / disease organism complex Geosmithia morbida sp. nov. pathogenic fungus within genus of nonpathogenic insect associates Consistently associated with walnut twig beetle (WTB) Introduced to inner bark of walnut by tunneling WTB Fungus spores dislodged, germinate and infect bark Numerous WTB attacks thousands of cankers

5 TCD caused by an insect / disease organism complex The chemistry WTB + Gm + Jn = TCD Undetected, WTB population increases on Juglans nigra for up to 6 to 8 yrs Numerous fungal cankers develop, coalesce and girdle branches and main stem Dieback symptoms, then mortality

6 What other problems might be mistaken for TCD? Asian ambrosia beetle Xyleborinus saxeseni Anthracnose Fusarium canker Unknown

7 History of WTB and TCD: Prior to Early 1990 s Original description of WTB, Grant Co., New Mexico Report of black walnut mortality in northern New Mexico; WTB associated. Reports of black walnut decline and mortality in Oregon and Utah Reports of black walnut decline and mortality in Boulder & Denver, Colorado

8 History of WBT and TCD: Source: E.Borchardt, MN Dept. Agric.

9 History of WBT and TCD: 2010, 1 st report in eastern USA MO AS MS TN AL KY GA VA NC Knoxville, TN, area; Urban settings Observed dieback of black walnut in previous 2+ years. Confirmed WTB and Geosmithia morbida, late July TCD confirmed in 4 counties. Surveys initiated in neighboring states.

10 Thousand Cankers Disease: Why do we care? ---- because it threatens black walnut in its native range & there is no control Natural stands of mixed hardwoods Plantations 1% of total US volume

Thousand Cankers Disease: Why do we care? No. Black Walnut Trees > 1 dbh on Forestland 120,000,000 100,000,000 100.

11 Thousand Cankers Disease: Why do we care? No. Black Walnut Trees > 1 dbh on Forestland 120,000, ,000, million 80,000,000 60,000, million 40,000,000 20,000, million 5.9 million Missouri Iowa Wisconsin Minnesota

Thousand Cankers Disease: Why do we care? Volume Black Walnut Sawtimber on Timberland (in boardfeet) 2,000,000,000 1.

12 Thousand Cankers Disease: Why do we care? Volume Black Walnut Sawtimber on Timberland (in boardfeet) 2,000,000, billion 1,500,000,000 1,000,000, million 500,000, million million Missouri Iowa Wisconsin Minnesota

13 Economic Value of Black Walnut Wood Products Industry - Lumber & Veneer United States 1.9% total hardwoods available commercially net volume growing stock valued at > $500 billion exports to 67 countries annual average value of export is $325 million Minnesota 1-2 million board feet harvested annually 0.1% of volume of all wood harvested $3 million = 5% of $60 million total stumpage value for all wood harvested Kiln-dried walnut lumber #1C sells for $1.40/bdft Kiln dried #1C red oak or hard maple sells for $0.85/bdft (D. Deckard. MN DNR pers.commun) Wisconsin annual average value of export is $4 million

14 Estimated Potential Losses Due to TCD Missouri (2009) Iowa (2010) Wood products, annual $36 million $60 million Nut production $35 million $75,000 Urban street trees $65.6 million $3.4 billion Total $850 million (Treiman & Tuttle 2009) (Treiman et al. 2010) Kathleen Alexander, City Forester, Boulder, CO

15 Other Values of Black Walnut Ecologic Harder to measure Nuts as food for wildlife squirrels, beavers, redbellied woodpeckers Important species of riparian corridors Bark used for medicine, dye Social Culture around walnuts for food M. Mielke NCFPW 2010

16 Thousand Cankers Disease: What should we do? PREVENTION: Minimize introduction risk Potential pathways for spread? PATHWAY Timber Firewood Wood packing material (WPM) Nursery stock Scion wood Natural spread ESTIMATED APPROACH RATE Low: walnut production low in west; little timber shipped from west to east Low to moderate: through firewood distributors, long distance campers Low to moderate: WPM with most domestically shipped commodities, 1.2 billion pallets in circulation Low: No reports of infested nursery stock Low: Walnut breeding programs in west have revised practices to prevent spread Low: Walnut twig beetle flies 1-2 miles; may be carried by wind because of its small size

17 Thousand Cankers Disease: What should we do? Tools for prevention: Regulation Outreach Early detection Learn more 1997 University of Minnesota, Extension Service

18 Regulation Who regulates? Infested western states? No APHIS? Not at this time??? Eastern states? Yes M. Mielke NCFPW 2010

19 Quarantines What is a quarantine? Series of rules regulating the movement of certain articles to prevent the spread of pests that threaten a resource Who can establish a quarantine? Agencies with the authority to protect the threatened resources

20 Quarantines How is a quarantine established? Emergency ruling declared Period for public comment Final quarantine What are the different kinds of quarantines? Federal State Interior Exterior

21 Quarantines for Thousand Cankers Disease Source: E.Borchardt, MN Dept. Agric.

22 Thousand Cankers Disease: What should we do? Outreach Newsletter articles, websites Telephone, , personal visits Presentations Partner organizations First Detector network Mill owners Loggers Landowners Tree care companies Nurseries

23 Thousand Cankers Disease: What should we do? Early Detection TCD tree takedown workshops First detector training Visual surveys & sampling from suspect trees Site solicitation efforts

24 Early Detection Targeted survey for thousand cankers disease of walnut in Minnesota: A collaborative effort between the USDA Forest Service Northern Research Station and the Minnesota Department of Agriculture, Plant Protection Division POTENTIAL TREES FOR 2010 THOUSAND CANKERS DISEASE TARGETED SURVEY (Minnesota) Dieback in Black Walnut Observed between mid-june and late August 2010 Please return by mail, or fax to one of the following locations: Jennifer Juzwik / Mike Ostry/Paul Castillo Kathy Kromroy USDA Forest Service, 1561 Lindig St. Minnesota Dept. of Agric., Plant Protection Division St. Paul, MN Robert Street North, St. Paul, MN jjuzwik@fs.fed.us or mostry@fs.fed.us Kathryn.Kromroy@state.mn.us Facsimile: (651) Facsimile: (651) Telephone: (651) (JJ) and (651) (MO) Telephone: (651) OR Please enter information on-line using the US Forest Service, NA S&PF survey monkey at: SUBMITTER s CONTACT INFORMATION: Date of submission: LANDOWNER OR LAND MANAGER INFORMATION: JUGLANDACEAE INFORMATION: Please fill in the section with as much information as you have DESCRIPTION OF THE SITUATION

25 National Framework To coordinate response among government, non-government & private stakeholders: National Response Framework for Thousand Cankers Disease (TCD) on Walnut Prepared by: TCD-Technical Working Group

26 Thousand Cankers Disease: What should YOU do?

VIRGINIA. SUMMARY OF PLANT PROTECTION LAWS AND REGULATIONS Updated March, 2014

VIRGINIA. SUMMARY OF PLANT PROTECTION LAWS AND REGULATIONS Updated March, 2014 VIRGINIA VA - 1 of 5 SUMMARY OF PLANT PROTECTION LAWS AND REGULATIONS Updated March, 2014 Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services Division of Consumer Protection Office of Plant Industry